Bell Ringer

Section 22-1

Go to Section:

Name Five major characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom:

1. Eukaryotes- Cells have a nucleus

2. Have a cell wall made of chitin

3. Mostly Multicellular (except for yeast which is unicellular

4. Heterotrophs- AKA Consumers. Fungi are decomposers

5. Some reproduce sexually and some reproduce asexually

How is this different than the Plant Kingdom?

Review of Unit Three

Introduction to Plants

What is a plant?

A. Multicellular – composed of more than 1 cell

B. Eukaryotic – cells contain a nucleus

C. Autotrophic – most carry out photosynthesis

D. Cell walls made of cellulose

E. Reproduce sexually and asexually• In Sexual Reproduction– plants create egg and sperm

cells

• Asexual reproduction - can reproduce by propagation (fragmentation) – cuttings taken from plant and allowed to root - identical to parent

HaploidDiploid MEIOSIS

Spores(haploid)

Sporophyte Plant (diploid)

Gametophyte Plant (haploid)

FERTILIZATION

Sperm(haploid)

Eggs(haploid)

Section 22-1

Generalized Plant Life Cycle

Go to Section:

II. Why are plants important?

A. Base of land food chains

B. Provide shade and shelter for animals

C. Produce oxygen

D. Important sources of medications

III. What do plants need in order to survive?

A. Sunlight

B. Water and Minerals

C. Gas Exchange – take in CO2 and release O2

D. Movement of water and minerals

IV. How did today’s plants evolve? A. Probably from organisms similar to today’s

multicellular freshwater algae B. Evidence for this: plants and algae share-

1. Similar life cycles (alternation of generations)

2. Cellulose in cell walls3. Similar pigments; like chlorophyll4. DNA evidence

V. What are the four major groups of plants that exist today?

A. Bryophytes (nonvascular, seedless – Ex: mosses)

B. Ferns (vascular, seedless – Ex. Ferns)

C. Gymnosperms (vascular, cone-bearing plants – Ex: pine tree)

D. Angiosperms (vascular, flowering plants – Ex: dogwood tree, rose)

Bryophytes

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Cone-bearing plants760 species

Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species

Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species

Floweringplants235,000 species

Section 22-1

Figure 22-7 The Diversity of Plants

Go to Section:

Why are plants classified into these groups? 2 main reasons.

A. Based on 3 important physical features1. Whether or not they have vascular tissue

A. Vascular Tissue: conducts water and minerals

2. Whether or not they produce seeds or spores

3. Whether or not they produce flowers

B. Project Deep Green

1. Since 1994, Biologists from 12 nations have been classifying plants by comparing DNA sequences

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Section 22-1

Figure 22–6  A Cladogram of Plant Groups

Go to Section:

Bryophytes and Ferns

I. What are the characteristics of Bryophytes?

A. Seedless- reproduce using spores not seeds

B. Non-vascular – do not have xylem and phloem - Rely on osmosis and diffusion to move water and nutrients / must live in wet habitats!

C. Grow just a few centimeters off the ground

D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg

II. What are the 3 major groups of bryophytes?

A.Mosses

B.Liverworts

C.Hornworts

Moss

Liverwort

Hornwort

Rhizoid

Capsule

Stalk Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Section 22-2

The Structure of a Moss

Go to Section:

Stem

Leaf

Moss: Sporophyte growing from gametophyte

Moss covers almost every available surface in rainforests

III. How do bryophytes reproduce?

A.Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms

B.Gametophyte is dominant

C.Sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte

IV. What are mosses used for?

a. Dried sphagnum mosses used in gardening and potted plants

Moss is used in gardening and planting because it is extremely absorbent

IV. What are mosses used for?

a. Dried sphagnum mosses used in gardening and potted plants

b. Peat – accumulated moss used as fuel

Peat (accumulated dead moss) is cut from the ground and used as fuel in many European countries

                                                                                  

Bog

1. Bodies of the Bogs

2. Bodies of the Bog

Rhizoid

Capsule

Stalk Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Section 22-2

The Structure of a Moss

Go to Section:

Stem

Leaf

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Section 22-1

Figure 22–6  A Cladogram of Plant Groups

Go to Section:

Ferns: Seedless Vascular Plants

IV. What are the characteristics of ferns and their relatives?

A. Seedless- reproduce using spores

B. True vascular tissue – have xylem and phloem

C. Can grow tall because of lignin and vascular tissue

D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg

VI. What are the major groups of seedless vascular plants?

a. Ferns

b. Club mosses

c. Horsetails

Tree fern – native to East Indies

                                                                                          

Boston Fern

Club moss (“miniature pines”)

Horsetails – also called scouring rushes

VII. How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?

a. Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg

b. Sporophyte is dominant

c. Sporophyte develops from the gametophyte

Haploid gametophyte (N)

Diploid sporophyte (2N)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Maturesporophyte(2N)

Gametophyte(N)

Frond

Sperm

Egg

Spores(N)

Developingsporophyte(2N)

embryo(2N)

Maturegametophyte(N)

Younggametophyte(N)

Sporangium(2N)

Section 22-3

  The Life Cycle of a Fern

Go to Section:

male

female

Pinna

Sori

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Section 22-1

Figure 22–6  A Cladogram of Plant Groups

Go to Section:

Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

I. Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds and have vascular tissue.

A. Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees

1. Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female

2. Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells

3. Female cones produce eggs

Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

I. Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds.

A. Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees

1. Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female

2. Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells

3. Female cones produce eggs

4. Pollination occurs by the wind: not dependent on water

5. After pollination, the fertilized egg develops into a seed.

Seed Cones (female)

and

Pollen Cones (male)

Seed coat

Embryo

Storedfood supply

Seed

Wing

A

B

Section 22-4

Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed

Go to Section:

Welwitschia

It only grows in a remote region of southwestern Africa in the Namib and Mossamedes Deserts. The leaves lie on the ground and as they flap about in the wind they become split and frayed. Welwitschias absorb moisture in the form of dense fog that flows over the Namib Desert.

Cycads

B. Conifers are an important source for building materials and paper products

II. Angiosperms – produce flowers, fruits, and seeds and are the most abundant plants on Earth.

A. Two main types of angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots

Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

1 seed leaf

Parallel veins

Floral parts in multiples of 3

Vascularbundlesscattered

Fibrous roots

Two

Branched veins

Floral parts in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascularbundles in a ring

Taproot

Section 22-5

Figure 22–25 Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots

Go to Section:

B. Pollination occurs mostly by animals (best adaptation!)

Many angiosperms have mutual relationships with animals like insects, bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to flower. Many species are flower specific- only gather nectar from one type of flower. After pollination and fertilization, seeds develop inside protective fruits.

C. Angiosperms are the main source of food for all animals on earth including humans. Rice, wheat, barley, grasses – all are angiosperms. They are also used in medicines, clothing and other products.

FilamentAnther

StigmaStyle

Ovary

Carpel

PetalSepal

Ovule

Stamen

Section 24-1

Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower

I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollem b. Style supports stigma;

forms a pollen tube c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- becomes seeds

II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces

pollen b. Filament- supports

antherIII. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud

while it is developing

From flower to fruit

Flowers, fruits and seeds…

III. Why are seed plants more successful that spore producing plants?

A. Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a few cells). In gymnosperms and angiosperms it is protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If they do not, they will die.

B. Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is carried by wind or animals during pollination. This enables seed plants to live in dryer habitats. It also increases reproductive success.

Gametophyte (N)

Sporophyte (2N)

Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants

Section 24-1

Figure 24–1 Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte

I. Basic Structures in Plants

A. Seed – embryo of a plant that is protected by a covering and surrounded by a food supply

1. Can remain dormant for many years

2. Environmental factors (temperature and moisture) end dormancy

3. Many modified for easy dispersala. Light weight - can float in water and in the

airb. Textured seed coats that stick to animal furc.“Winged” seeds – can “fly” long distances

away from parent plantd. Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by fleshy

fruits that are eaten by animals allowing seeds to be dispersed

e. Seeds of Gymnosperms develop inside of protective cones

Seed coat

Embryo

Storedfood supply

Seed

Wing

A

B

Section 22-4

Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed

Go to Section:

B. Vascular Tissues- system of “tubes” throughout a plant; two types – xylem and phloem

1. Xylem - transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant

2. Phloem - transports the products of photosynthesis (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant

C. Roots – absorb water and nutrients, anchor the plant, store food

D. Stems – supports plant, contains vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves

Section 23-2

Epidermis

Ground tissue(cortex)

VascularCylinder

Root hairs

Phloem

Xylem

Apical meristem

Root cap

Zone of maturation

Zone of elongation

Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root

Pg. 585

Dermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

Stem

Root

Leaf

Section 23-1

Figure 23–1 Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues

1. Two types of growth occur in stems and roots

a. Primary – growth from the tips of the roots and the shoots at areas called apical meristem

b. Secondary – growth in the width of the plant. (tree rings)

Section 23-3

Wood Bark

Cork

Cork Cambium

Phloem

Vascular Cambium

Xylem: Sapwood

Xylem:Heartwood

Figure 23–15 Layers of a Tree Trunk

Contains old, nonfunctioningxylem that helpssupport the tree

Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals

Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem

Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis

Produces protective layer of cork

Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree

E. Leaves carry out photosynthesis and transpiration1. Epidermis - outer layer that covers the leaf. “skin”2. Cuticle – waxy covering over the epidermis that

prevents the plant from drying out3. Mesophyll - middle layer of cells that carry out

photosynthesis and exchange of the gases CO2 and O2

4. Stomata – openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to enter and leave

5. Guard cells – cells around the stomata that open and close the stomata

a. When the guard cells are full of water, the stomata is open. When they do not have water the stomata is closed. (This helps the plant conserve water when it is dry.

b. Stomata are usually closed at night. (no sun = no photosynthesis)

Section 23-4

Veins

XylemPhloem Vein

Cuticle

Epidermis

mesophyll

Epidermis

Stomata

Guardcells

mesophyll

Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf

Section 23-5

Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.

Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

A B

Transpiration

FilamentAnther

StigmaStyle

Ovary

Carpel

PetalSepal

Ovule

Stamen

Section 24-1

Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower

I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollen b. Style supports stigma;

forms a pollen tube for sperm to reach egg

c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- eggs that

becomes seedsII. Stamen – male

a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports

anther c. pollen – carries sperm

III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud

while it is developing

23-4 Structure and Function of Leaves

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Section 22-1

Figure 22–6  A Cladogram of Plant Groups

Go to Section:

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

????????????

What characteristic evolved at this point to bring fourth cone-bearing plants?

The Seed

This plant belongs in what group of plants?

Bryophyte

Fill in the Blank

Fertilization occurs when ______________ swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms

In bryophytes…..

Sperm

How does pollination usually occur in angiosperms?

Animals

Monocot or Dicot?

Dicot b/c of the branched veins in the leaf

What group of plants does this organism belong?

Angiosperms

Name the two parts of a plant’s life cycle

Gametophyte stage and Sporophyte stage

How does pollination occur

usually in gymnosperms?

By Wind

Group of plants that is Seedless but has vascular tissues

Ferns

Group of Plants that Have Vascular Tissue and Seeds enclosed in a

fruit

Angiosperms

How will this seed be

dispersed?

Wind

Part of the flower that attracts pollinators

Petals

The part of the flower that protects the immature flower as a bud

Sepals

Male reproductive part of the flower

Stamen

The stamen is made up of two parts

The female parts of the flower make up

the ____________

Carpel or Pistil

Carpel or Pistil

Stigma

Style

Ovule

Anther

What becomes the fruit of a flower after fertilization?

The Ovary

Waxy covering of a leaf that prevents the leaf from drying out

Cuticle

Scientist believe that all plants probably evolved from a common ancestor to today’s _____________________

Green Algae

A

Bc

d

E

F