B.Eng Thesis - Effect of Solidification Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties [2002] by...

7/23/2019 B.Eng Thesis - Effect of Solidification Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties [2002] by Udochukwu Mark

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/beng-thesis-effect-of-solidification-rate-on-microstructure-and-mechanical 1/76

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ced fjcvèg|% Mzlb wivh bc| co|i fjje diej ti w`dje tbj`v c~~o`lcfò`tp ced `m~vtbj`v ~vi~jvt`j| fp |tvzltzvco cotjvctìe| tbvizgb cdd`tìe ia cooipèg jojmjet|/ vjaèjia ~v`mcvp |ò`lie/ midà`lctìe ia jztjlt`l |ò`lie ced bjct-tvjctmjet|% Tbj jztjlt`l cooOM1 "Co-36*\`)/ `| eit bjct tvjctcfoj ced bc| c giid vj|`|tcelj ti livvi|ìe% @e tbmiotje |tctj/ `t bc| c b`gb djgvjj ia aoz`d`tp ced `t| oiw |bvèhcgj ie |io`dà`lctjecfoj| lc|tèg| ia ètv`lctj |jltìe| ti fj mcdj dje|j ced avjj avim lvclh|% Tbj cooip| `|co|i o`gbtjv tbce tbj Co-Lz cooip| ced `| w`djop z|jd aiv cztimifòj lc|tèg|/ èlozdwctjv-liiojd mceàiod| ced kclhjt|/ mitiv-biz|èg/ jtl% ced aiv ~zm~ ~cvt| è lbjm`lco ced dpj èdz|tv`j| ced aiv mcep dimj|t`l lc|tèg| "Kcojjojt co / 30248 Viooc|ie/307<)%

Tbj F\ 340> |~jlà`lctìe| liqjv tbj Co-\` cooip| OM1 ced OM6> "wb`lb bcfjtwjje 3> “ 3<* \`) ced lcoo| aiv tbj lc|tèg ti fj |z~~o`jd è tbj c|-lc|t lied`tìe% C||zlb tbjp cvj |z`tcfoj aiv jr~i|jd mcvèj lc|tèg|/ mitiv-lcv ced oivvp a`ttèg|/ cejegèj ~cvt| "mceàiod|/ lc|èg|/ jtl%)/ |w`tlb firj| ced gjejvcoop wbjvj livvi|ìvj|`|tcelj ced jc|j ia lc|tèg cvj j||jet`co XLittvjoo/ 307:/ Fzve| "jd%)/ 3021 ced Joo3007]%

Cooip| ia bp~jvjztjlt`l lim~i|`tìe lietcèèg 3: “ 6:* \` cvj z|jd è tbjmcezacltzvj ia lim~iejet| ia ètjveco limfz|tìe jegèj| "lpoèdjv| ced ~`|tie|) cedfjcvèg|% Tbjp d`|~ocp jrljoojet wjcv vj|`|tcelj/ wb`lb tigjtbjv w`tb mclbècf`

`m~viqj| c| tbj \` ~cvt`loj| fjlimj aèjv ced mivj jqjeop d`|tv`fztjd% Tb`| `| clb`jqjfp mchèg |mcoo cdd`tìe| ia ~bi|~bivz|/ ^/ wb`lb vjaèj vctbjv tbce midàp m`lvi|tvzltzvj "Kcojjo/jt co 30248 Jooìtt/ 3007)%



1

3%4 \LI^J IA TBJ ^VIKJLT

Avim tbj lbi`lj ia ti~`l/ tb`| |tzdp djco| ieop w`tb tbj jztjlt`l iv ejcv jztjlt`lcooip| ia tbj Co-\` |p|tjm% Tbjvj `| ei ètjetìe ti lcvvp izt midà`lctìe tvjctmjet

tbct tbj c|-lc|t |tvzltzvj ced ~vi~jvt`j| ia fitb tbj midà`jd ced zemidà`jd cooip| mcfj |tzd`jd lim~cvct`qjop% Cgcè/ coo tj|t fcv| |bcoo fj lc|t è |ced mizod/ è itbjv wmjtco mizod| "iv d`j|) |bcoo eit fj z|jd ced tbj b`gbjv lbòoèg "ac|t liioèg) clb`jqcè |zlb mizod| wòo eit fj lie|`djvjd%

Tbj cfiqj djo`m`tctìe| cvj ètjetìeco% Biwjqjv c ezmfjv ia acltiv| bcq`m~i|jd |imj o`m`tctìe| ti tbj |tzdp% Tbj aiooiwèg cvj eitcfoj%

c% Zecqcòcfò`tp ia jsz`~mjet aclò`t`j| aiv ~vjl`|jop ced szcet`tct`qjop lietviomie`tivèg ced vjlivdèg tbj liioèg vctj ced gviwtb qjoil`tp ia tbj lc|tèg"tj|t fcv|) dzvèg |io`dà`lctìe% Bjelj/ tbj z|j ia dàajvjet lc|tèg |jltìetb`lhej||j| `| z|jd ti cllizet aiv tb`|% Biwjqjv/ tbj jojltv`l azveclj z|jd aivmjotèg bc| ce cttclbjd d`g`tco ~pvimjtjv aiv mie`tivèg tbj mjot tjm~jvctzv

f% C| c vj|zot ia aècel`co ced t`mj lie|tvcèt| c| wjoo c| oclh ia cllj|| ti aclò`t`jmjtcooigvc~b`l jrcmèctìe ia tbj m`lvi|tvzltzvj| lizod eit gi fjpied ivdècvpo`gbt iv i~t`lco m`lvi|li~p% Aiv |`mòcv vjc|ie| co|i/ ~vi~jvt`j| o`hj wvj|`|tcelj ced eitlb tizgbej|| wjvj eit lie|`djvjd% Cgcè/ fc|`l mctjv`co| aiv|tcedcvd mjotèg ~viljdzvj| ced ~vclt`lj| wjvj eit ~vilzvjd iv z|jd/ j%gLIQJVCO <1C/ LIQJVCO 33 "aiv liqjvèg ced aozrèg)/ EZLOJCET tcfojt "aiv gvcè vjaèèg)/ aoz|bèg gc| iv bjrclboivijtbcej ~òo| "aiv djgcced locp-gvc~b`tj iv |ò`lie lcvf`dj lvzl`foj| aiv mjotèg%



7

LBC^TJV TWI

6%> O@TJVCTZVJ VJQ@JW

6%3 COZM@EZM COOIP@EG ^V@EL@ÔJ\

Mi|t cooip| cvj ~vj~cvjd fp m`règ mjtco| è tbj miotje |tctj8 tbjp d`||ioqj jclb itbjv ced tbj cooip |i aivmjd `| ~izvjd èti mjtco mizod| ced cooiwjd ti |io`dàiv `t `| tvce|~ivtjd miotje ti aizedv`j| wbjvj `t wòo fj mcdj èti lc|tèg|% Gjejvcoopmckiv ègvjd`jet `| mjotjd a`v|t/ ced tbje tbj itbjv| cvj cddjd ti `t "\tvjjt ced Cojrced302>8 Littvjoo/ 307: ced Vckcejt co / 3022)%

Iej dàa`lzotp è mchèg cooip| `| tbct mjtco| bcqj dàajvjet mjotèg ~ièt|% aiv jrcm~oj `| mcdj avim li~~jv "mjotèg ~ièt/ 3>2<iL) ced {èl "mjotèg ~ièt/ 46>iL8fiòèg ~ièt/ 0>7iL)% Tbj mjtbid cdi~tjd è tb`| lc|j `| ti bjct a`v|t tbj mjtco bcqèg tbb`gbjv mjotèg ~ièt/ ecmjop tbj li~~jv% Wbje tb`| `| miotje/ tbj |io`d {èl `| cddjd`| sz`lhop d`||ioqjd è tbj o`sz`d li~~jv fjaivj qjvp mzlb {èl bc| qc~iv`{jd% Jqje cooiwcelj bc| ti fj mcdj aiv zecqi`dcfoj {èl oi||/ wb`lb cmizet| ti cfizt iej ~cvt ètwjetp ia tbj {èl "\tvjjt ced Cojrcedjv/ 302>)%

\imjt`mj| tbj mchèg ia cooip| `| lim~o`lctjd fjlcz|j tbj mjtco w`tb tbj b`gbjvmjotèg ~ièt `| è tbj |mcoojv ~vi~ivtìe8 aiv jrcm~oj/ tbj cooip Co-4%:*Lz li0:%: ~jv ljet cozmèzm "m%~%/ 11>iL) w`tb 4%: ~jv ljet li~~jv "m%~%/ 3>2<iL)% Mjotègtbj |mcoo cmizet ia li~~jv a`v|t wizod `m~op iqjvbjctèg `t |i mzlb c| ti ~jv|zctwjetp t`mj| `t| wj`gbt ia cozmèzm ti d`||ioqj è `t/ cf|ivfèg c oit ia gc|j|/ ~vidzlègze|ized lc|tèg| è tbj jed% @e tb`|/ c| è mcep itbjv lc|j| "j%g% aiv Co-\` cooip|cooipèg `| fj|t diej è twi |tcgj|% A`v|t ce ètjvmjd`ctj ‒ bcvdjejv cooip ‐ iv ‒ hjp cooip ‐ `|

mcdj/ wb`lb bc| c mjotèg ~ièt lie|`djvcfop oiwjv tbce tbi|j ia li~~jv "iv |ò`lie) cecozmèzm% Tbje tbj cozmèzm `| mjotjd ced tbj livvjlt cmizet ia tbj bcvdjejv cocddjd% "Bjèjjt co / 30718 \tvjjt ced Cojrcedjv/ 302>)

@e aclt/ mchèg z~ ce cooip ti ce jrclt lim~i|`tìe `| eit jc|p/ |zfm`t| \tvjjt cedCojrcedjv "302>)% Tbj |mjotjv `| tbjvjaivj cooiwjd c |~jlà`jd wivhèg mcvg



2

vjgcvd| fitb mckiv jojmjet| ced `m~zv`t`j|% Tbj lim~i|`tìe ia tbj cooip `| lbjlhjd fcecop|`|/ catjv wb`lb `t `| vjojc|jd aiv z|j è tbj aizedvp/ viooèg mòo/ iv aivgj|%

6%6 COZM@EZM CED \@O@LIE; \IZVLJ\ CED COOIP@EGCozmèzm/ Co `| c |òqjvp-wb`tj oz|tviz| mjtcoo`l jojmjet fjoiegèg ti gviz~

iv @@@C "aivmjvop @@@F) ia tbj ~jvìd l tcfoj% @t bc| tbj aiooiwèg ~vi~ezmfjv =3</ vjoct`qj ctim`l mc|| = 67/ aclj-ljetvjd lzf`l "ALL) lvp|tco |tvzltzvj/ octlie|tcet/ c = 4%>417Ê/ dje|`tp = 6%7 g lm</ mjotèg ~ièt = 11>iL ced fiòèg ~ièt = 6417iL%Cotbizgb `t `| tbj tb`vd mi|t cfzedcet jojmjet è tbj jcvtb‐| lvz|t "2%3* fp wj`gbtwc| eit `|ioctjd zetò 326: fp B%L Ijv|tjd% C| tbj mi|t cfzedcet mjtco è tbj jcvtblvz|t/ cozmèzm `| aized è coo cozmèi-|ò`lctj mèjvco| "locp|)8 fzt limmjvl`coojrtvcltjd avim fczr`tj fp tbj jojltviopt`l vjdzltìe ia cozmèc/ Co6I < XDcèt`tb "jd%6>>>]%

\ò`lie/ \` `| c mjtcooi`d jojmjet fjoiegèg ti gviz~ 34 iv @QC "aivmjvop @Qtbj ~jvìd`l tcfoj% @t| ~vi~jvop dctc èlozdj; ctim`l ezmfjv =34/ vjoct`qj ctim`l 62/ lvp|tco |tvzltzvj `| d`cmied lzf`l "DL)/ octt`lj lie|tcet/c = :%4<>0Ê/ dje|`tp = 6%<g lm</ mjotèg ~ièt =3434iL/ fiòèg ~ièt = 6<::iL% @t `| tbj |jlied mi|t cfzedcetjojmjet è tbj jcvtb‐| lvz|t "6:%7* fp wj`gbt) illzvvèg è qcvìz| aivm| ia |ò`lie "@ir`dj "\Ì 6) j%g% szcvt{ ced è |ò`lctj mèjvco|% Tbj jojmjet `| jrtvcltjd fp vjdzlìr`dj "\Ì 6) w`tb lcvfie è ce jojltv`l azveclj "`%j% jojltvi-lcvfitbjvm`l vjdzltìe)/ `| z|jd jrtje|`qjop aiv `t| |jm`liedzltiv ~vi~jvt`j|% \ò`lie wc| `djetà`jd fp Cetièj

Ocqi`|`jv è 3727 ced a`v|t `|ioctjd è 326< fp Kñe| Fjv{jo`z| XDcèt`tb "jd%)/ 6>>B`|tiv`lcoop/ tbj djqjoi~mjet ia lc|tèg ~vclt`lj| aiv cozmè`zm ced `t| cooip|

vjoct`qjop vjljet cllim~o`|bmjet% Cozmè`zm cooip| wjvj eit cqcòcfoj è cep |zf|tszcet`tp aiv lc|tèg ~zv~i|j| zetò oieg catjv tbj d`|liqjvp è 3221 ia tbj jojltviop~vilj|| ia vjdzltìe ia cozmè`zm ir`dj fp Lbcvoj| Mcvtè Bcoo è tbj Ze`tjd \tctj| ce



0

^czo Bjvizot è Avcelj% Cotbizgb Bcoo‐| èqjetìe ~viq`djd cozmè`zm ct c vjdzljd li|t/ tbj azoo qcozj ia cozmè`zm c| c lc|tèg mctjv`co wc| eit j|tcfo`|bjd zecooip| |z`tcfoj aiv aizedvp ~vilj||j| wjvj djqjoi~jd% \èlj cfizt 303:/ c limfèctìe ia

l`vlzm|tcelj| “ gvcdzcoop djlvjc|èg li|t/ tbj jr~ce|ìe ia c`v tvce|~ivtctìe "wbjvo`gbt-wj`gbt `| ce cdqcetcgj)/ djqjoi~mjet ia |~jlà`l lc|tèg cooip|/ `m~viq~vi~jvt`j|/ ced tbj `m~jtz| ~viq`djd fp tbj twi wivod wcv| “ bc| vj|zotjd è ce jqèlvjc|èg z|j ia cozmè`zm lc|tèg| "Bjèj/ Oi~jv Kv% ced Vi|jetbco/ 3071)%

\ò`lie `| ~vj|jet è coo limmjvl`co cozmè`zm lc|tèg cooip|% C| ce coojojmjet/ `t `| z|jd è qcvìz| cmizet| z~ ti 34 ~jvljet \`% Tbj fècvp Co-\` jszò`fv`z|p|tjm "~bc|j d`cgvcm) `| |biwe è A`g% 3%3% Tbj |iozfò`tp ia \` è Co/ tbjγ-~bc|j/ `|o`m`tjd ti :77iL iv 3>76iA "tbj jztjlt`l tjm~jvctzvj) ced oj|| tbce >%>: ~jvljet ct viimtjm~jvctzvj% Zed`||ioqjd |ò`lie lie|t`tztj| tbj ζ -~bc|j/ `%j% |ò`lie ~cvt`loj| lietcèèce jrtvjmjop |mcoo ~jvljetcgj ia cozmè`zm XBjèjjt co / 30718 C\M/ 3021]%

Cooipèg ia q`vgè cozmè`zm `| eit gjejvcoop ~vclt`ljd/ jrlj~t è tbj ocvgcozmè`zm aizedv`j| zedjv v`g`d cecop|`| lietvio% Wbje `t `| ejlj||cvp ti cdd coojojmjet| ti cozmè`zm/ oiw mjotèg ~ièt mjtco| |zlb c| {èl ced mcgej|`zm mcp cddjd è jojmjetco aivm% Biwjqjv/ b`gbjv-mjotèg-~ièt mjtco| |zlb c| |ò`lie/ li~e`lhjo/ mcegcej|j/ t`tce`zm/ ced lbvim`zm cvj fj|t cddjd c| v`lb cooip| iv bcvdjejv| "Bjèj jt co / 3071)%

6%< JZTJLT@L COOIP\

Tbj wivd ‒jztjlt`l ‐ `| djv`qjd avim tbj Gvjjh ‒jztjht`hi| ‐ ced mjce| ‒mi|t

az|`foj‐ / ‒jc|òp mjotjd‐ iv ‒lc~cfoj ia fjèg jc|òp mjotjd ‐% Tbjvjaivj tbj tjvm ‒jztjlt`l cooip‐ vjajv| ti tbj oiwj|t mjotèg cooip è c ~cvt`lzocv cooip |p|tjm% Iej lbcvcltjvajctzvj ia cep jztjlt`l cooip `| tbct `t mjot| ced |io`dà`j| "avjj{j|) ct a`rjd tjm~jvct kz|t o`hj c ~zvj mjtco/ ced |i tbj liioèg lzvqj| aiv jztjlt`l cooip| ced ~zvj mjtco| c`djet`lco% Tb`| lbcvcltjv`|t`l ced tbj`v itbjv aizedèg ~vi~jvt`j| bcqj j|tcfo`|bjd jztjl



3>

ced ejcv-jztjlt`l lim~i|`tìe cooip| c| ~i~zocv lc|tèg cooip| "\tvjjt ced Cojrcedjv302>8 Vckcejt co / 3022 ced Jooìt/ 3007)%

\tzd`j| lcvv`jd izt ct tbj jcvop pjcv| ia oc|t ljetzvp ie tbj jztjlt`l |io`dà`lctìe

~vilj|| bcqj cllivdèg ti Jooìtt "3007)/ ojd ti tbj d`q`|ìe ia jztjlt`l cooip| èti twimcè tp~j|; eivmco ced ceimcoiz|%Eivmco cooip| cllivdèg ti b`m wjvj c||il`ctjdw`tb vjgzocv m`lvi|tvzltzvj| ia ocmjoocv iv vid aivm ced ~bc|j d`cgvcm| è wbmjtco| wjvj ia |`mòcv mjotèg ~ièt "j%g% ^f-\e |p|tjm/ <67iL ced 6<6iL vj|~jlt`qjop)%Ie tbj itbjv bced/ tbj ceimcoiz| cooip| wjvj vj~ivtjd ti d`|~ocp c w`djv vcegj im`lvi|tvzltzvj| èlozdèg tbj aochj miv~bioigp ced aivmjd è |p|tjm| w`tb mjtco|dàajvjet mjotèg tjm~jvctzvj| "j%g% tbj Co-\` |p|tjm/ 11>iL ced 343>iL vj|~jlt`qjop)%

Azvtbjvmivj/ eivmco cooip| wjvj d`|tègz`|bjd fp tbj`v wjoo-djaèjd |tvzltzvj/ ced ce iv`jetctìe vjoctìe|b`~ fjtwjje tbj ocmjoocj w`tbè tbj gvcè|%Tbj

ceimcoiz| |tvzltzvj |biw| ce `vvjgzocv |tvzltzvco cvvcegjmjet è wb`lb tbj mèiv

~bc|j dimèctj| lvp|tcooigvc~b`lcoop8 gvcè| lceeit fj d`|ljvejd ced tbjvj `| ei

~vjajvvjd iv`jetctìe vjoctìe|b`~ %

6%4 Co-\` JZTJLT@L COOIP\ Jqje tbizgb tbj jztjlt`l lim~i|`tìe ia tbj Co-\` |p|tjm bc| fjje j|tcfo`|bjd ti

fj 36%1 wt% * \` "îomjcv/ 3023 ced Fiotie/ 3002)/ lim~i|`tìe| è tbj vcegj ia 3>wt% * \` cvj co|i heiwe c| tbj jztjlt`l cooip gviz~ XFzve| "jd%)/ 3021]% CllivdFzve| "3021)/ tbj jztjlt`l cooip gviz~ lim~v`|j| |zlb limmjvl`co ced |tcedcvddj|`gectìe| o`hj O<< "F\ Cjvi|~clj)/ OM1 ced OM 6> "F\ 340>)% Vjoctjd

c~~vir`mctjop |`mòcv |~jlà`lctìe| cvj \36L "Z\C C\TM)/ 160> "LcecLimmjvl`co)/ C 43<%3 ced C 43<%6 "Z\C CC)/ C-:3< "Avcelj C:7-7>6 <)/ G - "Gjvmcep D@E 376: 6) ced 6<> "Gjvmcep Cooip Ei%)



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Tbj F\ 340> |~jlà`lctìe liqjvèg tbj|j cooip| lcoo| aiv tbj lc|tèg| ti fj|z~~o`jd è tbj c|-lc|t lied`tìe `%j% eit bjct-tvjctjd% @e oèj w`tb tb`|/ Bjèjjt co "3071)|tctjd tbct tbj jaajlt ia |ò`lie ie tbj ~vi~jvt`j| ia Co-\` cooip| `| ocvgjop iej ia cooip`

|èlj ei |`geà`lcet fjeja`t| cvj iftcèjd fp cttjm~t| ct |ioztìe bjct-tvjctèg ced cgèg%Tbjp tbjvjaivj lielozdjd tbct tbj|j cooip| wizod fj ct tbj`v fj|t wbje midà`jd fp|z`tcfoj cdd`tìe|/ iv fjttjv/ wbje lc|t è mjtco mizod "ac|t liioèg)% Azvtbjvmivj/ |ei cdd`tìeco `m~viqjmjet lce fj iftcèjd fp bjct-tvjctmjet/ tbj|j cooip| cvj z|jd è tbjc|-lc|t lied`t ie%

6%: \IO@D@A@LCT@IE IA JZTJLT@L COOIP\

C| w`tb coo |io`dà`lctìe ~vilj||j|/ tbj jztjlt`l |io`dà`lctìe vjcltìe illzv| fp cezlojctìe ced gviwtb ~bjeimjeie "Littvjoo/ 307:8 Vjjd Bòo ! Cffc|lbcè/ 3006Jooìt "3007) if|jvqjd tbct tbj ezlojctìe jqjet limmjelj| ct c tjm~jvctzvj fjoiw tbjjztjlt`l tjm~jvctzvj X`%j% tbjvj `| |imj zedjv-liioèg iv |z~jv-liioèg] w`tb bjtjvigjejiz| ezlojctìe ia iej ia tbj jztjlt`l ~bc|j| ie ezlojcet| ~vj|jet è tbj o`sz`d/ced `| lim~ojtjd fp tbj bjtjvigjejiz| ezlojctìe ia tbj |jlied jztjlt`l ~bc|j ie tbja`v|t% Bj azvtbjv eitjd tbct fitb tbj vctj ia ezlojctìe ced tbj vctj ia gviwtb èlvjc|j wèlvjc|èg zedjv-liioèg%

Tbj |io`dà`lctìe ia c lc|tèg ~izvjd avim c jztjlt`l lim~i|`tìe m`gbt/cllivdèg ti Bjèj jt co "3071)/ fj ~vj|zmjd ti illzv è mzlb tbj |cmj mceejv c| tbctia c ~zvj mjtco% Biwjqjv tbjp co|i eitjd tbct |imj dàajvjelj| jr`|t; ecmjop/ wbòj a~zvj mjtco|/ `t `| tvzj tbct zedjv jszò`fv`zm lied`tìe| |io`dà`lctìe ~viljjd| ct lie|tce

tjm~jvctzvj|8 è tbj lc|j ia jztjlt`l cooip|/ tbj gvcè |`{j ia tbj twi ~vjl`~`tctèg ~bc|j`| mzlb aèjv tbce tbct ia c ~zvj mjtco/ ced avjj{èg |tcvt| ct c oiwjv tjm~jvctzvjtbct ia j`tbjv lim~iejet| è tbj cooip%

Avim c lc|tèg |tced ~ièt/ tbj jztjlt`l cooip| avjj{j j`tbjv jrigjeiz|op/ tbct `|avim tbj |zvaclj ti tbj ljetvj ia tbj lc|tèg/ iv jedigjeiz|op/ vj~vj|jetjd fp c mivj iv



36

oj|| vcedim ezlojctìe ia jztjlt`l ljoo| iv lioie`j| lie|`|tèg ia èd`q`dzco loz|tjv| ia tbjtwi ~bc|j| gviwèg è tbj o`sz`d c| j||jet`coop |~bjv`lco |io`d mc||j|% Midà`jd Co-\`

cooip| avjj{j jrigjeiz|op wbjvjc| tbj zemidà`jd Co-\` cooip| avjj{j jedigjeiz|op /

Bjèj jt co "3071) lielozdjd%^zvj mjtco| ced cooip| loi|j ti tbj jztjlt`l lim~i|`tìe bcqj ecvviw avjj{èg

vcegj| ced fjoieg ti c gviz~ heiwe c| |hè -aivmèg cooip| tbct z|zcoop jrb`f`t liozmevctbjv tbce jsz`-crjd |tvzltzvj| "Jooìtt/ 3007)%Tbj liozmecv |tvzltzvj |biw| c ~vjajvvjd

iv`jetctìe ced d`|~ocp| oj|| m`lvi-~ivi|`tp ced m`lvi-|jgvjgctìe tbce ce jsz`-crjd

|tvzltzvj / Jooìtt "3007) vjmcvhjd%Limmjetèg ie liozmecv ced jsz`-crjd gvcè|/ Bjèjjt co "3071) eitjd tbct

limmjvl`co cooip| ~izvjd èti lc|tèg| ced liiojd è tbj eivmco mceejv wòo jrb`f`t liozmecv djedv`t`l gvcè| ejcv tbj |zvaclj ced tbj jsz`-crjd djedv`t`l gvcè| ejcv ljetvj ia tbj lc|tèg% Tbjp eitjd |imj acltiv| c| fjèg è|tvzmjetco/ q`{%;

`% Tbj jaajlt`qj |z~jvbjct``% Tbj lv`t`lco djgvjj ia zedjv-liioèg ejlj||cvp aiv ezlojctìe ti illzv ct c

ac`vop b`gb vctj```% Tbj avjj{èg vcegj`q% Tbj tbjvmco liedzlt`q`tpq% Tbj |oi~j| ia tbj |io`dz| ced o`sz`dz| oèj|%

Ia tbj cfiqj/ ieop "```) `| ~vi~ivtìeco ti tbj vctì ia jsz`-crjd ti liozmecv gvcè|8 tbvj|t cvj èqjv|jop ~vi~ivtìeco%

6%1 Co “ \` JZTJLT@L \TVZLTZVJCllivdèg ti Fjvoè ced Cffc|lbcè "3024) tbj mjlbce`lco ~vi~jvt`j| ia jztjlt`l iv

ejcv-jztjlt`l Co-\` cooip| cvj eitcfop |je|`t`qj ti tbj |`{j/ |bc~j ced d`|tv`fztìe ia tbj

|ò`lie ~cvt`loj| ~vj|jet è tbj m`lvi|tvzltzvj ”% Tbj m`lvi|tvzltzvj/ tbjp vjmcvhjd `| `



3<

tzve mce`~zoctjd fp lbii|èg c~~vi~v`ctj |io`dà`lctìe lied`tìe| iv cddèg |z`tcfcdd`tìe|%

Mcep lc|tèg cooip| d`|~ocp ceimcoiz| jztjlt`l |tvzltzvj| ced jrb`f`t c

‒fjwòdjvèg‐ cvvcp ia m`lvi|tvzltzvj| XJooìtt/ 3007]% Tbj mcè |tvzltzvco a fvihje ocmjoocv / aochj / lim~ojr vjgzocv / szc|`-vjgzocv ced a`fviz| % Tb`| ojcd| ti tbj~i||`fò`tp ia tbj aivmctìe ia |jqjvco dàajvjet m`lvi|tvzltzvj| è c |ègoj coodj~jedèg ie tbj |io`dà`lctìe lied`tìe|%Tbj Co-\` jztjlt`l cooip aiv jrcm~oj/ lce

d`|~ocp a`qj dàajvjet |tvzltzvco miv~bioig`j| iaajvèg c vcegj ia ~vi~jvt`j|/ tbj mi|t

|`geà`lcet ia wb`lb `| tbj `m~viqjd mjlbce`lco ~vi~jvt`j| ia tbj lbòo iv `m~zv`tp

midà`jd a`fviz| |tvzltzvj %Bjèj jt co "3071) bcqj co|i eitjd tbct tbj miv~bioigp ia tbj jztjlt`l |tvzltzvj è

Co-\` cooip| `| dj~jedjet z~ie tbj tjm~jvctzvj ct wb`lb tbj |ò`lie ~bc|j ezlojctj|/ tbjivdjv fjèg ~iopbjdvcoop |bc~jd |ò`lie gvcè|/ licv|j |ò`lie ~octj|/ aèj |ò`lie ~oced goifzocv |ò`lie ~cvt`loj| è tjvm| ia djlvjc|èg ezlojctìe tjm~jvctzvj%Tbj goifzocv

|tvzltzvj `| ~vidzljd mi|t vjcdòp fp ce cdd`tìe ia c midàpèg cgjet% Cgcè/ lbòo

lc|tèg lce co|i ~vidzlj c tp~j ia goifzocv jztjlt`l/ tbjp vjmcvhjd%

6%7 \IO@D@A@LCT@IE LIED@T@IE\ CED \TVZLTZVJ

Tbj aivmctìe ia ceimcoiz| |tvzltzvj `| |i |je|`t`qj ti |io`dà`lctìe lied`tìe|ced `m~zv`t`j| Xmidàpèg jojmjet|] tbct |jqjvco |tvzltzvj|/ jclb w`tb `t| iwe ~vi~jvmcp aivm è c g`qje cooip% Tb`| `| eiwbjvj mivj jq`djet tbce è lc|t `vie| ced cozmlc|tèg cooip| "Jooìtt/ 3007)% Tbj a`v|t |tj~ è zedjv|tcedèg tbj aivmctìe ia ceim

|tvzltzvj| c| Jooìtt "3007) eitjd/ wc| mcdj w`tb tbj vjco`{ctìe tbct ce ceimco|tvzltzvj aivm| wbje iej ia tbj ~bc|j| `| lc~cfoj ia acljtèg “ `%j% mchèg tbj cdd`tìa c ejw |io`d ocpjv ti tbj jr`|tèg |io`d ct tbj ètjvaclj fjtwjje ~bc|j| dàa`lzot dzvègviwtb/ c| c vj|zot ia dàajvjelj| è tbj gviwtb fjbcqìv ia tbj ~bc|j|%



34

Jooi`tt "3007) biwjqjv if|jvqjd tbct acljtèg wizod ieop illzv wbje tb|io`dà`lctìe lied`tìe| cooiw tbj ètjvaclj lzvqctzvj ia tbj acljtèg ~bc|j ti fj lieqjrjqjvpwbjvj w`tb vj|~jlt ti tbj |io`d ced wbje tbj ètjvaclj `| tcegjet`co ti tbj acljtè

~bc|j|% Tbz|/ cotbizgb c ~bc|j `| lc~cfoj ia acljtèg/ tbj |io`dà`lctìe lied`tìe| mc~vjqjet `t avim dièg |i% Aiv jrcm~oj/ à tbj lzvqctzvj `| lielcqj ct cep ~i|`tàcljtèg wòo eit illzv fjlcz|j ejw ocpjv| ia |io`d è cdkcljet vjgìe lce ajjd tbj acljt~ocej%

Cti|p "3024) bc| mcdj ce cttjm~t ti jr~ocè tbj |io`dà`lctìe mjlbce`|m| ia|ò`lie lvp|tco| è d`vjltìecoop |io`dà`jd Co-\` jztjlt`l cooip|/ c| c azeltìe |io`dà`lctìe lied`tìe| |zlb c| |io`dà`lctìe vctj ced djgvjj ia zedjv-liioèg c| tbjpcaajlt lvp|tco miv~bioigp% Bj lielozdjd tbct tbj jztjlt`l |ò`lie miv~bioigp fjlcmj

aèjv w`tb èlvjc|èg |io`dà`lctìe vctj %Jooìtt "3007) liea`vmjd tb`| fp |tctèg tbct d`vjltìeco |io`dà`lctìe |tzd`j| ojd

c fjttjv zedjv|tcedèg ia tbj qcvìz| |tvzltzvj| aivmjd è ce Co-36%7 wt% * \` jztjcooip”% Bj eitjd tbct tbj jztjlt`l miv~bioigp lbcegj| w`tb gviwtb qjoil`tp ctjm~jvctzvj gvcd`jet è tbj o`sz`d ct tbj ètjvaclj dzvèg d`vjltìeco |io`dà`lctìevj~ivtjd tbct tbj aiooiwèg m`lvi|tvzltzvj| wjvj iftcèjd avim tbj d`vjltìe|io`dà`lctìe ia Co-\` jztjlt`l cooip| c| c vj|zot ia |io`dà`lctìe lied`t ie|;

`% Tbj mc||`qj jztjlt`l |tvzltzvj/ acljtjd miv~bioigp aivmjd ct b`gbtjm~jvctzvj gvcd`jet ced gviwtb qjoil`tp%

``% Tbj X3>>] |ò`lie vid |tvzltzvj/ aivmjd c| c vj|zot ia vjdzltìe tjm~jvctzvj gvcd`jet%

```% Tbj aochj |tvzltzvj/ aivmjd c| c vj|zot ia azvtbjv djlvjc|j è tjm~jvctzgvcd`jet% \ò`lie ~cvt`loj| gviw fjtwjje tbj cegzocv \`-~bc|j% T~cvt`loj| d`|~ocp aochj miv~bioigp ced cvj ètjvlieejltjd% Tbj`v ezmèlvjc|j| c| tbj gviwtb qjoil`tp èlvjc|j|%Tbj aochj |tvzltzvj `| tbj tp~`lco



3:

lc|t |tvzltzvj ia zemidà`jd cozmèzm lc|tèg cooip| fc|jd ie tbj Co-\`

|p|tjm %`q% Tbj lim~ojr vjgzocv |tvzltzvj% Tb`| illzv| ieop illc|ìecoop è cooip|

jztjlt`l lim~i|`tìe/ fzt mivj avjszjetop è bp~jvjztjlt`l cooip| j%g% C3:* \`%

C| aiv tbj jaajlt ia zedjv-liioèg iv |z~jv-liioèg fitb Bjèj ced lioojcgzj|"3071) ced Jooìtt "3007) cgvjj tbct tbj vctj ia ezlojctìe èlvjc|j| w`tb zedjv-liio`Bjelj/ tbjp lielozdjd/ tbj ezmfjv ia jztjlt`l ljoo| iv gvcè| wòo èlvjc|j zedjv cep

|jt ia lied`tìe| tbct ~vidzlj| ce èlvjc|jd zedjv-liioèg "j%g% tbè |jltìe| è lc|tèg|)

ojcdèg ti aèj |tvzltzvj| ced fjttjv mjlbce`lco ~vi~jvt`j| %Ie tbj itbjv bced/ tbj

liioèg vctj ia c lc|tèg `| djlvjc|jd fp èlvjc|èg tbj |jltìe |`{j ced tb`| ojcd| ti c

djlvjc|j è tbj jztjlt`l ljoo ezmfjv/ vj|zotèg ti ~iiv mjlbce`lco ~vi~jvt`j| ”%

6%2 MID@A@LCT@IE @E Co-\` COOIP\

Cotbizgb \` `m~viqj| tbj lc|tcfò`tp ia Co/ `t co|i `m~c`v| mjlbce`lco ~vi~jvt`jce jrtjet tbct dj~jed| ie tbj |`{j/ |bc~j ced d`|tv`fztìe ia tbj \` ~cvt`loj| "Jooìtt/3007)% îomjcv "3023) eitjd tbct |oiw |io`dà`lctìe ia c ~zvj Co-\` cooip ~vidqjvp licv|j m`lvi|tvzltzvj è wb`lb tbj jztjlt`l lim~v`|j| ocvgj ~octj| iv ejjdoj| ia \` èc lietèziz| Co mctv`r% Tbj jztjlt`l `t|joa `| lim~i|jd ia èd`q`dzco ljoo| w`tbè wbtbj \` ~cvt`loj| c~~jcv| ti fj ètjvlieejltjd% Cooip| bcqèg tb`| licv|j jztjlt`l jrb`f`toiw dzltò`tp fjlcz|j ia tbj fv`ttoj ectzvj ia tbj ocvgj ~octj|% Biwjqjv/ vc~`d lii"lbòoèg)/ c| illzv| dzvèg ~jvmcejet mizod lc|tèg "j%g% d`j-lc|tèg)/ gvjctop vja

m`lvi|tvzltzvj ced tbj \` ~bc|j c||zmj| c a`fviz| aivm w`tb tbj vj|zot tbct fitb dzltò`tced tje|òj |tvjegtb cvj mzlb `m~viqjd%

îomjcv "3023) azvtbjv |tctjd tbct tbj w`dj|~vjcd z|j ia Co-\` cooip| tidcp djvavim tbj d`|liqjvp fp Dv% Cocdcv ^cl{ è 306> tbct c vjaèjmjet iv midà`lctm`lvi|tvzltzvj/ |`mòcv ti "ced jqje fjttjv tbce) tbct clb`jqjd fp vc~`d liioèg illzvv



31

wbje ljvtcè cohco` aoziv`dj| wjvj cddjd ti tbj mjot ~vìv ti ~izvèg% @midà`lctìe ia Co-\` cooip| `| eiw z|zcoop clb`jqjd fp tbj cdd`tìe ia tvclj cmizet| icohco` iv cohcoèj jcvtb mjtco| |zlb c| Ec/ O`/ Lj ced \v "Jooìtt/ 3007)%

Tvcjehejv "3026) mcètcèjd tbct midà`lctìe `| clb`jqjd j`tbjv fp vc~|io`dà`lctìe dzvèg lc|tèg iv fp cddèg midàpèg cgjet| “ z|zcoop |id`zm |tviet`zm% Zemidà`jd |tvzltzvj|/ limmieop lcoojd cl`lzocv cllivdèg ti b`m/ cvjlim~i|jd ia ~octjojt-o`hj ~cvt`loj| ia ~v`mcvp |ò`lie/ wb`lb aivm fv`ttoj ~ocewjchej||% @e c wjoo midà`jd |tvzltzvj/ iatje lcoojd a`fviz| / tbj ~v`mcvp |ò`lie ~cvt`lojcvj ~vjqjetjd avim gviwèg è|tjcd tbjp vjtcè tbj |bc~j ia qjvp |mcoo |~bjvi`lietv`fztèg ti b`gbjv joiegctìe| "dzltò`tp)%

Tbj vjdzltìe ia tbj ~cvt`loj |`{j è tbj m`lvi|tvzltzvj ia tbj Co-\` cooip| fmjce| ia ~vi~jv mjtbid| `| gjejvcoop tjvmjd midà`lctìe ”% Qcvìz| midà`lctìemjtbid| bcqj fjje djqjoi~jd è tbj lizv|j ia t`mj ti clb`jqj midà`jd |tvzltzvj "Fjvoèced Cffc|lb`ce/ 3024)% Cllivdèg ti tbjm/ |imj ia tbj mjtbid| èlozdj;

`% Midà`lctìe fp lbòoèg iv vc~`d liioèg% Tb`| wc| iv`gècoop d`|liqcll`djetcoop è tbj lc|j ia lc|t `vie ct tbj tzve ia tbj j`gbtjjetb ljetzvp fpVifjvt Vce|imj/ ce cgv`lzotzvco mclbèjvp mcezacltzvjv% C~~vir`mcbzedvjd pjcv| octjv/ `t wc| vjco`{jd tbct c |`mòcv midà`lctìe lizoclb`jqjd è tbj lc|j ia Co-\` lc|tèg cooip| "Jooìtt/ 3007)%

``% Midà`lctìe fp cdd`tìe| j%g% |id`zm/ Ec iv \tviet`zm/ \v "Ihivcaiv cOi~jv Kv%/ 3022)%

```% Midà`lctìe zedjv b`gb ~vj||zvj/ j%g% tbj |i-lcoojd |szjj{j lc|tèg

tjlbe`szj ”%`q% Midà`lctìe tbvizgb q`fvctìe/ |ie`l c| wjoo c| wjoo c| zotvc|ie`l q`fvctìe|%

Tbj limmjvl`co cttvcltìe ia tbj midà`lctìe ~vilj|| `| tbct tbj vj|zotcetmiv~bioigp `| tbct ia a`fvj-vjèaivljd lim~i|`tj| iaajvèg `m~viqjd mjlbce`lc~vi~jvt`j| "Jooìtt/ 3007)% TbjόT\ "iv ZT\) ia Co-\` jztjlt`l cooip| `| |c`d ti èlvjc|j c|



37

tbj gviwtb qjoil`tp "|io`dà`lctìe vctj) èlvjc|j|/ w`tb c lie|`djvcfoj èlvjc|j "u:>*)wbje tbj `vvjgzocv aochj |tvzltzvj `| midà`jd ti tbj a`fviz| |tvzltzvj% Tbj aioolbcvcltjv`|t`l| ia tbj midà`lctìe ~vilj|| wjvj if|jvqjd fp Jooìtt "3007)%

`% C lie|`djvcfoj vjaèjmjet ia tbj jztjlt`l m`lvi|tvzltzvj ti c vid iv a`fviz|miv~bioigp%

``% Tbj zedjv-liioèg aiv gviwtb `| èlvjc|jd lim~cvjd ti tbct aiv tbjzemidà`jd ceimcoiz| |tvzltzvj%

```% Djedv`tj| ia tbj eie-acljtèg ~bc|j z|zcoop c~~jcv è tbj m`lvi|tvzltzvj%`q% Tbj `m~zv`tp-midà`jd jztjlt`l jrb`f`t| c gvjctjv |tvjegtb ced b`gbj

dzltò`tp tbce tbj lbòo-midà`jd cooip8 tbj vjc|ie aiv tb`| `| tbct`m~zv`tp-midà`jd a`fvj| cvj mivj loi|jop |~cljd/ mivj vjgzocv/ ced fvcelbjd%

6%0 LC\T@EG LBCVCLTJV@\T@L\ IA Co-\` COOIP\

Tbj ~vidzltìe ia giid lc|tèg| vjsz`vj| tbct tbj lc|tèg cooip| ~i||j|| acqizvcfojaizedvp ~vi~jvt`j| iv lbcvcltjv`|t`l|% Tbi|j lie|`djvjd ia `m~ivtcelj aiv Co-\` coocvj;

Mè`mzm |io`dà`lctìe |bvèhcgj "ced mcr`mzm p`jod)% Cdjszctj aoz`d`tp% Avjjdim avim bit tjcvèg iv lvclhèg% Mè`mzm dàa`lzotp è ~vidzlèg ~vj||zvj-t`gbt lc|tèg|% Mè`mzm ~vifojm| w`tb gc| cf|iv~tìe ced dvi||èg "Bjèjjt co / 3071)%

\bvèhcgj ~vifojm| cvj ct c mè`mzm è tbj Co-\` cooip| lietcèèg : iv 3< ~jvl\`% Cllivdègop/ aizedvp p`jod `| ct c mcr`mzm/ ced dàa`lzot`j| w`tb bit tjcv`m`lvi-~ivi|`tp cvj mè`m`{jd% Co|i/ Bjèjjt co "3071) if|jvqjd tbct Co-\` cooip| bcqègoiw |bvèhcgj tjedjel`j| cllim~ce`jd fp c ecvviw avjj{èg tjm~jvctzvj "`%j%



32

jztjlt`l|) bcqj tbj fjttjv vctèg| ia vj|`|tcelj ti bit tjcvèg/ ~vj||zvj t`gbtej|| cedaoz`d`tp%

Aoz`d`tp è tbj aizedvp |je|j `| tbj cfò`tp ti aoiw |miitbop ced aòo tbj m

lcq`tp% \ò`lie-v`lb cooip| ia cozmè`zm acqizv aoz`d`tp ced vj|`|tcelj ti bit tjc@elvjc|èg tbj djgvjj ia |z~jvbjct gjejvcoop èlvjc|j| tbj aoz`d`tp ia mjtco|/ fzt tb`| deit g`qj giid iqjvcoo jaajlt è tjvm| ia |tvzltzvj ced ~vi~jvt`j|% Bjèjjt co "3071) eitjdtbct tbi|j cooip| bcqèg ecvviw avjj{èg vcegj "tbj jztjlt`l ced ejcv-jztjlt`l|) bcqfjttjv aoz`d`tp tbce tbi|j w`tb oiegjv avjj{èg vcegj "eie-jztjlt`l|)%

Gc| cf|iv~tìe/ tbj d`||ioqèg ia bpdvigje/ bc| fjje |c`d ti fj |jvìz| ècozmè`zm cooip| "Bjèjjt co/ 3071 ced Tvcjehejv/ 3026)% Tb`| wc| eitjd ti èlvjcw`tb èlvjc|èg |z~jvbjct% Biwjqjv cooipèg jojmjet| |zlb c| \` bcqj fjje |biwe tidjlvjc|j tbj |iozfò`tp ia bpdvigje è cozmè`zm% Ced à giid mjotèg/ gctèg/ ~izced itbjv aizedvp ~vclt`lj| cvj aiooiwjd/ gc| ~vifojm| lce fj tclhojd ced tvizfoj|imjcooip| |cajop lc|t%

^vj||zvj t`gbtej||/ tbj cf|jelj ia ojchcgj ia aoz`d|/ j|~jl`coop tbi|j zedjv~vj||zvj/ `| c vjsz`vjmjet ia |imj lc|tèg c~~o`lctìe| |zlb c| ~zm~ biz|èg|/ qcoqjfid`j|/ ced ~`~j mceàiod|/ Bjèjjt co "3071)%

@e |zmmcvp/ Fzve| "3021) lim~cvjd tbj lc|tèg lbcvcltjv`|t`l| ia tbj Cojztjlt`l cooip OM1 w`tb tbi|j ia itbjv Co-\` cooip| c| aiooiw|;

Aoz`d`tp; “ Jrljoojet "lce fj lc|t èti tbèejv ced mivj ètv`lctj |jltìe| tbcecep itbjv cozmè`zm cooip)%

^vj||zvj t`gbtej||; “ Qjvp giid j|~jl`coop |z`tcfoj aiv lc|tèg| vjsz`vjd ti fj

~vj||zvj-t`gbt% Bit-tjcvèg; “ \ced ced d`j-lc|t lc|tèg| |biw lim~ojtj avjjdim avim bit

tjcvèg%



30

^cttjve mchjv‐| |bvèhcgj; “ 3%<* "`%j% 3%< mm 3>> mm iv 3< mm 3>

3< mm 3>> lm iv3>>3< mm lm =

<6: è at)%

\ced Lc|tèg; “ Jrljoojet Lbòo Lc|tèg; “ Jrljoojet D`j Lc|èg; “ Giid

6%3> MJOT@EG ^VILJDZVJ AIV Co-\` COOIP\

Cozmè`zm cooip| lce fj mjotjd è c qcv`jtp ia azveclj| ecmjop lvzl`foj azvecvjqjvfjvctivp azveclj|/ èdzltìe azveclj|/ jtl% Giid mjotèg ~vclt`lj vjsz`vj| tbct tazveclj/ c| wjoo c| tbj mjtco lbcvgj/ fj lojce% Lvzl`foj| ced ~it| |bizod fj lojcejd cajclb bjct fp |lvc~èg tbjm lojce ia cdbjvèg dvi|| ced jetvc~~jd mjtco/ Bjèjjt co

"3071)%Ifkjltìecfoj lietcmèctìe ia tbj mjtco w`tb `vie avim mjtco ~it| wòo illzv

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