Bengt Broms - Foundation Engineering

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms

Foundation Engineering by Prof. Bengt B. Broms

April, 2007

http://www.geoforum.com/knowledge/texts/broms/index.asp

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Foundation Engineering by Prof. Bengt B. BromsApril, 2007 The textbook can be read by chapers or searched by keywords.

Table of contents: Pages

1. Aspects of foundation engineering 1

2. Soil mechanics 13

3. Geotechnical field investigations 39

4. Bearing capacity of foundations 55

5. Foundation settlements 69

6. Factors to consider in foundation design 93

7. Spread footing design 101

8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations

107

9. Mat foundations 113

10. Lateral earth pressure 121

11. Soil retaining structures 143

12. Pile foundations - Single piles 173

13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 213

14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups 221


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Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering Page

1. Foundations of buildings and structures Keywords: pile, raft, footing

2

2. Effects of underground installations on foundations Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line

2

3. Soil deposit Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water

3

4. Interactions between buildings Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line

3

5. Requirements of a foundation Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,

4

6. Development of geotechnical analysis Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers

4

7. Soil investigation methods Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone

5

8. Bearing capacity of footing Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave

5

9. Pressure bulb below footing Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility

6

10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water

6

11. Differential settlement below structure Keywords: differential settlement, cracks

7

12. Mat foundation Keywords: elastic springs

7

13. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure

8

14. Design of retaining walls Keywords: retaining wall

8

15. Anchored sheet pile walls Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component

9

16. Braced excavations Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave

9

17. Reinforced earth Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip

10

18. Pile foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile

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19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance

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20. Pile groups Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction

11

Chapter 2. Soil mechanics Page 21. Concepts in foundation engineering Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience

15

22. Description of soil properties Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength

15

23. Definition of geotechnical terms Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid

16

24. Determination of grain size distribution Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel

16

25. Plasticity of soils Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content

17

26. Plasticity chart Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index

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27. Distinction between clay and silt Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension

18

28. Structure of clay Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge

18

29. Standard Proctor compaction test Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content

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30. Proctors compaction tests Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer

19

31. Compaction curves Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density

20

32. Unified soil classification system Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit

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33. Tripartite soil classification chart Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size

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34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation

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35. Rock description (CP 2001) Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,

22

36. Darcy's law Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,

22

37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability Keywords: standpipe, Darcy´s law

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38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test

23

39. Permeability of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10

24

40. Flow net determination Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

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41. Effective stress concept Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress

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42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress

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43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition

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44. Stress-strain relationship of soil Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress

26

45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve

27

46. Modulus of elasticity Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity

27

47. Shear modulus Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation

28

48. Compression modulus Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest

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49. Stability of footing on soil Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave

29

50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr,Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress

29

51. Mohr's stress circle Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion

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52. Effective stress concept Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B

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53. Mohr's circle for clay soil Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress

31

54. Stress path concept 31

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Keywords: p-q curve

55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf

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56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size

32

57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level

33

58. c/p-ratio of clays Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index

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59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio

34

60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index

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61. Short term stability of an excavation Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength

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62. Long term stability of an excavation Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines

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63. Effective stress analysis Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test

36

64. Total stress analysis Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,

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65. Determination of shear strength Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,

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66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test

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67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test

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68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test

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Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations Page

69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer

41

70. Objectives of soil investigation Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction

41

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71. Depth of investigation for structures Keywords: footing, raft, pier

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72. Site investigation Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site

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73. Site investigation (cont.) Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition

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74. Planning of site investigation Keywords: water main, pond, road, building

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75. Seismic refraction method Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart

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76. Surface investigation Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water

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77. Soil sampler Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat

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78. Soil sampler Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler

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79. Swedish foil sampler Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston

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80. Undisturbed samples Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance

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81. Rock drilling Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing

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82. Rock quality designation (RQD) Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent

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83. Field vane test Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque

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84. Field vane test Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,

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85. Pore pressure probe Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength

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86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas

87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus

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88. Plate load test Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load

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89. Screw plate test Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer

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90. Evaluation of plate load test Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter

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91. Plate load test, clay Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement

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92. Total stress cell Keywords: Glötzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay

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93. Piezometer Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,

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94. Triaxial test Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation

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95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index

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96. Determination of ground water level Keywords: pumping, well

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Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations Page

97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load

57

98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction

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99. Failure zones below surface foundation Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtle zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil

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100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle

58

101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity

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102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width

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103. Plain strain friction angle Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test

60

104. Punching failure Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion

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105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor

60

106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil) Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width

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107. Footing in excavation 61

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Keywords: depth, boundary

108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

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109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope

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110. Log spiral Keywords: friction angle

63

111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral) Keywords: log spiral, shear strength

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112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface

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113. Equivalent area of surface footing Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity

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114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity

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115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width

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116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth

66

117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,

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118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight

67

119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight

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120. Bearing capacity on rock Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load

68

Chapter 5. Foundation settlements Page

121. Settlements of foundations Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa

72

122. Stress distribution below point load Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase

72

123. Stress below strip load Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load

73

124. Influence chart Keywords: Influence value, squares, load

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125. 2:1 - method Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth

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126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width

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127. Settlement below footing Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading

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128. Settlements in clay and silt Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength

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129. Settlements in sand Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test

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130. Immediate settlements in clay Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity

76

131. Correction factor for foundation depth Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,

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132. Determination of compression index Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase

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133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale

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134. Principle of settlement calculation Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content

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135. Settlement below footing Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio

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136. Determination of precosolidation pressure Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio

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137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading

80

138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root) Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation

80

139. Secondary consolidation Keywords: time, void ratio,

81

140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement

81

141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated

82

142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT) Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles

82

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143. Determination of modulus from plate load test Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load

82

144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load

83

145. Settlements of footing on clay Keywords: width, settlement

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146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand Keywords: width, settlements, sand

84

147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT) Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value

84

148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT Keywords: sand,

85

149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value

85

150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value

86

151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance

86

152. Allowable settlement below building Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line

877

153. Damage due to foundation settlements Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements

87

154. Floating foundation Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement

88

155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel

88

156. Effect of trees on ground water near building Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height

89

157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack

89

158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level

90

159. Swelling potential of soil below building Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit

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160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement

91

161. Allowable differential settlements below structure Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings

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Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design Page

162. Examples of foundation design Keywords: footings, raft, piles

94

163. Design considerations Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete

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164. Factor of safety of foundation Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum

95

165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping

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166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force

96

167. Stability of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength

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168. Factor of safety of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,

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169. Probability of failure Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength

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170. Load combinations Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor

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171. Characteristic load Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,

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172. Coefficient of variability Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high

99

173. Factor of safety Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high

99

174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,

100

175. Effect of adjacent structures Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure

100

176. Effect of excavation Keywords: stability, excavation

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Chapter 7. Spread footing design Page

177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction

102

178. Footing types Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment

102

179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement

103

180. Critical section Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,

103

181. Critical section of footing Keywords: shear force, shear stress,

104

182. Bond stress in footing Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement

104

183. Eccentric force on footings Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment

105

184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment

105

185. Eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: stress, allowable pressure

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186. Drainage of footings Keywords: drain

106

Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Page

187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity

108

188. Combined footing Keywords: elevation, plan

108

189. Load distribution on footing Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure

109

190. Winkler foundation Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement

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191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load

110

192. Classical design solution Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force

110

193. Elastic deflection of beam Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection

111

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194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,

111

Chapter 9. Mat foundations Page

195. Mat foundations Keywords: examples, loads

114

196. Waffle structure Keywords: ribs

114

197. Finite difference method Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,

115

198. Design of building foundation Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans

115

199. Grain elevator foundation Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure

116

200. Floating foundation Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,

116

201. Floating building foundation Keywords: excavation, net pressure

117

202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering Keywords: clay, ground water lowering

117

203. Stability of deep excavations Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile

118

204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation Keywords: excavation, embankment piles

118

205. Support of excavation against heave Keywords: fill

119

206. Anchor pile in excavation Keywords: water-filled excavation

119

Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure Page

207. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall

123

208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill

123

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209. Active earth pressure (Rankine) Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle

124

210. Distribution of active earth pressure Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth

124

211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb) Keywords: wedge

125

212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall

125

213. Stress distribution below surface load Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio

126

214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure

126

215. Effect of vibratory roller Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure

127

216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest

127

217. Compaction of soil layers Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest

128

218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall

128

219. Examples of retaining structures Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall

129

220. Crib wall Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil

129

221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall Keywords: height

130

222. Failure modes Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation

130

223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design

131

224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall Keywords: wall, inclined

131

225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load Keywords: eccentricity

132

226. Inclined wall Keywords: force

132

227. Overturning of retaining wall Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment

133

228. Design of wall against sliding Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay

133

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229. Shear keys in sliding wall Keywords: shear key, alternative location

134

230. General stability of retaining wall Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface

134

231. Reinforcement in retaining wall Keywords: moment, reinforcement

135

232. Location of reinforcement Keywords: moment distribution

135

233. Tilting of retaining structure Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding

136

234. Counterfort walls Keywords: elevation

136

235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface

137

236. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution

137

237. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure

137

238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal Keywords: metal strip

138

239. Reinforce earth wall Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface

138

240. Required length of earth reinforcement Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface

139

241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure Keywords: base failure

139

242. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil

140

243. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: reinforcement

140

244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, fabric

141

245. Design of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, length

141

Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures Page

246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor

146

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247. Wood elements Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence

146

248. Concrete elements Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving

147

249. Steel sheet piles Keywords: light, difficult to drive

147

250. Sheet piles details Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam

148

251. Details of wall construction Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole

148

252. Bored pile wall Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor

149

253. Berliner wall Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh

149

254. Factor of safety of retaining wall Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,

150

255. Cantilever sheet pile wall Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure

150

256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine

151

257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure

151

258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth

152

259. Design of sheet pile walls Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile

152

260. Failure mechanisms Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation

153

261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support) Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure

153

262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load

154

263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,

154

264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure

155

265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load

155

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266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor

156

267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load

156

268. Deflection of sheet pile wall Keywords: stiffness, height

157

269. Moment as function of sheet pile height Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment

157

270. Anchor systems Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination

158

271. Anchor piles Keywords: piles, pull out resistance

158

272. Design aspects of anchor plate Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth

159

273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure

159

274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth

160

275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay Keywords: depth,

160

276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination

160

277. Strutted wall Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor

161

278. Anchored wall Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,

161

279. General stability of anchored wall Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure

161

280. Load distribution between soil anchors Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching

162

281. Force redistribution in soil wedge Keywords: failure surface

162

282. Braced excavations Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam

163

283. Earth pressure distributions (design) Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts

163

284. Strut forces Keywords: hinge

164

xix


285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface

164

286. Water flow into excavation in sand Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation

164

287. Bottom heave in excavation Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth

165

288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width

165

289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion

166

290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship

166

291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C

167

292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor

167

293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor

168

294. Slurry wall construction Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting

168

295. Stability of slots Keywords: soil wedge

169

296. Bentonite slurry Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density

169

297. Stability of slurry excavation Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge

170

298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level

170

299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe

171

300. Deformation of concrete wall Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor

171

xx


Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles Page

301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile

177

302. Vibrations Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water

177

303. Examples of pile foundations Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations

178

304. Stability of bridge abutment Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment

178

305. Embankment piles Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

179

306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles

179

307. Offshore structures on piles Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force

180

308. Stabilisation of slope by piles Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface

180

309. Design of embankment piles Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,

181

310. Anchor piles in swelling soil Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building

181

311. Examples of pile types Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack

182

312. Piles foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile

182

313. Pile types Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased

183

314. Loading conditions of piles Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

183

315. Load transfer to piles Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock

184

316. Timber piles Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt

184

317. Pile splices Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap

185

318. Splices and rock points Keywords: rock point,

185

319. Precast concrete piles Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter

186

xxi


320. Lifting of piles Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment

186

321. Prestressed concrete piles Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility

187

322. Concrete strength (CP 2004) Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving

187

323. Installation of jacked-down piles Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment

188

324. Bored piles Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting

188

325. Examples of bored piles Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement

189

326. Bored piles with bell Keywords: bells

189

327. Cast-in-place piles Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement

190

328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water

190

329. Slurry trench wall construction Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element

191

330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements Keywords: size

191

331. Raymond step tapered pile Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete

192

332. Franki pile Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing

192

333. Steel H-pile Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate

193

334. Steel pipe piles Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter

193

335. Corrosion Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water

194

336. Settlement around during driving in sand Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone

194

337. Effect of pile driving in clay Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength

195

338. Redriving of piles in clay Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice

195

xxii


339. Load distribution along pile Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance

196

340. Pile load as function of pile displacement Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell

197

341. Load deformation relationship of piles Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance

197

342. Direction of pile loading Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance

198

343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor

198

344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor

199

345. Bearing capacity factor of piles Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle

199

346. Failure mechanism at pile point Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index

200

347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance Keywords: area of pile, sand

200

348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter

201

349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure

202

350. Determination of pile capacity in sand Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile

202

351. Pile shaft capacity in sand Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,

203

352. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure

203

353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length

204

354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST) Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area

204

355. Failure surface at pile point in clay Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile

205

356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile

205

xxiii


357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface

206

358. Lambda-method Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance

207

359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength

208

360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile

209

361. Negative skin friction along piles Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile

209

362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism

210

363. Lateral pile resistance in sand Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force

210

364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth

211

365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force

211

Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis Page

366. Pile driving equipment Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting

214

367. Dynamic pile test Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood

214

368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer

215

369. Stress wave analysis, soft base Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance

215

370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture

216

371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,

216

372. Pile driving formulae (definition) Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity

217

xxiv


373. Pile driving formulae Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity

217

374. Elastic compression of pile Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer

218

375. Static pile load test Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay

218

376. Definition of pile failure load Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter

219

377. Types of pile loading tests Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)

219

Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups Page

378. Pile group in clay Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

223

379. Examples of pile groups Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing

224

380. Efficiency of pile group in clay Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured

224

381. Settlement of pile group in clay Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length

225

382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests) Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test

225

383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test) Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing

226

384. Pile groups in sand (model tests) Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand

226

385. Load distribution in pile group Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation

227

386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

228

387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

228

388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san

229

389. Stress increase below pile group Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution

229

xxv


390. Settlements below pile group in sand Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand

230

391. Settlement of pile group Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width

230

392. Load distribution below pile group in sand Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle

231

393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering

231

394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements

232

395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction Keywords: protection piles

232

396. Heave caused by pile driving Keywords: clay, surface heave

233

397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand Keywords: settlements, cone

233

398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor

234

399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile

234

400. Order of pile driving Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations

235

401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving

235

xxvi

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering

Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering Page

1. Foundations of buildings and structures 2

2. Effects of underground installations on foundations 2

3. Soil deposit 3

4. Interactions between buildings 3

5. Requirements of a foundation 4

6. Development of geotechnical analysis 4

7. Soil investigation methods 5

8. Bearing capacity of footing 5

9. Pressure bulb below footing 6

10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level 6

11. Differential settlement below structure 7

12. Mat foundation 7

13. Lateral earth pressure 8

14. Design of retaining walls 8

15. Anchored sheet pile walls 9

16. Braced excavations 9

17. Reinforced earth 10

18. Pile foundations 10

19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles 11

20. Pile groups 11

1


Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering 1. Foundations of buildings and structures Keywords: pile, raft, footing

Foundations of buildings and structures

2. Effects of underground installations on foundations Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line

2


3. Soil deposit Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water

4. Interactions between buildings Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line

3


5. Requirements of a foundation Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,

6. Development of geotechnical analysis Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers

4


7. Soil investigation methods Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone

8. Bearing capacity of footing Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave

5


9. Pressure bulb below footing Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility

10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water

6


11. Differential settlement below structure Keywords: differential settlement, cracks

12. Mat foundation Keywords: elastic springs

7


13. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure

14. Design of retaining walls Keywords: retaining wall

8


15. Anchored sheet pile walls Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component

16. Braced excavations Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave

9


17. Reinforced earth Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip

18. Pile foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile

10


19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance

20. Pile groups Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction

11


12

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics

Chapter 2. Soil mechanics Page 21. Concepts in foundation engineering 15

22. Description of soil properties 15

23. Definition of geotechnical terms 16

24. Determination of grain size distribution 16

25. Plasticity of soils 17

26. Plasticity chart 17

27. Distinction between clay and silt 18

28. Structure of clay 18

29. Standard Proctor compaction test 19

30. Proctors compaction tests 19

31. Compaction curves 20

32. Unified soil classification system 20

33. Tripartite soil classification chart 21

34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) 21

35. Rock description (CP 2001) 22

36. Darcy's law 22

37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability 23

38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability 23

39. Permeability of soils 24

40. Flow net determination 24

41. Effective stress concept 25

42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) 25

43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) 26

44. Stress-strain relationship of soil 26

45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship 27

46. Modulus of elasticity 27

47. Shear modulus 28

48. Compression modulus 28

49. Stability of footing on soil 29

50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion 29

13


51. Mohr's stress circle 30

52. Effective stress concept 30

53. Mohr's circle for clay soil 31

54. Stress path concept 31

55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line 32

56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils 32

57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils 33

58. c/p-ratio of clays 33

59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength 34

60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index 34

61. Short term stability of an excavation 35

62. Long term stability of an excavation 35

63. Effective stress analysis 36

64. Total stress analysis 36

65. Determination of shear strength 37

66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils 37

67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength 38

68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength 38

14


Chapter 2. Soil mechanics

21. Concepts in foundation engineering Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience

22. Description of soil properties Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength

15


23. Definition of geotechnical terms Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid

24. Determination of grain size distribution Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective, grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel

16


25. Plasticity of soils Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content

26. Plasticity chart Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index

17


27. Distinction between clay and silt Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension

28. Structure of clay Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge

18


29. Standard Proctor compaction test Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content

30. Proctors compaction tests Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer

19


31. Compaction curves Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density

32. Unified soil classification system Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit

20


33. Tripartite soil classification chart Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size

34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation

21


35. Rock description (CP 2001) Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,

36. Darcy's law Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,

22


37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability Keywords: standpipe, Darcy’s law

38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test

23


39. Permeability of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10

40. Flow net determination Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

24


41. Effective stress concept Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress

42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress

25


43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition

44. Stress-strain relationship of soil Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress

26


45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve

46. Modulus of elasticity Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity

27


47. Shear modulus Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation

48. Compression modulus Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest

28


49. Stability of footing on soil Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave

50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr, Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress

29


51. Mohr's stress circle Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion

52. Effective stress concept Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B

30


53. Mohr's circle for clay soil Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress

54. Stress path concept Keywords: p-q curve

31


55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf

56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size

32


57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level

58. c/p-ratio of clays Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index

33


59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio

60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index

34


61. Short term stability of an excavation Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength

62. Long term stability of an excavation Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines

35


63. Effective stress analysis Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test

64. Total stress analysis Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,

36


65. Determination of shear strength Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,

66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test

37


67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test

68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test

38

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations

Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations Page 69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer

41


41

71. Depth of investigation for structures Keywords: footing, raft, pier

42


42


43


43

75. Seismic refraction method Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart

44


44


45


45

79. Swedish foil sampler Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston

46


46


47


47

83. Field vane test Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque

48


48


49

39


86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas51

49

87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus

50


50


51


51

91. Plate load test, clay Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement

52


52


53


53

95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index

54


54

40


Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations 69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer


41

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 71. Depth of investigation for structures Keywords: footing, raft, píer


42




43

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 75. Seismic refraction method Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart


44




45

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 79. Swedish foil sampler Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston


46




47

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 83. Field vane test Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque


48



86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gás

49

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus


50




51

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 91. Plate load test, clay Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement


52




53

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index


54

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations

Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations Pages97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load

57


57

99. Failure zones below surface foundation Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil

58


58

101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity

59


59

103. Plain strain friction angle Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test

60


60


60

106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil) Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width

61

107. Footing in excavation Keywords: depth, boundary

61

108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

62


62

110. Log spiral Keywords: friction angle

63


63

112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface

64


64

114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity

65

55



65

116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth

66


66


67


67

120. Bearing capacity on rock Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load

68

56


Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations 97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load


57

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 99. Failure zones below surface foundation Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil


58

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity


59

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 103. Plain strain friction angle Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test



60

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil) Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width

107. Footing in excavation Keywords: depth, boundary

61

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line


62

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 110. Log spiral Keywords: friction angle


63

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface


64

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity


65

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth


66




67

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 120. Bearing capacity on rock Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load

68

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements

Chapter 5. Foundation settlements Page 121. Settlements of foundations Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa

72


72

123. Stress below strip load Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load

73


73

125. 2:1 - method Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth

74


74

127. Settlement below footing Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading

75


75

129. Settlements in sand Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test

76


76

131. Correction factor for foundation depth Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,

77


77

133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale

78


78

135. Settlement below footing Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio

79


79

137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading

80

69



80

139. Secondary consolidation Keywords: time, void ratio,

81


81

141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated

82


82


82

144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load

83


83

146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand Keywords: width, settlements, sand

84


84

148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT Keywords: sand,

85


85

150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value

86


86

152. Allowable settlement below building Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line

877


87

154. Floating foundation Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement

88

155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel

88

156. Effect of trees on ground water near building Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height

89


89

70


158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level

90


90

160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement

91


91

71


Chapter 5. Foundation settlements 121. Settlements of foundations Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa


72

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 123. Stress below strip load Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load


73

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 125. 2:1 - method Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth


74

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 127. Settlement below footing Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading


75

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 129. Settlements in sand Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test


76

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 131. Correction factor for foundation depth Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,


77

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale


78

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 135. Settlement below footing Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio


79

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading


80

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 139. Secondary consolidation Keywords: time, void ratio,


81

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated



82

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load


83

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand Keywords: width, settlements, sand


84

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT Keywords: sand,


85

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value


86

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 152. Allowable settlement below building Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line


87

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 154. Floating foundation Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement

155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements

Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel

88

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 156. Effect of trees on ground water near building Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height


89

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level


90

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement


91


92

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design

Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design

Page


94


94


95


95

166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force

96


96


97


97

170. Load combinations Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor

98


98


99


99

174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,

100


100


100

93


Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design



94




95

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force


96




97

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 170. Load combinations Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor


98




99

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,



100

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design

Chapter 7. Spread footing design Page 177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction

102


102

179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement

103


103

181. Critical section of footing Keywords: shear force, shear stress,

104


104

183. Eccentric force on footings Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment

105


105

185. Eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: stress, allowable pressure

106


106

101

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design

Chapter 7. Spread footing design 177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction


102

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement


103

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 181. Critical section of footing Keywords: shear force, shear stress,


104

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 183. Eccentric force on footings Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment


105

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 185. Eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: stress, allowable pressure


106

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations

Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations

Page

187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity

108


108

189. Load distribution on footing Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure

109


109

191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load

110


110

193. Elastic deflection of beam Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection

111


111

107


Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations 187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity


108

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 189. Load distribution on footing Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure


109

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load


110

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 193. Elastic deflection of beam Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection


111


112

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations

Chapter 9. Mat foundations Page

195. Mat foundations Keywords: examples, loads

114


114


115


115

199. Grain elevator foundation Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure

116


116


117


117

203. Stability of deep excavations Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile

118


118


119


119

113


Chapter 9. Mat foundations 195. Mat foundations Keywords: examples, loads


114




115

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 199. Grain elevator foundation Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure


116




117

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 203. Stability of deep excavations Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile


118




119


120

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure

Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure Page 207. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall

123


123

209. Active earth pressure (Rankine) Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle

124


124

211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb) Keywords: wedge

125


125

213. Stress distribution below surface load Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio

126


126

215. Effect of vibratory roller Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure

127


127

217. Compaction of soil layers Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest

128


128

219. Examples of retaining structures Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall

129


129

221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall Keywords: height

130


130

223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design

131


131

225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load Keywords: eccentricity 132

121



132

227. Overturning of retaining wall Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment

133


133

229. Shear keys in sliding wall Keywords: shear key, alternative location

134


134

231. Reinforcement in retaining wall Keywords: moment, reinforcement

135


135

233. Tilting of retaining structure Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding

136


136

235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface

137


137


137

238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal Keywords: metal strip

138


138

240. Required length of earth reinforcement Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface

139


139

242. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil

140


140

244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, fabric

141


141

122


Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure 207. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall


123

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 209. Active earth pressure (Rankine) Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle


124

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb) Keywords: wedge


125

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 213. Stress distribution below surface load Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio


126

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 215. Effect of vibratory roller Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure


127

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 217. Compaction of soil layers Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest


128

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 219. Examples of retaining structures Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall


129

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall Keywords: height


130

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design


131

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load Keywords: eccentricity


132

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 227. Overturning of retaining wall Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment


133

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 229. Shear keys in sliding wall Keywords: shear key, alternative location


134

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 231. Reinforcement in retaining wall Keywords: moment, reinforcement


135

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 233. Tilting of retaining structure Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding


136

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface



137

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal Keywords: metal strip


138

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 240. Required length of earth reinforcement Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface


139

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 242. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil


140

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, fabric


141


142

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures

Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures

Page

246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor

146


146

248. Concrete elements Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving

147


147

250. Sheet piles details Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam

148


148

252. Bored pile wall Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor

149


149

254. Factor of safety of retaining wall Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,

150


150

256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine

151


151

258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth

152


152

260. Failure mechanisms Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation

153


153

262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load

154

263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained

154

143

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures undrained shear strength,

264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure

155


155

266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor

156


156

268. Deflection of sheet pile wall Keywords: stiffness, height

157


157

270. Anchor systems Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination

158


158

272. Design aspects of anchor plate Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth

159


159

274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth

160


160


160

277. Strutted wall Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor

161


161


161

280. Load distribution between soil anchors Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching

162


162

282. Braced excavations Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam

163

144



163

284. Strut forces Keywords: hinge

164


164


164

287. Bottom heave in excavation Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth

165


165

289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion

166


166

291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C

167


167

293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor

168


168

295. Stability of slots Keywords: soil wedge

169


169

297. Stability of slurry excavation Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge

170


170

299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe

171


171

145


Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures 246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor


146

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 248. Concrete elements Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving


147

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 250. Sheet piles details Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam


148

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 252. Bored pile wall Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor


149

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 254. Factor of safety of retaining wall Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,


150

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine


151

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth


152

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 260. Failure mechanisms Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation


153

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load

263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,

154

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure


155

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor


156

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 268. Deflection of sheet pile wall Keywords: stiffness, height


157

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 270. Anchor systems Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination


158

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 272. Design aspects of anchor plate Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth


159

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth



160

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 277. Strutted wall Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor



161

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 280. Load distribution between soil anchors Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching


162

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 282. Braced excavations Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam


163

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 284. Strut forces Keywords: hinge



164

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 287. Bottom heave in excavation Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth


165

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion


166

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C


167

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor


168

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 295. Stability of slots Keywords: soil wedge


169

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 297. Stability of slurry excavation Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge


170

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe


171


172

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles

Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles Page

301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile

177


177


178


178


179


179


180


180


181


181

311. Examples of pile types Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack

182


182


183


183


184


184


185


185

173

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile


186


186


187


187


188


188


189


189


190


190


191


191


192


192


193


193


194


194


195

174



195


196

340. Pile load as function of pile displacement Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell

197


197


198


198


199


199


200


200


201


202


202


203


203


204

354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST) Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area

204


205


205

175



206


207


208


209


209


210


210


211


211

176


Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles 301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile


177




178




179




180




181


311. Examples of pile types Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic Jack


182




183




184




185




186




187




188




189




190




191




192




193




194




195



196


340. Pile load as function of pile displacement Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with Bell


197




198




199




200



201




202




203



354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST) Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin área

204




205



206



207



208




209




210




211


212

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis

Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis Page

366. Pile driving equipment Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting

214


214


215


215

370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture

216


216


217


217

374. Elastic compression of pile Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer

218


218


219


219

213


Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 366. Pile driving equipment Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting


214




215

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture


216




217

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 374. Elastic compression of pile Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer


218




219


220

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups

Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups Page

378. Pile group in clay Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

223

379. Examples of pile groups Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing

224


224

381. Settlement of pile group in clay Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length

225


225

383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test) Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing

226


226

385. Load distribution in pile group Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation

227

386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

228


228

388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san

229


229

390. Settlements below pile group in sand Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand

230


230

392. Load distribution below pile group in sand Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle

231


231

394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements

232


232

221


396. Heave caused by pile driving Keywords: clay, surface heave

233


233

398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor

234


234

400. Order of pile driving Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations

235


235

222


Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups 378. Pile group in clay Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

223

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 379. Examples of pile groups Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing


224

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 381. Settlement of pile group in clay Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length


225

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test) Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing


226

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 385. Load distribution in pile group Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation

227

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows


228

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, sand


229

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 390. Settlements below pile group in sand Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand


230

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 392. Load distribution below pile group in sand Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle


231

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements


232

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 396. Heave caused by pile driving Keywords: clay, surface heave


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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor


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Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 400. Order of pile driving Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations


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Bengt Broms - Foundation Engineering

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Transcript of Bengt Broms - Foundation Engineering