BEPAA-Organ Systems A and P - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (H.S. 10-12)

8/12/2019 BEPAA-Organ Systems A and P - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (H.S. 10-12)

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Organ Systems

Anatomy and Physiology

THE CARDIOVASCULARPrepared and presented by

Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.

Reference and source of graphics:

Colbert BJ et. Al. Chapter 7 THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS,An

Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012:80-97

BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program


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Objectives

Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to

List the major components of the cardiovascular system

Describe the functions of these components

List the major components of blood and state their purposes

Describe how the respiratory system and cardiovascular system

are interrelatedDescribe factors that affect the exchange of gas at the alveolar-

capillary membrane

Describe factors that affect the exchange of gases at the tissue

level

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Key Termsadenoids (AD-eh-noids)

angina pectoris

(an-JIGH-nahpeck-TORE-is)

antibodies

aorta (ay-OR-tah)

aortic valve

(ay-OR-tick)

arteries

arterioles (ar-TEER-ee-ohlz)arteriosclerosis

atrioventricular node (AY-treeoh-

ven-TRICK-you-lahr)

atrium (AY-tree-um)

bundle of His (HISS)

capillariescardiac arrhythmias

cardiac cycle

cardiovascular

(KAR-dee-oh-VAS-kyou-lar)

central chemoreceptors

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

(SIR-eebroh-SPY-nal)

cholesterol (koh-LESS-ter-ol)

diastole (dye-AH-stol-ee)

dysrhythmias (dis-RITH-me-ahs)

endocarditis (EN-doh-kar-DYE-tis)

endocardium (EN-doh-KAR-dee-um)

erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-sites)heart failure (HF)

ischemia (iss-KEE-me-ah)

lesion (LEE-zhun)

leukocytes (LOO-koh-sites)

mitral valve (MY-tral)

myocardial infarctionmyocarditis (MY-oh-kar-DYE-tis)

myocardium (my-oh-KAR-dee-um)

occlusion (oh-CLUE-zhun)

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Key Terms (2)pericarditis (PER-ih-kar-DYE-tis)

pericardium (per-ih-KAR-dee-um)peripheral chemoreceptors

phagocytosis (FAG-oh-sigh-TOH-sis)

plaque (PLAK)

plasma (PLAZ-mah)

prolapse

pulmonary valveseptum (SEP-tum)

sinoatrial node (SIGN-oh-AY-tree-ahl)

stenosis

systole (SIS-toll-lee)

thrombocytes (THROM-boh-sites)

urea (you-REE-ah)veins

ventricle (VEN-trih-kuhl)

venules (VEN-youls)

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Cardiovascular System (CVS) Overview

With its complex pathways of veins, arteries, and

capillaries, the cardiovascular system keeps life pumping

through you.

The heart, blood vessels, and blood help to transport vitalnutrientsthroughout the body as well as remove metabolic

waste.

They also help to protect the body and regulate body

temperature.

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CVS Three Main FunctionsThe CVS consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

This system has three main functions:1. Transportof nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout

the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide,

nitrogenous wastes).

2. Protection of the body bywhite blood cells, antibodies, and

complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the

body against foreign microbes and toxins.

Clotting mechanisms are also present that protect the body

from blood loss after injuries.

3. Regulationof body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of

cells.

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The BloodThe bloodconsists of cells and cell fragments, called formed

elements, and water with dissolved molecules, called blood plasma

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Blood Cells and Function


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The Blood (2)

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The Blood (3)

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The HeartThe heart is a muscle with a series of chambers located inside.

It is composed of three layers of tissue.

1) The smooth layer of tissue that linesboth the heart and the blood

vessels is called the endocardium (end/o meaning inside,

cardium meaning heart).

This material also forms the valves of the heart.

2) The next layer of tissue is the thickestlayer; it is called the

myocardium(my/o meaning muscle).

This layer of muscle tissue does the work of pumping

blood.3) The final layer of tissue is the pericardium (peri meaning

around), a sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart.

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Structures of the heart

Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning

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Blood flow through the heartSource: Delmar/Cengage Learning

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Pulmonary and

systemic blood flow

Source:Delmar/CengageLearning

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Structures and path of cardiac conduction


QUOTES & NOTES

Your heart beats more than 36

million times a year!

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Inside the heart and heart valves

(A) The interior structures of the heart.(B) Cross sectioned anterior view of the

valves of the heart.

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Cardiac cycle

Cardiac cycle is the term used to describe the orderly cycleof contraction and relaxation of the heart.

The period of contractionis called systole, and the period

of cardiacrest is called diastole.

As a review

The pumping of blood begins from an electricalstimulation, which sets up a wave-like contraction.

The right and left atria both contract, squeezing blood

into the right and left ventricles, respectively.

The atria relax, as blood returning from the body fillsthe right atrium and blood returning from the lungs fills

the left atrium.

While the atria are filling, a wave-like contraction

squeezes blood out of both ventricles.

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Electrocardiogram

In the recording of a healthy heart, there are set ranges for the height, depth,

and length of time for each of the waves and wave complexes.

Changes in those parameters, or the addition of other abnormal types of

waves, known as cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias, can indicate health

problems that involve the heart.

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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program21

There are several itises (i.e., inflammations) of the heart.

Endocarditis literally means an inflammation of the lining of

the hearts cavities, but this term is also used to refer to

inflammatory diseases of the heart valves.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the muscle of the heart.

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the sac that surrounds the

heart or of the serous membrane of the hearts outer surface.


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There may be times when cardiac muscle of the heart itself does not receive a

sufficient blood supply.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a general term for any disease that adversely

affects the arteries that supply blood to heart tissue, thus decreasing blood flow.

As a result of this decreased blood flow, an individual may feel pain in his or her

chest, which can radiate to the left shoulder and arm.

This is known as angina pectoris.

If the closure, or occlusion, of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the

heart muscle is not severe, tissue may become injured because of low oxygen

levels.

This condition is called ischemia.

If the decrease in blood flow is severe enough, however, heart tissue may

actually die, or infarct.

This may lead to a reduction in the hearts ability to pump blood, or even to

death. Myocardial infarction, or MI, is a term used to describe death of heart

tissueor, in lay terms, a heart attack.


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Coronary artery disease treatment

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Balloon angioplasty

Coronary artery disease can be treated with a procedure in which a tiny balloon is inflated

in an occluded coronary artery to reopen the blood flow.



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CAD Treatment (2)

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A surgical procedure called a coronary bypass (CABG) can also be performed on serious

blockages. Here the blocked artery is bypassed with another grafted healthy blood vessel

to provide a detour for blood to flow through to deliver oxygen to the heart muscle.



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Major arteries and

veins of the body

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Source:Delmar/C

engageLearning


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Arteriosclerosis

BEPAA-Organ Systems A and P - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (H.S. 10-12)

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