BELLWORK 11/201. In six words or less, explain how the revolutions in Latin America led to

the rise of caudillos.

2. Explain the problems Argentina suffered post-Independence.

3. Following the revolution, Rivadavia comes to power in 1820. What policies does he implement? Although he made several beneficial changes to society, why was he still unpopular, & eventually resigns?

4. Describe how Rosas came to power.

5. What is an estanciero? Why did the estanciero class support Rosas?

6. Explain two policies/laws/etc. implemented by Rosas.

7. How did Rosas fall from power? What changes were made in Argentina post-Rosas?

Argentina: Problems post-Revolution• Political divisions

– Federales: Federalists, conservative, regionalists (Rosas)

– Unitarios: Unitarians, liberal, centralized government (Rivadavia)

• Territorial divisions– Buenos Aires: Spanish trade monopoly, key port city, free-trade zone dominated

by local government, wealthy, federalist

– Interior provinces: Suffered from European competition (wine/textiles), no political power, unstable, no access to BA ports, unitarian

• Economic divisions– Power of estanciero class: owned estancias – large estates used for farming, worked on

by lower classes (Latin American estate owners)

Argentina: Rule of Rivadavia• Goal: unify Argentina under a strong

central government that promoted economic development of the whole territory

• Education, social, economic reform

• Balanced development of industry and agriculture

• Land distribution

• New Constitution in 1825 – proposed unification with BA and allowed full access to ports….rejected!

• Although he made several beneficial changes to society, why was he still unpopular, and eventually resigned?

• Federalist caudillos of Buenos Aires, feared that the rise of a strong national government would mean the end of their power

EXILED!!!EXILED!!!

Argentina: Rise of Rosas• Describe how Rosas came to power. • Governor of Buenos Aires in 1829• Supported by estanciero• Federalist!!! Believed Buenos Aires

should stay separate, but represent other provinces in foreign affairs (provinces could control own domestic affairs)

• Buenos Aires retained revenue for its exclusive use and controlled trade and river system

• A network of personal alliances, backed by force, allowed him to come to power

POWER TO POWER TO BUENOS AIRES!!!BUENOS AIRES!!!

Argentina: Rule of Rosas• Explain two policies/laws/etc. implemented by

Rosas.• For Rosas, and the ruling class of estancieros,

the only economic concern was the export of hides and meat, and import of foreign goods

• Conquest of indigenous land = sell for profit!• Fear of the masses: used gauchos and private

army to control them– Colonial punishments: torture, whipping

• Rule based on informal alliance of estancieros, militia commanders, & secret police (Mazorca)

– Terrorist organization; murdered opposition

• Estancieros of Buenos Aires enjoyed massive wealth

• “I thought it very important to gain a decisive influence over this class in order to control and direct it”

Rosas Fun Facts!!!• Joined the military at 13• In a country where most of the

population was illiterate and uneducated, Rosas argued that rigged elections were the only way to reach stability

• His cabinet was composed of powerless figures, and Rosas noted: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are any thing but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more”

• Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were executed from 1829 until 1852; common methods included throat slitting, castration or scalping

• Rosas led a war against the Natives at the same as Jackson; 1830-1833

All official newspapers under Rosas’ rule, carried

the slogan: “Death to the savage, filthy

Unitarians!”

• Rosas’ rule maintained power of creoles and oppressed majority of mixed race, Natives, & blacks

• “It may appear unjust to exterminate savages, destroy civilizations, and conquer peoples who occupy land that is rightly theirs, but thanks to this injustice, America, instead of being abandoned to savages who are incapable of progress, is today occupied by the Caucasian race, the most perfect, intelligent, beautiful, and progressive of all the races that inhabit the Earth” – Conservative caudillo & supporter of

Rosas, Domingo Sarmiento

Argentina: Fall of Rosas• How did Rosas fall from

power?• Angry over economic

oppression, anti-Rosas forces formed a coalition in 1852

• United farmers, natives, liberals and federalists under Justo Jose de Urquiza (Entre Rios)

• Worked together to defeat Rosas’ army

• Rosas fled to exile in England

Adios Rosas!Adios Rosas!Argentina….unite!!!Argentina….unite!!!

Argentina: Post-Rosas• What changes were made in Argentina post-Rosas?• Did not end dispute between Buenos Aires and other provinces or between federalism and

Unitarianism.• Slower process of economic change will eventually bring unity• Union of provinces will all share the wealth of Buenos Aires…..obtain by force! BA refused and

two sides agreed to peaceful separation• New Constitution in 1853

– Modeled after U.S.– United Provinces became a federal republic– President (6 year term)– Legislative branch – Senate & House– Catholicism is official religion; freedom of worship

• For five years there were two separate Argentinas: the Argentine Confederation (Urquiza) & Province of Buenos Aires

• 1859: War between the two• 1862: Compromise, unification, capital established at Buenos Aires

Today’s Agenda….• First: notes on

Caudillos• Economic• Political• Social

• Homework – Liberal Caudillos:

• Uruguay (Jose Artigas)• Paraguay (Francia & Lopez)• ***Don’t forget Current Event

on Friday with 2 discussion questions!!!

BELLWORK 11/211. Explain the differences between the liberal/conservative

parties and how they led to the rise of caudillos.

2. What is an oligarchy?

3. List three similarities and three differences between Paraguay & Uruguay. Include problems post-independence and rule of caudillos.

4. THINKER: In 1855 an anonymous author said: “Independence is only a name. Previously they ruled us from Spain, now from here. It is always the same priest on a different mule.” What does this quote say about society post-independence? How does it relate to rule of the caudillos?

Paraguay

Uruguay

Compare/Contrast Paraguay & Uruguay

Today’s Agenda….• Together - Guatemala

and rule of Carrera• Due Tuesday (Wed.

Schedule) – rule of caudillos in Chile, Venezuela & Peru

• Homework – Current Event with two discussion questions!!!

Guatemala & Rafael Carrera

Rafael Carrera - Overview• Grew up in a barrio of Guatemala City under

Spanish colonial control• He was a mestizo and illiterate. Worked on a

farm before joining military• Many conservative caudillos were interested

in power for their own gain. Carrera was an exception & genuinely took the interests of Guatemala's Indian majority to heart

• Backed by the Church, conservatives, and land owners, he dominated politics in the first five decades of Guatemala's independence (actually in power 1842-1865)

• led the revolt against the federal government and was instrumental in breaking up the United Provinces of Central America

Guatemala• Problems post-independence:• 1823 – Republic of Central America: Honduras,

Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala• Gradually states formed their own government, but

split between two parties• Liberal – middle class, artisans and merchants• Conservative – old elite, monopolistic, landowners,

church• Civil War = Liberal Morazan becomes president

(unpopular with conservatives)

Guatemala • During the Civil War, Carrera was

the general of conservative troops• Rafael Carrera did not support

Morazan’s liberal policies• Morazán repeatedly chased

Carrera's forces out of cities and towns, but Carrera's followers would retake places as soon as Morazán's army left

• A cholera epidemic added to the frustration and helped Carrera rally the peasants into a military resistance against the liberals

Morazan -Liberal leader & president of Guatemala

Enemy of Carrera

Guatemala • He mobilized an army and took

Guatemala City.• Supported Catholic rule and death to

foreigners.• Ended Federal Republic and

established a conservative regime.• Made Congress name him “President

for Life!”

Guatemala• Revived authority of the church• Brought back native forced labor

and colonial titles• What began as a lower class

protest against modernization, soon became a conservative government controlled by a merchant oligarchy

• The wealthy elite provided him with money needed for his army

• Determined to dominate Central America

• After he died in 1865, the violence-filled period ended and liberalism was restored

BELLWORK 11/261. Which caudillos were liberal? Which were conservative?

2. Which caudillos were supported by oligarchies?

3. Describe the rise/rule of Juan Manuel Rosas.

4. Describe the rise/rule of Rafael Carrera.

5. In your opinion, who was the most successful caudillo? Why?

6. THINKER: As you know, many caudillos served multiple terms non-consecutively. Why do you think this is? Why was it difficult for these caudillos to maintain control?

Mexico• Economic Problems• Exports did not keep up with imports =

trade deficit (began exporting metals; like gold & silver)

• New government inherited a bankrupt treasury

• Foreign loans proved ineffective; raised debt to 54 million pesos

• Britain invested in mining• In 1830, government provided assistance

to industry, but shortages of capital, lack of consistent policies, and unstable socioeconomic structure halted growth.

• Had to rely on mining and agriculture• Principal exports were silver, tobacco,

coffee, vanilla, and henequen (fiber used to make rope)

• Political Problems• Divisions between liberal and

conservative sides:• Liberals – power to mestizoes

and middle class• Conservatives – support racial

hierarchy; aristocracy

Mexico• Led to the rise of Antonio Lopez de Santa

Anna (ruled 1834-1854)• From the conservative side; did NOT

support liberals in power (then, current president Farias)

• First fought AGAINST Mexican independence from Spain, then for it (military general)

• Wealthy landowner in port-city of Veracruz

• He was general or president (or both concurrently) multiple times in his 40-year career.

• President on eleven non-consecutive occasions over a period of 22 years.

• Wanted a Catholic, centralist, conservative government (Mexico City)

Mexico• He immediately dissolved Congress

and began centralizing power. The regime became a dictatorship backed by the military.

• Suspended liberal constitution of 1824• Increase power of central government;

decreased state rights• Land/$ qualifications for power• Restored sales tax and government

tobacco monopoly to increase revenue• Mexican-American War led to loss of

½ of Mexico

Mexico• Unhappy over economic

policies, Alvarez (liberal caudillo) convinced France to send a king to rule = WAR!

• 1853 – Santa Anna launched terrorist campaign against dissenters

• 1854 – Alvarez issued a revolt and overthrow

Mexico• After Texan independence Santa Anna wrote a letter to

U.S. Minister to Mexico, Joel Poinsett, in which he proclaimed:

• “It is very true that I once threw up my cap for liberty with great ardor, and perfect sincerity, but very soon found the folly of it. A hundred years to come my people will not be fit for liberty. They do not know what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the influence of a Catholic clergy, a dictatorship is the proper government for them, but there is no reason why it should not be a wise and virtuous one”

Santa Anna FUN FACTS! • Parents were very wealthy; pressured him to pursue a career in commerce• During the Mexican Revolution, he was shot with an arrow in the left arm• Gambling addict his entire life• His habit was to ally with the wealthy and be on the winning side of any battle

– Fought with Spanish; Iturbide promised to make him General so he supported Mexico; planned Iturbide’s overthrow

• Always focused on self-promotion– Proclaimed himself “the Napoleon of the West,” “The Savior of the Motherland” & “The Most

Serene Highness” • Santa Anna famously used a prosthetic cork leg; during the Mexican-American War, it was captured

and kept by American troops. The cork leg is displayed at the Illinois State Military Museum & the Mexican government has repeatedly asked for its return

• One month after his wife’s death in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 15-year-old María Dolores de Tosta

• During his time in exile in NYC, he is credited with bringing in the first shipments of chicle, the base of chewing gum. His plan was to use the chicle to replace rubber in carriage tires, which eventually failed. Thomas Adams, the American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was in the United States, experimented with chicle in an attempt to use it as a substitute for rubber. He bought one ton of the substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing gum industry with a product that he called “Chiclets.”

• Santa Anna was a passionate fan of the sport of cockfighting. He would invite breeders from all over the world for matches and is known to have spent tens of thousands of dollars on prize roosters.

Chile

Venezuela• Problems post-Independence:

• Conflicts over slavery– Many felt it was necessary

• Bolivar changed rights of creoles and natives, but was criticized by wealthy elite and military caudillos

Venezuela - Paez• Jose Antonio Paez was elected in 1830

from the conservative side (some view as moderate)

• Was a military hero and champion of Venezuelan independence

• Combined presidency with general of supreme army

• Terrified of slave revolts and uprisings = race war!

• Arrested Liberal leader, Guzman, and sentenced him to death

• New Constitution in 1830 limited suffrage to 21 year old literate & wealthy males.

• Was president three different times: 1830–1835; 1839–1843; 1861–1863

• Returned to rule whenever the national government failed

Venezuela - Paez • Allied with the conservative oligarchy because

the oligarchy controlled a great amount of their country's wealth but was not popular with the masses whereas Páez was very much liked by the masses

• Ended dominance & economic power of the church

• conflict between church and state ceased to exist unlike other countries in Latin America

• In 1847 President Jose Tadeo Monagas, who was put into power by Páez, dispersed Congress and proclaimed himself dictator.

• Páez led a rebellion against him but was defeated and eventually exiled. (1850)

• In 1861, he became supreme dictator and ruled only for two years before again returning to exile.

• He lived in New York during his years in exile and died there in 1873.

Venezuela - Gomez• Juan Vicente Gomez was a military general

and caudillo from 1908 until his death in 1935.

• Gómez was a barely literate cattle herder and a nearly full-blooded Native American.

• In 1899, he joined the private army of Cipriano Castro, with whom he had been friends since Castro's exile in Colombia.

• This army swept down President Caracas in 1899 and seized control of the country.

• He became Castro's vice president and, in 1902, head of the military, responsible for suppressing several major revolts against the government.

• Liberal Gómez seized power from Castro on 19 December 1908, while Castro was in Europe for medical treatment

Venezuela - Gomez• Economic troubles (falling coffee

prices) led to period of recession• Gómez managed to decrease

Venezuela's debt by granting concessions to foreign oil companies

• Won him support of the United States• Used the money to launch an

extensive public works program• He also received generous

kickbacks, increasing his personal fortune enormously

• Support did not last long…… foreign powers blockaded Venezuela and demanded payment of debts

Venezuela - Gomez• Brought enrichment to the country, particularly

after the discovery of oil, which enabled the development of a modern infrastructure.

• His focus on road construction and the creation of jobs promoted social contact among Venezuelans of different regions – previously a rare occurrence – which created a sense of national unity in the country

• He brought about the end of civil wars by exerting power over regional caudillos and, as a result, Venezuela became a peaceful country and has been so for more than a century

• During his rule, most of the country's wealth ended up in the hands of Gómez, his henchmen, and Wall Street.

• At the time of his death, he was by far the richest man in the country.

• He did little for public education and held basic democratic principles in disdain. Although cordial and simple in manner, his ruthless crushing of opponents through his secret police earned him the reputation of a tyrant.

Gomez FUN FACT!• Gómez was never married; however, he had two

mistresses. The first one was Dionisia Gómez Bello, with whom he had seven children. The second one was Dolores Amelia Núñez de Cáceres, with whom we had eight children. Gómez also fathered many other children in brief relationships: at least 64 and possibly as many as 84. He appointed many of his children to public office

Peru• Problems post-independence:• Bolivar attempted to end slavery and equalize power;

considered everyone Peruvian citizens.• When he left in 1826, the Creole government reinstated

taxes on indigenous population and slaves (government depended on this revenue)

• Revolution ruined mines and plantation agriculture; could not compete with foreign powers

• Massive trade debt with England• Elite landowners were angry at social revolts and instability• Absence of governing class and political instability led to

civil wars

Peru• Under these conditions,

people demanded change!

• Led to the rise of the military general and mestizo, Ramon Castilla (president from 1845-1851 & 1855-1862)

Peru• Emphasis on guano exports (England)• Guano boom led to the creation of railways • Social reforms – abolished slavery & indigenous tribute• Slave owners received 40% of slave value• Freed blacks became farmers = increase in cotton, sugar, and grain• Modernization in costal agriculture: use of cotton gins, boilers, refinery equipment, and steam-drive

tractors.• After Castilla’s presidential term was over, Peruvian farmers depleted guano deposits and Peru went into a

period of debt.