BEPAA-Integrated Health Sciences (IHS) Curriculum Guidebook -Student Interactive Version

7/21/2019 BEPAA-Integrated Health Sciences (IHS) Curriculum Guidebook -Student Interactive Version

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BEPAABoard for the Education of People of African Ancestry

286 Convent Avenue New York, NY 10031Integrated Health Sciences Program

For H.S. students interested in pursuing careers in the health professions.

Designed and Facilitated by

Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.

[email protected]

MODULE I

Anatomy and Physiology with Clinical Relevancy
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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CURRIULUM ORIENTATION &LESSONS GUIDEBOOK(A *STEMStandards Compliant Program)

Academic Alignment

All content and methods deployed from the BEPAAIntegrated Health Sciences (IHS) Program

curriculum have been aligned to the NYS Next

Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and

National Science Education Benchmarks (at

Grades 9-12) contained in specific math andscience core academic courses.Link to learn more

BEPAA- STEM Standards, NGSS, NY MST and OtherDocumentation

* desktop
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Towards%20Understanding%20STEM%20Fields%20&%20Education%20(V3-01-14).pdfhttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Towards%20Understanding%20STEM%20Fields%20&%20Education%20(V3-01-14).pdf


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NYS STEM Ed Collaborativeworking

definition of "STEM Education"

STEM Education refers to utilizing the

NYS MST Standards in the teaching andlearning of the Science, Technology

Education, Engineering and Math (STEM)

disciplines, in an innovative, integrated,

collaborative, and applied fashion to a

level of challenge sufficient for collegeand/or career readiness.

NGSS Website

(Next Generation Science Standards)BEPAA- STEM Standards, NGSS, NY MST and

Other Documentation
http://www.nysstemeducation.org/index.htmlhttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttp://www.nysstemeducation.org/index.html


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4

Anatomy and Physiology Mathematics

Chemistry and Physics

Medical Microbiology

Four 10 Week (sequenced) Modules

FULL COURSE OF STUDY (120 Hours)40 LESSONS @ 3 Hours per Session


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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program

Logistics (Management of the flow of resources betweenthe point of origin and the point of consumption)

5

Program Number IMPF-AP #01-04-14

Sponsor BEPAA | James McIntosh, M.D. Chairman

Target Audience H.S. Grade Levels 9-12

Course Length (30 hrs.) 10 Week@3 hours per session

Teacher / Facilitator Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.

Class Time See distributed daily schedule

Location Clarke House, 286 Convent Avenue New York, NY 10031

Point of Contact [email protected] or BEPAA Ph. 212-283-7287

Textbooks An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012

Learning Tools Cloud

Folders

https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-

tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharing#

Reference Website https://www.youtube.com/user/drimhoteptv

Public Web Network https://plus.google.com/116076656300830754274/posts
mailto:[email protected]://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://www.youtube.com/user/drimhoteptvhttps://plus.google.com/116076656300830754274/postshttps://plus.google.com/116076656300830754274/postshttps://www.youtube.com/user/drimhoteptvhttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharingmailto:[email protected]


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How It Works

6

BEPAA IHS curriculum integrates science and math subject matters and

applies the theoretical to real-life clinical relevancy, making learning

easier, faster and fun

Humor is integrated to engage; and video animations, 3D simulationsand graphics are incorporated throughout the curriculum to enhance

the learning experience

-------------------------------------

Tools Needed to fully engage the curriculum A computer or mobile device with Internet access

(for out-of-class reading and homework assignments)

A four subject loose-leaf notebook and writing utensil

A calculator (particularly for math, chemistry and physics modules)

Accessing Learning/ Teaching Tools Video
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZaWZWaTdZWkF3MHc/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZaWZWaTdZWkF3MHc/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZaWZWaTdZWkF3MHc/edit?usp=sharing


7/112BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 7

Learning Tools Cloud Folders/ Facilitator View



Learning Tools Cloud Folders/ Learners View (clickable)
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharing



HISTORICAL DATA
https://docs.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZU2VTNV9RUFJGcU0/edit


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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 10

Two Classic Books
http://ttps//drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZX3p3SEhlRFkzQ0U&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8http://ttps//drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZX3p3SEhlRFkzQ0U&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8


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(clickable)Africans, Medicine and Science
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZX3p3SEhlRFkzQ0U&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8


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(clickable)Syllabus, Textbook, Guides, Notes and Tools
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZZXFyV1NJcFJ3blE&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8


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(clickable)STEM Standards, NGSS, NY MST and Other Documentation
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8


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Learning Components of Each Lesson

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1. Objectives and Key Terms

Objectives and key terms are presented at the beginning of

each lesson to help easily identify key topics, concepts and

mechanisms

It is also helpful to review the objectives and key terms afteryou have completed independent-study review of a lesson

Test yourself to see whether you can answer each objective

and define each key term

If you cannot answer each objective and define each keyterm, you will know which areas tostudy again

2. Phonetic pronunciations follow selected key terms to assist the

learner with pronouncing medical terms correctly


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Learning Components of Each Unit (2)

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3. Special Focus

The Special Focus feature provides in-depth information on areas of

particular interest that relate to concepts presented in the respective

lectures and textbook reading

Two of the main classic example we will cover are homeostasis

and the fight-or-flight response

4. Quotes , Notes and Pearls

The Quotes and Notes feature gives health science related tidbits and

facts along with learning hints and inspirational messages

Thesequotes and notes will also include professional caveots and

pearl of wisdom regarding keys to success in academics and career

pursuits in the biomedical sciences from the primary facilitators

experience


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Learning Components (3)

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5. Clinical Relevancy

The Clinical Relevancy component helps bridge the gap between theoryand practice

Real-life clinical medicine analogies and examples illustrate how

theoretical material in life science and math applies to the scientific

foundation of clinical medicine, thus re-enforcing learning and

encourages further study6. Professional Profiles

The Professional Profiles describe a variety of health professions, and include

informational documents that serve as a portal of entry into detailed online

resources in healthcare professions

(The cloud Healthcare careers folder has four areas of focus) , Including

Allied Healthcare professions, Nursing , Medical Technology and

Physician, Surgeon and Psychiatrist (M.D.)

*N.B.-The learner is encouraged to visit the healthcare careers folder to discover

health careers and opportunities that might meet their aptitude and interest------------------------------------

*Latin phrase nota bene , meaning note well. It is used to emphasize an important point.
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZY3Y3OGN2T2ljV0k&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZY3Y3OGN2T2ljV0k&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8


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7. Pop-Quiz and and Review The Pop- Quiz and Review at the end of lessons facilitate group participation,

reinforcement of learning, global reflection

8. Video-Animations (all clips are professionally produced evidence-based medical

science presentations.)

This component is most critical to the learners appreciation of the richness, funand long term reward of the learning experience, particularly for those with a

desire to pursue high-end careers in the healthcare industry

The curriculum cloud folders are organized into numerous 1 to 5 min. video

clips|animations

Topics include molecular and cell biology, anatomy/autopsy cases (45 min.each), physiology, pathophysiology and pathology, microbiology and

immunology, biochemistry and pharmacology

reinforce material learned in the classroom

N.B.-The learner is encouraged to view all video clips corresponding to

lecture topics provided as to receive the most out of this enrichment program


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9. Full-Color Illustrations and Photos (textbook)

Full-color illustrations and photos help clarify the lectures, classroom

discussions text and visually reinforce concepts and mechanism.

Cartoon graphics support learning through humor

FOR SUPER-LERNERS

Chapter Reviews in the Book The Chapter Review section of the primary text includes review

questions, a real-life issues, a applications section, and suggested

additional learning activities

This combined review approach helps learners assess theirunderstanding of the unit/ chapter material and develop a

health science mind-set and higher order thinking skills, in

addition to enhancing their problem-solving and critical-thinking

skills


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Evaluation Methods

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1. The facilitator will use oral quizzing and the Socratic Methodthroughout

the enrichment experience to access student progress

2. A Summative Examination with a combination of MCQ, Fill in the

Blank, Matching and Short-answer format questions will be administered

at the end of each module

3. A learner s performance evaluationinstrument will be filled on each

student accessing class participation, peer and facilitator interaction, ability

to gather and record of information, homework assignment completion,

organizational skills, understanding of the scientific concepts, mechanisms and

theories of health science, research skills and overall academic growth in the

biological and chemical science and related mathmethics

All of the above will be weigh together by the facilitator and the learner will

be provided performance feedback on an H= Honors, HP= High Pass, P=Pass,

F= Fail scale.


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Module I

Anatomy and PhysiologyRational: This course of study leads-off with anatomy and

physiology because you will be dealing with the human

body in your chosen health profession

Also, having a fund of knowledge in anatomy and

physiology will facilitate your understanding of the

examples used later in the chemistry, math, and medical

microbiology modules

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ANATOMY AND CHEMISTRY BASICS NOTES

CloudTONICITY, OSMOSIS, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, AND

CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY ILLUSTRATED, with

MEDICAL RELAVANCY NOTES

Cloud
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZdnRTcnFjTmZfR0E/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZRGs1UEE0TFB3TXM/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZRGs1UEE0TFB3TXM/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZdnRTcnFjTmZfR0E/edit?usp=sharing


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Anatomy and Physiology

Units/Lessons

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I. Medical Terminology: The Language of Medicine

II. Overview of the Human Body

III. The Raw Materials: Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems

IV. The Integumentary SystemV. The Skeletal System

VI. The Muscular System

VII.The Nervous System

VIII.The Endocrine SystemIX. The Respiratory System

X. The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

XI. The Gastrointestinal System

XII.Urinary and Reproductive Systems


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UNIT I Medical Terminology:The Language of Medicine

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Objectives

Upon completion of this unit, you should be able toDefine the components of a medical term

List several medical roots, combining forms, prefixes, and

suffixes, along with their meanings

Relate several medical abbreviations and theirmeanings

Construct proper medical terms

MEDICALESE: the specialized terminology of the medical profession
http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/medicalesehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/medicalese


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Whats in a word?

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General SchemaPrefix + Root + Suffix

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A medical term may be taken apart to determine its meaning.

Hypogastricmeans pertaining to below the stomach

Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning

In general we read and interpret medical terms

starting with the suffix to the prefix to the root


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Key Terms

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abdominal (ab-DOM-ih-nal)bacteriology

(back-TEER-ih-OL-oh-jee)

cardiology (kar-dee-OL-oh-jee)

combining form

compound words

cytologist (sigh-TOL-oh-jist)

cytology (sigh-TOL-oh-jee)

cytoplasm (SIGH-toh-plaz-im)

dermatitis (der-mah-TYE-tis)

dermatologist

(der-mah-TOL-oh-jist)

endorphins (en-DORF-fins)

epinephrine (ep-ih-NEF-rin)

erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-sites)

histologist (hiss-TOL-oh-jist)

histology (hiss-TOL-oh-jee)hypertension

(high-per-TEN-shun)

hypotension

(high-poh-TEN-shun)

immunology

(im-you-NOL-oh-jee)leukocytes (LOO-koh-sites)

leukocytopenia (LOO kohSIGH

toePEE nee ah)

pathogen (PATH-oh-gen)

pathologist (pah-THOL-oh-jist)

prefix

prenatal (pre-NAY-tal)

suffix

word root

superior

system

thoracic (tho-RASS-ick)

tissue

transverse plane (trans-VERSE)

venous system (VEE-nus)ventral (VEN-tral)

vertebral (VER-teh-brall)


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TABLE 1-1Common Word Roots and Their Combining Forms

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Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 6


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TABLE 1-2 Common Prefixes

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Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e,

Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 6


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TABLE 1-3 Common Suffixes (1)

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Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar

Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 7


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TABLE 1-3 Common Suffixes (2)

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Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar

Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 7


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Word roots for parts of the human body

Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e,

Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 1-4, pg. 9


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Explaining Medicalese in Plain English

You are working at a large urban medical center. The patients doctor wants to

explain the patients condition to the patients family. The problem is that the doctor

speaks only *medicalese

Read the following excerpt from the patients chart. Using common, nonmedical terms,

how would you explain the patients condition to the family?

Pt. with COPD and ASHD admitted to hospital with rt. lower quadrant pain and

FUO. EKG with normal parameters, slight hypertension noted. CBC normal with

exception of elevated WBCs. Prepped for OR for laparoscopy. Procedure

revealed appendicitis. Following excision, pt. returned to room. Will consultcardiologist and monitor for post-op complications

*Learn more: How to Turn Medicalese into Plain English, by Neil Wagnerhttp://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.html

Real Life Issues and ApplicationsFrom: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: pg. 13
http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.htmlhttp://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.htmlhttp://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.html


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Inside the Living Body

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National Geographic - Inside the Living BodyP.J. Brown (Actor), Kate Burton (Actor), Kirk Simon (Director), Karen Goodman (Director) (07)

33

National Geographic provides a whole new perspective on

the extraordinary processes involved in human life with this

primarily internal look at the human life cycle from

conception through old age. Thanks to amazing

technological advances like camera pills and high-

definition endoscopes, physicians and scientists can now

obtain actual camera footage and images of body

processes as well as create elaborate computer simulations

to aid in the research and understanding of how the human

body works. This 95-minute exploration of the human body

and its processes follows human life from fetaldevelopment through the amazing changes demanded of

virtually every organ in the hours after birth, childhood,

adolescence, adulthood, and old ageView the video
http://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.php


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Common Medical Abbreviations(1)

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Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-4, pg.10


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Common Medical Abbreviations(2)

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Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-4, pg.10


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Pop Quiz|Review of Med. Abbrs.

36

Give the medical abbreviation for the following:

a. ______ a drug is to be given twice a day

b. ______ procedure performed on a pulseless person

c. _______ an electrical recording of the heartd. ______ the unit patients are taken to when they have a heart

attack

e. ______ as part of prep for surgery, patient is not allowed to eat

or drink anything


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UNIT II: Overview of the Human Body

37

Objectives

Upon completion of this units, you should be able to

Define and differentiate the terms anatomy and physiology

Define and state the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, andsystems

Describe the various directional terms in relationship to the human

organism

Discuss the concept of cyanosis


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Key Terms

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abdominalacrocyanosis

(AK roh SIGH ah NO sis)

anatomy (ah-NAT-oh-me)

anterior (an-TEER-ee-or)

arterial (ar-TEER-ree-al)

body planes

caudal (KAWD-al)

cavity

cells

central cyanosis

cranial (KRAY-nee-al)

cyanosis (sigh-ah-NO-sis)

deoxygenated

(dee-OK-see-jen-AY-ted)

distal (DIS-tal)

dorsal (DOOR-sal)

erythrocyte (eh-RITH-roh-site)

frontal plane

hemoglobin

(HE-moh-GLOW-bin)

horizontal

inferior

lateral

medial (MEE-dee-all)

median plane (MEE-dee-an)

midsagittal plane

(mid-SADJ-ih-tal)

organ

pathophysiology

pelvic (PEL-vick)

peripheral (per-IF-er-al)

physiology (fiz-ee-OL-oh-gee)

posterior (pos-TEER-ee-or)superior

system

thoracic (tho-RASS-ick)

tissue

transverse plane (trans-VERSE)

venous system (VEE-nus)ventral (VEN-tral)

vertebral (VER-teh-brall)


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What are Anatomy and Physiology?

39

Anatomyis the

study of the form

and structure

of an organism.

Physiologyis the

study of the

processes

of an organism, or

in other words,how and why

something works.


Video-Animations I


Video Animations II

Anatomy for Beginners

via Autopsy-Digestion

and Circulation

Autopsy Cases Learning

Series

Cli i l R l A t i l i i h d j
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZdHlqWXF3ZXd2UDQ&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZdHlqWXF3ZXd2UDQ&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZLURMcjR4Q1A1b0k&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZLURMcjR4Q1A1b0k&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSl8wci15eUVESVE&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSl8wci15eUVESVE&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSl8wci15eUVESVE&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSl8wci15eUVESVE&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSl8wci15eUVESVE&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZYTZVQk5CdkpBcUk&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZLURMcjR4Q1A1b0k&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZLURMcjR4Q1A1b0k&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZLURMcjR4Q1A1b0k&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZLURMcjR4Q1A1b0k&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZdHlqWXF3ZXd2UDQ&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZdHlqWXF3ZXd2UDQ&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZdHlqWXF3ZXd2UDQ&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZdHlqWXF3ZXd2UDQ&usp=sharing


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Clinical RelevancyANATOMICAL IMAGINGView document

Source of graphics: Seeley R R. et al. Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013:Table 1.1. 3.

Anatomical imaging has made a major

contribution to the progress of medicine.

It allows medical personnel to look inside the

body with amazing accuracy and without the

trauma and risk of exploratory surgery.

M k f h H B d
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZUWhpU1pBNTUxOVU/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZUWhpU1pBNTUxOVU/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZUWhpU1pBNTUxOVU/edit?usp=sharing


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Makeup of the Human Body


The components of the
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdf


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The components of the

human organism

Source: An Integrated Approach to

Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage

Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-1, pg.18

A t i l L d k |B d Pl d
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Levels%20of%20Organization%20for%20the%20Human%20Body.pdf


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Anatomical Landmarks|Body Planes andDirectional Terms

The median (midsagittal) plane, transverse plane, and frontal plane with their corresponding directional terms.

Source: An Integrated Approach to HealthSciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning

2012: FIGURE 2-3, pg.19

Normal Anatomical Position


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Pop Quiz|Review on Anatomical Position

44

a. List five anatomical structures found on the

anterior, or ventral, surface of the body.

b. List five anatomical structures found on theposterior, or dorsal, surface of the body.

QUOTES & NOTES

An additional important directional concept is left versus

right.

In assessing and treating patients, you ALWAYSrefer to the

patients left and right.

Body Cavities (5)


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Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e , Delmar

Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-4, pg. 21

The dorsal body cavities (cranial cavity and vertebral cavity) and the ventral

body cavities (thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity).

Body Cavities (5)

Anterior view of organs within the body cavities


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Notes and Quotes:

If you removed the small intestine from the cavity and stretched it out

on the floor and measured it, it would be approximately 23 feet long!

Anterior view of organs within the body cavities

Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-5, pg. 22


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The abdominal cavity is such a large regionand houses so many organs that it is even

further subdivided into smaller units called

quadrants for clinical assessment.

These quadrants help identify the underlying

problem.For example A patient complaining of pain the right

lower quadrant (RLQ) would need to be

tested for appendicitis.

A patient complaining of pain in the left

upper quadrant (LUQ) would be

suspicious for stomach problems.

Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e,

Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-6, pg. 22

Clinical RelevancyThe Abdominal Quadrants

Abdominal quadrants and corresponding organs.


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Pop Quiz|Review

48

Give the opposite of the following terms:

a. central _________________

b. distal _________________

c. caudal ________________

d. anterior ________________e. dorsal ________________

f. medial __________________

List the cavity where the following organs are found:

g. spleen ________________h. urinary bladder ________________

i. lungs ________________

j. large intestine ________________


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UNIT III: The Raw Materials: Cells, Tissues,Organs, and Systems

Objectives

Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to

Discuss the various functions that cells need to perform

Define and identify common cellular structures and their functionsList and describe two methods of cellular transport across the cell membrane

Describe the processes of mitosis and meiosis

Define and discuss concepts pertaining to body tissues

Differentiate epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues

Differentiate organs and systemsList and describe the organs contained within the body systems

Relate medical terminology to body organs and systems----------------------------------


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*Biochemistry vs. Molecular Biology vs. Cell Biology

50

Molecular biology focuses on DNA, RNA, replication,transcription, translation and regulation of these mechanisms, as

well as protein production in the cell.

Biochemistryis more focused on enzymes, vitamins, nutrients,

bioenergetics, intermediary metabolism and inborn errors ofmetabolismCloud Folder:

Biochemistry Video Animations-DNA, RNA, PROTEIN and ENZYMES

Cell biology focuses on the whole cells, cell types and IDing them,the cell cycle, the condition of cells, cellular organelles (Golgi

apparatus , ER, mitochondria etc.), culturing cells*As you can see there is large overlap between the disciplines

We will demonstrate those relationship by way of integrated learning|teaching
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZbkY4LWxDOWh3MXM&usp=sharing


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Key Terms

51

axon (ACK-son)cardiovascular system

cartilage (KAR-tih-lidj)

cell

centriole (SEN-tree-ol)

centrosome (SEN-tro-sohm)

chromatin (KRO-mah-tin)

chromosomes

(KROH-moh-sohmz)

connective tissue

deoxyribonucleic acid (deeAWK

see RYE boh new KLEE ick)

diffusion

endoplasmic reticulum

(en-doe-PLAZ-mik ree-TICKyou-lim)

endothelium (en-doh-THEE-lee-um)

epithelium (ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)genes

Golgi apparatus (GOAL-je)

lysosomes (LIE-so-sohmz)

microorganism

mitochondria (my-toe-KON-dree-ah)

mitosis (my-TOH-sis)

neurons (NEW-rons)

nucleolus (NEW-klee-OL-us)

nucleus (NEW-klee-us)

organelle (or-gah-NEL)

osmosis

protoplasm (PRO-toe-plaz-im)

respiration

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

ribosomes (RYE-boh-sohmz)

semipermeability

tissue


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The CELL:


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The CELL:The fundamental microscopic structure of life

Source: An Integrated Approach to

Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage

Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-5, pg. 22

Major components of the cell.

Diagram of a typical animal cell


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Diagram of a typical animal cell.Organelles are labeled as follows:Companion notes: Cell Biology

1. Nucleolus2. Nucleus

3. Ribosome (the dots)

4. Vesicle

5. Rough endoplasmic

reticulum

6. Golgi apparatus7. Cytoskeleton

8. Smooth endoplasmic

reticulum

9. Mitochondrion

10. Vacuole

11. Cytosol12. Lysosome

13. Centriole

14. Cell membrane

Cell Biology Video-Animations

Illustration depicting major structures inside a eukaryotic
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZUFN5UjMxbzZDODg/edit?usp=sharinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZUFN5UjMxbzZDODg/edit?usp=sharinghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg


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animal cell
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Blausen_0208_CellAnatomy.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Blausen_0208_CellAnatomy.png


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Cellular Structure and Function Table

56

The Cell and Fluid HomeostasisTeacher Desktop

Online Cloud

Nucleus- Controls most cellular
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/The%20Cell%20and%20Fluid%20Homeostasis.pdfhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZLVNsUzFqZ0kyeFk/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZLVNsUzFqZ0kyeFk/edit?usp=sharinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/The%20Cell%20and%20Fluid%20Homeostasis.pdf


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Pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus meaning kernel-

a membrane-enclosed organelle found ineukaryotic cells

It contains the cell's genetic material,

organized as multiple long linear DNA

molecules that form chromosomes

The genes within these chromosomes are the

cell's nuclear genome

The function of the nucleus is to maintain the

integrity of these genes and to control the

activities of the cell by regulating gene

expression

the nucleus is, therefore, the control

center of the cell.

Cells stained for the cell nucleus DNA with the

Blue Hoechst dye. The central and rightmost

cell are in interphase, thus their entire nuclei

are labeled. On the left, a cell is going

through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_s

tained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg

Nucleus Controls most cellularactivity and reproduction

Nucleolus-Build and repair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg


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Found in the nucleus of cells

It forms around specific

chromosomal regions in the

nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Made up of proteins and

ribonucleic acids

Function to transcribe ribosomal

RNA (rRNA) and combine it with

proteins to form incomplete

ribosomes

Nucleolus-Build and repairContains ribosomes made of RNA;synthesizes and produces protein

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm

ons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg

Ribosome- translational apparatus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg


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Ribosome translational apparatus

The ribosome (from ribonucleic acid and

the Greek soma, meaning "body") serves

as the primary site of biological protein

synthesis (translation)

Ribosomes link amino acids together in the

order specified by messenger RNA

(mRNA) molecules

Ribosomes consist of two major subunits

the small ribosomal subunit reads the

mRNA, while the large subunit joins amino

acids to form a polypeptide chain

Each subunit is composed of one or more

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a

variety of proteins

The ribosome assembles polymeric protein molecules whosesequence is controlled by the sequence of messenger RNA

molecules. This is required by all living cells and associated

viruses. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gif

Ribosome (2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.png


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Ribosome (2)

Large (red) and small (blue) subunit fit together

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.png

Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together and

work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide

chain during protein synthesis

Ribosome (3)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Ribosome_shape.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.png


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Ribosome (3)Prokaryoteshave 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (30S) and a large (50S)

subunit.

Eukaryoteshave 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S)

subunit.

Atomic structure of the 30S Subunit.

Proteins are shown in blue and the single

RNA chain in orange.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_sm

all_subunit.gif

Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit Proteinsare shown in blue and the two RNA chains in

orange and yellow. The small patch of green

in the center of the subunit is the active site.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_s

ubunit.gif

Vesicle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gif


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Vesicle Enclosed by lipid bilayer, vesicles can

form naturally, for example, during

endocytosis.

Alternatively, they may be prepared

artificially, in which case they are called

liposomes

Because it is separated from the cytosol,the inside of the vesicle can be made to

be different from the cytosolic

environment.

Vesicles are a basic tool used by the cellfor organizing cellular substances.

Vesicles are involved in metabolism,

transport, buoyancy control and enzyme

storage.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7

/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpg

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpg


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Rough endoplasmic reticulum Intracellular communication

Network of tubes that facilitates transport

of materials in and out of nucleus

Synthesizes and stores protein

The membranes of the ER are continuous

with the outer membrane of the nuclearenvelope.

The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough

endoplasmic reticulum is studded with

ribosomes that are the sites of protein

synthesis.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially

prominent in cells such as hepatocytes

where active protein synthesis occurs.

Micrograph of rough endoplasmic reticulum network around

the nucleus (shown in lower right-hand side of the picture).

Dark small circles in the network are mitochondria.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Clara_cell_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.png


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_

EndoplasmicReticulum.png

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.png


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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Abbreviated SER- has functions in several metabolic processes

It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids

Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the testes,

ovaries, and skin oil glands have a great deal of SER

SER also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, drugdetoxification steroid metabolism

In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration and is called

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the

sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and pumps calcium ions.

Golgi apparatus-Stores and packages


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Golgi apparatus-Stores and packagessecretions for removal

Also known as the Golgicomplex, Golgi body, or

simply the Golgi

Packages proteins inside thecell before they are sent to

their destination

Important in the processing ofproteins for secretion

Micrograph of Golgi apparatus, visible as a stack of

semicircular black rings near the bottom. Numerous

circular vesicles can be seen in proximity to theorganelle.

Golgi apparatus (2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg


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Cells synthesize a large number of

different macromolecules

GA is integral in modifying,

sorting, and packaging

macromolecules for cell secretion

(exocytosis) or use within the cell

Proteins are delivered from the

rough endoplasmic reticulum tothe

Golgi

Golgi also involved in the transport

of lipids around the cell, and

the creation of lysosomes

Golgi apparatus (2)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png

C t k l t
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png


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Cytoskeleton

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are shown in

red, microtubules in green, and the nuclei are in blue.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Fluore

scentCells.jpg

Also CSK-It is a cellular scaffolding or

skeleton contained within a cell'scytoplasm.

It forms structures such as flagellaand

ciliaand plays important roles in both

intracellular transport (the movement of

vesicles and organelles, for example) andcellular division

The cytoskeleton allows certain cells such

as neutrophils and macrophages to makeamoeboid movements

The network is composed of three

elements: microtubules, actin filaments,

and intermediate fibers

Mitochondrion
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg


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Mitochondrion The mitochondrion (plural

mitochondria) is a membrane-bound

organelle found in most eukaryoticcells (the cells that make up

plants, animals, fungi).

Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0

micrometer (m) in diameter.

Known as "cellular power plants"

because they generate most of the

cell's supply of adenosine

triphosphate (ATP), used as a source

of chemical energy

Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue

displaying their matrix and membranes as shown

by electron microscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg

Mitochondrion (2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg


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oc o d o ( )

Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blaus

en_0644_Mitochondria.png

Cytosol
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.png


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Cytosol

The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or

cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found

inside cells

The cytosol is a complex mixture of

substances dissolved in water. Water

forms the large majority of the cytosol

The concentrations of ions such as sodium

and potassium are different in the cytosol

than in the extracellular fluid; differences

in ion levels are important in processes

such as osmoregulation and cell signaling.

Cytosol also contains large amounts of

macromolecules

Picture of cytosol, showing microtubules (light blue), actinfilaments (dark blue), ribosomes (yellow and purple),

soluble proteins (light blue), kinesin (red), small molecules

(white) and RNA (pink).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowded_cytosol.png

Lysosome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowded_cytosol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowded_cytosol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowded_cytosol.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Crowded_cytosol.png


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Lysosome Lysosomes (derived from the Greek words

lysis, meaning "to separate", and soma,

"body") are the cell's waste disposal systemand can digest some compounds.

They are used for thedigestion of

macromolecules from phagocytosis (ingestion

of other dying cells or larger extracellular

material, like foreign invading microbes),

Endocytosis(where receptor proteins are

recycled from the cell surface), and

Autophagy(wherein old or unneeded

organelles or proteins, or microbes that haveinvaded the cytoplasm are delivered to the

lysosome).

Centriole
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Centriole.svg


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Centriole Centrioles are cylindrical structures that

are composed of groupings of

microtubulesarranged in a 9 + 3pattern.

The pattern is so named because a

ring of nine microtubule "triplets" are

arranged at right angles to one

another.

Centrioles help to organize the

assembly of microtubules during cell

division. Centrioles replicate during the

interphase stage of mitosis and meiosis.

Centrioles called basal bodies form

cilia and flagella.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-

electron-micrograph.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Centriole.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Centriole.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpg


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Centriole (2)

75

Cell membrane
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg


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Cell membrane

Also the present topic should not be confused

with what are sometimes called "internal cell

membranes," such as the nuclear membranethat surrounds the cell nucleus.

The 'cell membrane' (also known as the

plasma membrane or cytoplasmic

membrane) is a biological membrane that

separates the interior of all cells from theoutside environment.

The cell membrane is selectively permeable

to ions and organic molecules and controls

the movement of substances in and out of

cells. The basic function of the cell membrane

is to protect the cell from its surroundings.

It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with

embedded proteins.

Illustration of a Eukaryotic cell membranehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/

Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg


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Cell membrane(2)

77

A detailed diagram of the cell membranehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg

Summary sequence of protein
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg


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1. Nuclear membrane

2. Nuclear pore3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(rER)

4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(sER)5. Ribosome attached to rER

6. Macromolecules

7. Transport vesicles

8. Golgi apparatus

9. Cisface of Golgi apparatus

10.Transface of Golgi apparatus

11.Cisternae of Golgi apparatus

Secretory pathway diagram,

including nucleus, endoplasmic

reticulum and golgi apparatus.

production and secretion

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6

/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg

(1) Chromosome duplication (Interphase).

(2) P h (3) M t h (4) A h

Molecular Biology
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg


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The stages of mitosis

(2) Prophase. (3) Metaphase. (4) Anaphase.

(5) Telophase. (6) Two new identical cells.

2.Prophase (pro = before). Here the

nucleus disappears in the original cell andthe chromosomes become visible.

Centrioles separate and spindle fibers

form to function as anchor lines.3. Metaphase (meta = between). The

chromosomes line up in the center of the

cell.4. Anaphase (an = without). The

chromosomes split with the spindle fibers

pulling them apart.5. Telophase (tele = the end). Here the

divided chromosomes go to the far end

of the cell.6. The spindle fibers then begin to

disappear, and the two nuclei reappear.

Now we have two identical cells

formed from one original cell.

The M Phase of the Cell Cycle

and GeneticsGenetics Videos-Animations
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharing


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Mitosis- simplified

80

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_events_in_mitosis.svg

MeiosisEvents involving meiosis, showing chromosomal crossover. The two grey chromosomes represent one set and the two

d h th t h t i i ll f
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svg


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Meiosisis a special type of cell division necessary for sexual

reproductionin eukaryotes The number of sets of chromosomes in the cell undergoing meiosis is

reduced to half the original number, typically from two sets (diploid) to one

set (haploid)

The cells produced by meiosis are gametes

In humans gametes are called sperm in males and egg cells or ova infemales.

Since meiosis has halved the number of sets of chromosomes, when two

gametes fuse during fertilization, the number of sets of chromosomes in

the resulting zygoteis restored to the original number

Meiosis red chromosomes another set,each set originally from oneof the two parents

Hu

man chromosomes hybridized withchromosome painting probes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Meiosis_Overview.svg


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Source website: http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/

chromosome painting probes.http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpg

Th ll l
http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/


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The cell cycle

83

Thecell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a

cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces twodaughter cell.

In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via a process

termed binary fission.

In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in three

periods: interphaseduring which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients

needed for mitosis preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNAand

the mitotic (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells

called "daughter cells" and the final phase, cytokinesis, where thenew cell

is completely divided.

The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized

egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by whichhair,

skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed.


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Table of the cell cycle states

84

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle


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Schematic of the cell cycle

85

Outer ring:I = Interphase,

M = Mitosis;

Inner ring:M = Mitosis,

G1 = Gap 1,

G2 = Gap 2,

S = Synthesis;

Not in ring:

G0 = Gap 0/Resting. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

*Nucleus and Chromosomes Illustrated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Cell_Cycle_2-2.svg


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Nucleus and Chromosomes Illustrated

Interphase nucleus and

metaphase human

chromosomes with

centromeres stained

yellow.

*If you are viewing this slide whileonline you may click the image for an

expanded view or follow the link to the

webpage for context.

Source website : http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/

What

is a Nucleic acid
http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html1.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html1.jpghttp://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html1.jpg


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Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules, or large

biological molecules, essential for all known forms of life.Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers

known as nucleotides

Each nucleotide has three components:

1. a 5-carbon sugar,

2. a phosphate group, and3. a nitrogenous base

If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer isDNA.

If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA.

What is a Nucleic acid


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What is a Nucleic acid (2)

88

Together with proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are

the most important biological macromolecules; each is

found in abundance in all living things, where they function in

encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information

In other words, information is conveyed through the nucleic

acid sequence, or the order of nucleotides within a DNA or

RNA molecule

Strings of nucleotides strung together in a specific sequence

are the mechanism for storing and transmitting hereditary, or

genetic, information via protein synthesis

Nitrogenous bases- Notable Purines


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There are many naturally

occurring purines Two of the five bases

in nucleic acids,

adenineand guanine

are purines

In DNA, these bases formhydrogen bonds with their

complementary pyrimidines

thymine and cytosine,

respectively

Nitrogenous bases Notable Purines

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purines.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png


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Source:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-

comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png

Two of the five bases in

nucleic acids, adenineand

guanineare purines.

In DNA, these bases form

hydrogen bonds with theircomplementary

pyrimidinesthymineand

cytosine, respectively

Science or Science Fiction - 11 More Cutting-Edge Advances in Medicine

The HGP and Genomic Medicine
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Science%20or%20Science%20Fiction-%2011%20More%20Cutting-Edge%20Advances%20in%20Medicine.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Science%20or%20Science%20Fiction-%2011%20More%20Cutting-Edge%20Advances%20in%20Medicine.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Science%20or%20Science%20Fiction-%2011%20More%20Cutting-Edge%20Advances%20in%20Medicine.pdfhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png


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The HGP and Genomic Medicine

Human Genome Project Cloud Folder

91

Also see Mitochondrial DNA
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3Uza0JYa1pVZlU&usp=sharinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Biological%20Pathways%20and%20the%20HGP-mic-01-14.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Mitochondrial%20DNA.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Biological%20Pathways%20and%20the%20HGP-mic-01-14.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Mitochondrial%20DNA.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Mitochondrial%20DNA.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Biological%20Pathways%20and%20the%20HGP-mic-01-14.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Guide%20to%20Your%20Genome%2007-vs2.pdfhttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3Uza0JYa1pVZlU&usp=sharing


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Clinical Relevancy: Gene therapy


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y pyGene therapy is the use of DNA as a

pharmaceutical agent to treat disease.

It derives its name from the idea that DNA canbe used to supplement or alter genes within an

individual's cells as a therapy to treat disease.The most common form of gene therapy

involves using DNA that encodes a functional,

therapeutic gene to replace a mutated gene.

Other forms involve directly correcting amutation, or using DNA that encodes a

therapeutic protein drug (rather than a natural

human gene) to provide treatment. In gene

therapy, DNA that encodes a therapeutic

protein is packaged within a "vector", which is

used to get the DNA inside cells within the body.Once inside, the DNA becomes expressed by the

cell machinery, resulting in the production of

therapeutic protein, which in turn treats the

patient's disease.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy


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Tissues

94

As stated earlier, a grouping of similar cells

can form tissues that will have specialized

functions in the human body.

This section will discuss the various tissues that

comprise the human body and the purposes

they serve.


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Cells Tissues

95

Cells that are alike

will join together to

form tissues

The four main groupsof tissues formed are

1. epithelial,

2. connective,3. nerve, and

4. muscleSource: Delmar/Cengage Learning


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Epithelial Tissues

96

Found in the skin and envelops the

body.

Also lines body cavities and organs

such as the lungs and intestines and

forms the glands in our bodies.

Two types of epithelial tissue:epithelium and endothelium.

Epithelium(epi meaning

outer) covers the outside of

the body. The skin is an

example of epithelium tissue. Endothelium (endo meaning

within) is the specialized

forms the lining of internal

organs and blood vessels.



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Connective Tissues

97

The primary purposes of

connective tissue are support

and protection. There are two

types of connective tissue:

1. soft connective tissue, which is

2. also called adipose or fatty

tissue, hard connective tissue,

which forms cartilage andbone.



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Nerve Tissues (excitable)

98

The third type of tissue is nerve

tissue. This tissue is made up of the

specialized nerve cells called

neurons.

This tissue allows messages to beconducted to and from the brain

and throughout the entire body.

Nerve tissue is, of course, found in

the nervous system, which comprises thebrain, spinal cord, and various nerves.


7/21/2019 BEPAA-Integrated

BEPAA-Integrated Health Sciences (IHS) Curriculum Guidebook -Student Interactive Version

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