Before Industrialization: A Rural Social System Base Study.
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Transcript of Before Industrialization: A Rural Social System Base Study.
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 048 953 RC 005 131
AUTHOR Summers, Gene F.; And OthersTITLE Before Industrialization: A Rural Social System Base
Study.INSTITUTION Illinois Univ., Urbana. Agricultural Experiment
Station.SPONS AGENCY National inst. of Mental Health (DHEW), Bethesda, Md.REPORT NJ Bull-736PUB DATE Dec 69NOTE 100p.
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
EDRS Price MF-$0.65 EC-$3.29Economic Development, *Industrialization,Interdisciplinary Approach, *Research Projects,*Rural Development, Social Change, *SocioeconomicInfluences, *Steel Industry
ABSTRACTA recent trend in American economic life has been
the location of industrial comrlexes in. traditionally rural. areas.Vaen this occurs, there are often accompanyinc; rapid and sometimestraumatic cha.:ges in the rural community. These changes, i part,result from investrent of new and massive amounts of capital, newemployment opportunities, in-migration of new workers, and demandsfor new and more services. Nev values, attitudes, and patterns ofbehavior are introduced, and the established patterns of communitylife are disrupted. The basic trends of development in the socialsystem of an experimental and control are are being studied in termsof the Jones-Laughlin Steel Corporation 10%1), which in 1965 beganthe development of a major production complex in the Hennepin area ofPutnam County, Illinois. The impact of the JED installation is beingexplored by an interdisciplinary team of social scientists at theUniversity of Illinois. The stldy project, known as the RuralIndustrial Development Project, will investigate the impact of theinstallation in adjacent counties as well. The document includes anexplanation of the theoretical framework of the study and 59 tables.(EJ)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEAlTH,EDUCATION & WELFAREOFFPCC DF EDUCATION
DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO-DUCED EXAC71.1, AS RECEIVED FRJMTHE PERSON ,./R ORGANIZATION ORIG-INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN-IONS STATED DO NOT NICE,SFARRYREPRESENT OFF,IAL OFFICE OF MU-
TATION POSITION DR POUCH
r,fr 0
MAR 31. 1971
NIWS';
t
GENE F. SL IMMERS, ASSISTANT PRO-
FESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY; RICHARD
r-i L. HOUGH, RESEARCH ASSISTANT IN
cit SOCIOLOGY; JOHN T. SCOTT, JR.,ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF AGRI-
In CULTURAL ECOI\ DMICS; C. L FOLSE,
PROFESSOR CF RURAL SOCIOLOGY0 BULLETIN 736, UMVERSIT`r OF ILLINOIS
C) AT URBANA- CHAMPAIGN, COLLEGE
OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL EX-
PERIMEN f STATION
1
CONTENTS
THEORTIICAI ORIENTATICN 5
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS 10
The Experimental Area 1 0
The Control Area 12
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT 15
THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM 24The Agricultural Sector 37The Contract-ConstRietion Sector 43The Manufacturing (and Mining) SectorThe Trade and Commercial Sector 50The Finance, Insuranc!, and Real Estate Sector 53The Transportation, Communicatior, and Public Utilities Sector 66The Service Industry Sector 69The Governmental Sector 70The Economic System: A Sum-nary 74
MAJOR SYSTEMS IN INTERRELATION 78The Educational System. 78rhe Goverw.,-,ital System e2
Police and fire protection 85Highway repair and construction 85RecreationPublic health and welfare 68Library service 93Postal services 43The t,overnmental system -- a summary 43
SUMMARY 96UST OF TABLES S8
This study was supported in part by Illinois Agricultural Experiment Ste.tion Prcjcct 05396, contributing to North Central Regional Project NC-80,and by Public Health Service Research Grant IRII MI102592-01, Na.done! Institute of ?dental Health.
Urbane, 'Meets Decetebee, 1060
Peb1itallens Tm 16e Whole ettles ',NA the melts I lever,,, poseet sponsored by 11,e Excetrimen1 Poem,
2
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION ARE FAMILIARphenomena in American economic life. Usually, industrial and urbangrowth have developed around established population centers. 'theproblems of adjustment in the rural-urban fringe areas have been studiedby economists, sociologists, political scientists, city planners, and agri-culturalists.'
A recent trend has been the location of industrial complexes in tra-ditionally rural areas some distance from established urban-industr:alcenters. When the location of indt.strial plants in rural-agricultural areasoccurs, it is often accompanied by sudden, rapid, and sometimes traumaticchanges in the rural community. These changes, in part, result from the:bnesLment of new and massive amounts of capital, new employmentopportunities, in-migration of new workers, and demands for new andmole serv:ces. New values, attitudes, and patterns of behavior are intro-duced; ri e old social power st,-ucture is threatened and altered, traditionaleconomic and established patterns of community life and employmentare disrupted.
In the spring of 1965 Jones-Laughlin Steel Corporation (J&L) an-nounced plans for the development of a major production complex inthe I fenirepin area of Putnam County, Illinois. Phase I of their buildingplan is now complete. The phnt is in production with a payroll of ap-proedmately 500 in 1963. In edc'ition to th-ir own construction, Jones-Laughlin has purchased several thousand acres of adjoining land whichit plans to leap; to steel consumers for associated plant sites.
Putnam County, and the adjacent area, is primarily an agriculturalregion in north ceotral Illinois. The influence of the plant will undoubt-edly extend b yond Putnam County into the adjacent portions of Marshall,LaSalle, Bureau, and Stark counties. The emergence of a commercial-industrial complex lincluding development of transportation companies,material suppliers, commercial businesses, and service enterprises) to sup-port the plant and its labor force would be expected in this area whichhas been essentially dependent upon agriculture and related industry.
impact of the J&L installation is being studied by an interdisciplinaryteam of social scientists at the University of 111'nois. The study projecthas become known as the Rural Industrial Devek,pment Project.
The anticipated development provides the project staff with an ex-cellent opportunity for the study of a "natural experiment" in the processesand consequences of sadd-n industrialization. To take advantage of theopportunity, the Rural Industrial Development Project has instituted alongitudinal study. The Wiinepin region is viewed as the "experimentalregion" and a portion of Iroquois County, Illinois, is being used as the"control region." The aim of th's design is to overcome the limited scopeof most community-change studies. The project allows the specialists in
'Thanks are given to Professor C. B. Baker and Assistant Professor J. C.an Es for their review of and helpful suggestions on this publication.
3
4 BULLVTIN No. 736 Peccrabo,
several social science disciplines to use their particular research skills, theo-retical scheme, and sources of research funds understanding the changestaking place. Even so, the overall conceptual scheme of the community asa functioning social system is sufficiently general to allow a collation andintegration of the findings of specialized studies.
Perhaps it should he noted here that the selection of a portion of Iro-quois County as the control community hinted on several factors. Thestaff wanted a community about equidistant from the major urban influ-ence in the aica, Chicago, with somewhat equivalent access to that urbanarea by major highway and railway arteiics; a rural, agricultural com-munity centered around a county scat town like Princeton in the experi-mental region; and an area with comparable population characteristics.Of several areas considered, the control region being utilized best fit theprofile of desired characteristics.
The primary objective of this report is to provide an understanding ofthe existing basic systems before impact cf industrialization. Backgroundmaterial will be provided for establishing existin trends and base linesfrom which changes in the systems can be viewed in years to come. Thereport will focus primarily on the economy of the area, although somedata will also be presented on the ecological, demographic, governmental,and educational systems.
All data presented in this report have been gathered from secondarysources. In this respect, they may be viewed as an attempt to demonstratethe usefulness of secondary data in analyzing the social changes accom-panying industrialization in rural areas in the United States.
One problem concerning the data utilized in the paper must bementioned at this point. A gfeat percentage of the data published ingovernmental and other statistical publications and reports is compiledonly at the county level. The experimental area covers one county andpatts of three others, svhiie the control area rovers only a portion of onecounty. Thus where it was unavoidable, data in this paper are grosscounty figures. At other points community or township data are available.Special care should be taken in comparing figures from different tables inthe text to see that con:; arable units are being reported.
A secondary objective of this report is the application of the theoreticalsystems orientation to the material presented. It is anticipated that such anE.pplication may provide a focal point around which much of the laterproject reporting may revolve.
The theoretical framework is presented in the first section of thereport. It is followed by sections on the demographic and ecologicalens4ronments of the areas under consideration. A fourth section analyzesth:: economy of the areas. The fifth section attempts to provide someinsights into the interrelationships between the economy and the govern-mental and educational sectors of the survey area. A brief summation ispresented in the final section.
4
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 5
THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONUsually the choice of a theoretical framework for any social scientific
study is complicated by the fact that there is score difficulty M agreeingon what the function and substance of theory ought to be. The researchersassociated with the Rural Industrial Development Project are attemptingto integrate the various parts of the study 'nto a structural-functional theo-retical framework.
The choke of theory seems particula:ly advantage ous for threereasons:
First, the structural-functional orientation is well adapted to the needto establish relative integration of a number of studies being conductedfrom different social science discipline perspectives. This integrative func-tion can be performed by structural-functional theory through the pro-vision of a consistent, logical taxonomy which brings some semblance oforder to the diverse and specialized investigations that will be developedwithin the project.
Second, the Rural Industrial Development Project was developed withthe 'dea that the location of a huge industrial plant in a relatively ruralarea would lead to changes throughout tl.e social and economic life of thearea. Structural-functional theory is particularly well adapted to the trac-ing out of possible interrelationships between different segments of societythrough which changes would take place. For example, h this publication,the structural-functional theory is rrost helpful in sorting out the pcnsiblekinds a interrelationships between the economy and other segmen4 ofsocial life in the area.
Third, the taxonomy of tructural 'unctional theory is used in select-ing and categorizing the secondary data available on different aspects cithe area.
Though the status of structural-functional theory might be question-able in terms of the criteria for theory developed by propositional theoristssuch as Ham Zetterberg,' it is valid for an overall integrating theoreticalmodel which will allow cross-disciplinary cooperation and which willadmit a variety of data in an analysis of the social life of an area. Theparticular interpretation of 'he structural-functional position that formsthe basis for this discussion is that of Irwin T. Sanders.'
Sanders' bask contention is that the sociologist should concentrate onthe social relationships that become patterned in groups and social systems.He defines sociology, along with Alex lnkeles, as "the study of the structureand functioning of social systems that is, relatively enduring systems ofuction shared by groups of people, large or small."'
Hans L. 7etterberg. On Theory and 'Verifies tion in Sociology. BedministerPre:!. Totowa, N.J. 1965.
is Ain T. Sanders. The Community: An Introduction to a Social System,2nd ed. Ronald Press, New York. Copyright 1966.
' !bid , p. 19.
5
6 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
With attention focused on social relationships and interactions, thedemographic, ecological, cultural, and personality factors become part ofthe e.wir.mment in Nvhich the social system operates. Time would alsoconstitute part of this environment. Comprehensive study of any socialsystem thus would entail an analysis of the relationships of the system withits environment as the latter continually changes and forces new adaptiveresponses within the system and as the system itself seeks to modify itsenvironment to attain its ends more successfully.
This last statement is not meant to reify the social system in relationto its environment. The interaction between the two takes place throughmyriads of separate decisions and actions as individuals make decisionsabout proper ways to relate to environmental factors in the context oftheir social setting. The next section of this report describes the recenthistory and present condition of the environment of the two areas underconsideration. In that section, the kinds of interrelationships that developbetween the social system and its environments should become moreapparent.
The identification of any particular geographical arca as a socialsystem assumes that there is some kind of interdependence of the socialunits in that area. These units may be linked indirectly through longsequences of action and reaction, but they are linked, and change inone unit ultimately means change in the others. There is a sort of"moving equ'libriuri" of units. The identification of tIv. forms of inter-dependence 'oetwecn the units is a vital part of the work of any analystoperating vith a structural-functional theory. "Insight into ways in
hich the units or components are fitted together in the performance oftheir activities gives us a picture of community structure)
Sanders speaks of the mapping of social structures through the iden-tification of significant system components and their interaction' Hisgeneral organization of the components of a community system is repro-duced in Figure I. This kind of organization provides a helpful taxonomyof the data that the Project will generate.
An obvious problem exiEts when it is proposed that the area beingstudied in the Project be treated as a "social system." It is apparent, fore ample, that the area around Hennepin does not constitute a "system" inthe same sense in which small communities or even single urban areas mayconstitute a system. Certainly the area is not the kind of entity Sandershas in mind vv:en he describes the community as a social system. Theapplication of his "community system" model to an area that includes anumber of small rural communities, several former mining communities,and a few urbanized industrial areas thus may be considered somewhatproblematical.
'Ibid., p. 20.!bid , p. 21.
6
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 7
Economy 4----.ReligionCOMVUNITVSYSTEM
Government
Family .Educat;on
Major System Family Economy Govern-omit
Religion Educa-tion and
(Institutional-ized unitmeeting basichuman needs)
Public:nfortna-tion
Subsystem Transporta- Political Various Schooltion Party reli- Press
(Widespread Banking Official- gious Radiosocial nct-work)
IndustryCommerce
dom bodies andTV
AgricultureMedicineOrganized
labor
Social Parents Cotton- Aliens Church- Univer-Grouping with
pre-growingfarmers
goers Citygradu-
(Categories ofpet"' e withcommon
schoolchit-dren
i'omeowners ates
character-istics)
Social Croup The A hospital Local Minis- Membershouse- staff Leapt terial of
(3 or more hold A construe- of associ- adultpeople in tion crew Women ation educa-social con-tart)
Members ofa taw firm
Voters tioncourse
Social Parent- Merchant- Official- Clergy- Teacher-Re lationships
(2 people orurtiU In socialcontract)
child consumer citizen man-mem-bet
pupil
The Person(as a type)
Parent Consumer Citizen Memberor ad-herent
Teacher
Taken from Irwin T. Shatters, The Community An Introduction to a SocialSystem, Second Edition, Copyright 0 1966, The Ronald Press Company, NewYork, N.Y. (Fig. I)
7
8 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
What is being analyzed in the experimental area is a number of smallcommunity systems whic]_ happen to lie in close physical proximity toone another. They can be analytically considered a system in that theyare c'ose enough to the J&L ildustrial establishment to be vitally affectedand changed by ,ts presence. In this sense they are interdependent andprobably will become more so as the Illinois River Valley becomes indus-trialized. It is in this sense that the experimental area may be said toconstitute a social system. Analyzing responses of one component of thesystem to changes in another will demar.d that one remain sensitive to theproblem of the existence of many small subsystems within the social systemin a physical sense as well as in a structural sense.
Thus it can be argued that the social system model h a viable one foruse in this project. The same kinds of components are to be found in the"system" being considered here as are to be found in a small community.The identification of these components and their interrelationships will,of course, be more complex.
This publication deals primarily with the economic system where, itis hypothesized, major effects of the J&L plant will occur. Data describingthe trends and present conditions of the economic system and its sectors(subsystems) are presented in a later section. Also in a following section theeducation and government systezns are described with some attempt totrace the interrelations between them and the economic systctn.
Sanders' kind of theoretical approach is not to be taken as a staticsystem model. Sanders remains aware that certain sets of activities mustbe undertaken in order for the system to survive as vable entity andthat, indeed, the identity of the system is constantly in flux. Activities bywhich the system maintains some viability are called "operations." Thusthe full study of any social system necessarily entails the examinationof such dynamic processes as recruitment of members, socialization, com-munication, differentiation and status allocation, allocation of resources,allocation of goods and services, social control, allocation of prestige,allocation A power, social mobility, and integration.' As these processesunfold 'here is a continual potential for competition, conflict, and evendissolution.
Although this publication will not consider these operations as such,it should be apparent that changes in the economic system will resultfrom the building of the steel plant and that such changes, in turn, willhave multiple effects in the kinds and number of operations throughwhich the major systems are integrated and maintained.
A final note of caution about the use of a systems model in thepresent context must he introduced. There are obvious difficulties inapplying such a model to a "system" for which the boundaries havebeen artificially determined by the probable extent of influence of aparticular instance of economic change and which includes a number of
'Aid, pp. 37-38.
1969]
ToCALESIURDHfIDEA ISLAND
!AFORE I INDUST RIALIZA1101
ToDIXON Ts
ISSIESO2 3 Walnut , 31 a Ip sal
, ENIEAID
MendotaAnemos
2 Ire 1
ToMOHO
Wetland-
4 1144% MOM
Dienrnick witArn
AOUNOAOffCft1.4 Is
L.ODDr
t
---
,0 Spo4ande 11 Prairie
SOCenterWrightat SO
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Nato .2.1,
YohbunlN. once.ONikomo'
To
PEORIA
The esperimental area.
toILODNINATIN
9
TiMKTHfENICASO
(Fig 2)
10 BuLurni No. 735 [December,
individual community social systems not naturally bound together at thepresent time. There is the further difficulty, nowever, of the haziness ofboundaries between the area being considered as a system here and thelarger society in which it is found. One must always be aware thatthe observed patterns may result from change in contiguous systems in thelarger society, as well as from sources internal to the social system underanalysis. For example, there is always the possibilLy of fluctuation in thenational economic system affecting the local economy.
Therefore, caution is necessary in the empirical implementation of thestructural-functional theory. But this is always true when a theoreticalmodel is assumed as a guide to the empirical world. Amr ng the varioustheoretical models available for use as a guide, Sanders' interpretationof structural-functional theory seems most efficacious for this researchproject.
ECOLOGICAL FACTORSDescribing the ecological character of a social system environment
involves the analysis of three sorts of processes: (I) the settlement patternof the area in which the system exists, (2) the competition for spacewithin the area in which the system exists, and (3) the establishment ofthe boundaries of the system.'
The "Experimental" Area(I) Tht settlement pattern. The Hennepin area is located in north
central Illinois, about 100 miles southwest of Chicago. The "experi-mental" area encompasses portions of four counties: Bureau, LaSalle,Mar? ill, and Putnam (Fig. 2). The site for the Jones-Laughlin SteelCompany plant lies just northeast of and contiguous to the village ofHennepin in Putnam County.
The most dominant geographical feature in the development of thearea has been the Illinois River. Transportation and communication net-works have tended to duster around the river and have given the settle-ment pattern of the area much of its character.
The river has furnished transportation between Chicago and St. Louisand points beyond, and the settlement of people along its banks has led totht. development of both highways and railroads through the region.This transportation system and the settlement pattern along the river,along with the presence of some significant mineral resources, has led tothe establishment of a number of mining and transportation points alongthe river, such as Henry, Putnam, Hennepin, Bureau, Depue, and SpringValley. The now nonfunctional Illinois and Mississippi Canal joins theIllinois River a short distance north of Hennepin. Just east of the experi-mental arra lie the more industrial towns of LaSalle, Oglesby, and Peru.A prItion of Oglesby is included in the experimental area. The river wasan important factor in the founding of these communities.
' p. 5.
10
1969) BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATIr N 11
The other communities in the experimental area seem to have devel-oped initially as mining and then as farm service communities (Magnolia,McNabb, Mark, Granville, Standard, Seatonville, and Ladd). Princetondeveloped mainly as a town of landowners and a farm service center.
In addition to the natural advantages of the river, the railroads link-ing the area with Chicago, Peoria, and Rock Island-Davenport are good.The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad follows the Illinois Rivereastward to Chicago and southward to Peoria. The same road extendswestward to Rock Island and Davenport.
Several important U.S. highways and state highways cut through theregion, providing good trucking links with most of the state. U.S. Inter-stai... Highway 80 to Chicago and Rock Island lies just north of the ex-perir-ental area.
(2) Competition for space. Coal mining in the experimental areawas confined to shaft mining and therefore was never highly competitivefor space as strip mining has been in other areas of the state. Coal miningbecame unprofitable and there is now no shaft mining. A number ofgravel pits in the area are profitable, especial], with the expansion ofhighway construction in the immediate area. The gravel is mainly terracegravel along the Illinois River.
The St. Peter's sandstone layer outcrops on the north side of the Illi-nois River at points just east of the experimental area. Several importantsand mines in the St. Peter's sandstone layer provide silica sand for theglass industry. Just above the sandstone is a special type of shale claywhich is strip-mined and used in the manufacture of two specialized prod-ucts: fire brick for steel furnaces and an ex, ided lightweight aggregateto replace gravel in concrete where weight h a problem.
South of the river, on the east edge of the study area, also overlayingthe St. Peter's sandstone, is a layer of limestone that is strip-mined for themanufacture of cement.
Most of the flat upland that begins two to three miles back from theriver is highly productive agricultural land. This soil is mainly deep loessover Wisconsin calcareous till. Most of the soil is of the Muscatine-Tamaserics and other soils of the same catena. These soil types are consideredby most agronomists to be the best for corn and soybean production in thestate. Up to this time there has been considerable effort by farmers togain control of this tpland area either by ownership or by rental. Thereare also some very high!), productive alluvial soils, owned by the Hennepinhigh school south of Hennepin on the east side of the river, which arehighly sought after by the farmers in the community.
With increasing population in the region, recreational developmentcould become more important because of the availability of natural re-sources. There is now a considerable amount of almost unused land inscrub timber, hills, ravines, and overflow lane This land is contiguouswith the Illinois River and follows along the river on both sides. Severalsportsmen's dubs own tracts of overflow land and some ope.. mater southof Ilennepin where there are severs] small, shallow lalL. on the west side
11
12 BULLETIN No. 736 (December,
of the main river channel. These are found mainly in Senachwine Town-ship. Ducks are the main game of interest to sportsmen in the river bot-tom area. Pheasants are important game birds in he upland area.
Residential and commercial development are not seen as being highlycompetitive with agricultural land use in the area. Competition for spacefor residential or other construction development has never been a prob-lem for two reasons: residential and commercial construction have highervalue prioriti.:s than any of the other previous or current uses of space inthe area, and there has been substantial out-migration from the area.Even with an increase in such development, there appears to be amplenonagricultural land (hills and timber terrain) that is more desirable forthis use than open farmland for at least the near future. Competition forresidential and commercial space is most likely to develop in some loca-tions because of transportation patterns. The desire to be near certainhighways or railroads puts much greater restriction on space available forcommercial development. However, until the site purchase by J&L, therewas little space competition for residential or commercial development.
(3) Establishment of boundaries. This problem was mentioned inthe preceding section and need not be considered at length here. How-ever, three important considerations were: (1) the river, (2) the highwaysystem, and (3) existing political units. An extended industrial complexmay develop along the river, stretching from Oglesby to Hennepin andfurther south to Henry, in the not too distant future. Such a complexwould tend to draw people from the surrounding rural areas and smalltowns for employment, service facilities, and so forth, and would unite thearea into a more viable system. This development would surely be influ-enced by available commuting routes. Thus, existing highway routes wereconsidered in locating boundaries for the study area. To permit maxinmuse of secondary source data, township boundaries were used to delineatethe area.
The "Control" Area(1) The settlement pattern. An ecological description of the ''con-
trol" area in Iroquois County cannot center on anything as dramatic as theIllinois River in the experimental area. The dominant comtmmity in thecontrol atca is 'Watseka, the county seat. It lies close to the confluence ofSugar Creek and the Iroquois River (neither river is navigable) and at theintersection of two railroads, the Chicago and Eastern running north andsouth and the T&W running cast and west. It also lies at the junction ofthe two major highways in the area, U.S. 24 and 111inois 1. Thus a blendof early natural and developed transportation and communication net-works tends to place Il'atscica in a dominant position in the area. It hasdeveloped naturally as a service community to the comparably rich farm-ing area around it (Fig. 3 and 4).
(2) Competition for space. Space c dipeti:ion in the control areaaround Watseka has been limited almost entirely to agriculture and the
12
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATiON
To ToKANKAKEE 3T.ANNE
IZolo-oosTo17-7.7.I1coksztroN LC.,
\ Bea nine
ToNEI CITY
ToMASON CITE
cisytonrokCissna Park
Good.no
TiPAXTONHiCNAMPAJON
the control area.
TiMEN
Ti
tounbie
NOOPISTON
nEDANVILLE
13
13
ToKENTIAND,IND.
(Fig. 3)
14
Obbuque,fa.
BULLETIN NO. 736
Davenport, la.
Rock Island :belie74
Galusburgi
.,.,Peoria
24
QuincySpringfield
[December,
90
01 Elgin
Aoror
EXPERIMENTAL
AREA
ii ,,,,,80
Oglesby Kankakee
51 55 57
94
Evanston
o let
1
24 24
Bloomington
55 51 DanvilleChampaign 74
Urbana
Decatur36
74
36
55
51
7 91.
Alton
Granite Cit
St.lonis, Mo.
70
ast St.Loals
el.
Set.aville
Padatab,Ky.The study areas hi the state context.
14
CONTROLAREA
Terre Haute,Ind.
Evansville.Ind.
(Fig. 4)
1969) BEFORE I NDUSTR IAL IZATION 15
support needed by agriculture. The area is essentially flat prairie soil thatis a light loess covering wee relatively heavy Wisconsin till. With propermanagement the soils are highly productive for corn and soybeans, butnot as highly productive as the upland soils in the experimental area.There is a small amount of light industry in Watseka, but thus far therehas been practically no difficulty in getting land at reasonable prices for*ther resident;a1 or commercial development. The control area has also
been one where out-migration has been the rule.(3) Establishment of boundaries. Six townships surrounding the
county seat, Watseka, were selected for inclusion. Several -onsiderationsled to this choice. The townships formed something of a n `oral systemsince they contained primarily farmland dependent on Wats a as a ser-vice center. Further, it was desirable to have an area with demographicand economic characteristics comparable to the experimental area prior toindustrialization. Also, it was thought that the control area should includea county seat town and that the two areas should be located equally dis-tant from Chicago.
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTThe demographic characteristics of the areas under investigation are
easily traced through secondary sources. The growth or decline of the pop-ulation in the experimental and control areas is portrayed in Tables 1, 2,and 3. Of the counties with portions in the experimental area, only LaSallehas shown any significant increase in population since 1940 (Table 1). Itsgrowth has been steady if not spectacular and probably reflects the domi-nance in the county of the urban area of LaSalle-Oglesby-Peru. On theother hand, Putnam County shows the greatest decline in population; adecline that occurred mainly in the middle 1940's, but that continued inabated form to 1965 (Fig. 5).
The fluctuations of population within the counties has not been evenlyspread (Table 2). In Bureau County, Princeton Township and the city ofPrinceton (Tables 2 ar d 3) have shown a definite divergen c from thecounty growth pattern maintaining a rate of growth closer to Coat of thestate. In Leepertown and Selby townships and in Bureau, Depue, Hallo-wayville, and Seatonville, the decline in population has been dramatic.Princeton's development as a county scat and a farm service communityand its attraction as a good transportation base in mid-Illinois probablyexplain its v: nation from the rest of the county.
In LaSalle County the county growth figure of 15.7 percent since 1940is most misleading for the portion of the county in the experimental area.LaSalle Township lost population in the period while Peru gained. LaSalleitself had a considerable loss of population, while Ogksby had moderategains, and Peru significant population gains.
The portion of Marshall County in the study area has shown con-siderably more growth than the county as a whole because of the influenceof Henry Township.
15 :
16 BULLETIN No. 736
30
25
5
-10
-15
.20
[December,
0
ILLINOIS
LA SALLE.....---.......i ....---
IROQUOIS/ --1%\..........-- IV .11. Ar : ''' /
jr.1.,.,,,-,-....4,, ,..-----4--.-----_.---....
BUREAU
MARSHALL
' 0 /.\
.V/..
1942 80 1906 048 050 1952 1954 056 1958 1960 1963
PUTNAM
1965
Population trends by county and state. (Data for the following townships are in-cluded: Bureau County Hall, Leepertm.7_, Princeton, and Selby townships;LaSalle County LaSalle and Peru townships; Marshall County Healy Town-ship; Putnam County all townships; and Iroquois County Belmont, Cos:ord,Crescent, Iroquois, Middleport, and Sheldon townships.) (Fig. 5)
In Putnam County all townships have shown loss of population withthe greatest loss coming in Magnolia and Senachwine townships in thesouthern portion of the county. On the community level (Table 3), Mag-nolia, Mark, and Standard have shown the most population losses, whileGranville and Hennepin have come close to maintaining their populationin the sixties after showing losses in the fifties.
In the control area in Iroquois County, there is the same kind of inner-county variation in population change. The county as a whole has shownsteady growth, except for a few years in the z:rly fifties. However, themore rural townships of Concord and Iroquois have shown populationlosses. The most significant population growth has occurred in the Wat-seka area and around Crescent City. On the whole then the county seemsto portray the typical rural pattern in population change in recentdecades a slow move from the more rural areas to the mire importantfarm service communities along with a slow d-cline or bare maintenanceof the smaller service communities. Only Watseka has kept pace withstate increases for the last two decades.
16
1969) BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 17
Table I. - Population in Study Counties and State, 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1965,With Percent of Increase, 1940 lo 1965'
Experimental area
1940 1950 1960 l9656Percent ofincrease
1940-1965
Bureau.. 37,600 37,711 37,594 37,000 - 1.6LaSalle 97,801 100,610 110,800 113,200 15.7Marshall 13,179 13,025 13,334 12,800 - 2.9Putnam 5,289 4,746 4,570 4,400 -16.8Totals 153,869 156,092 166,298 167,400 8.8
Control areaIroquois 32,496 32,348 33,562 35,500 9.2
Illinois 7,897,000 8,721,000 10,081,003 10,650,000 34.9
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.Source: Illinois, Vital Sutistira.
Table 2.- Population In Study Areas, Townthips and State, 1940, 1950, and 1960,With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960
1940 1950 1960Percent ofincrease
1940.1960
Experimental areaBureau County
Hall 7,763 7,810 8,086 4.2Leeperton 569 559 468 -17.8Princeton 6,18! 6,720 7,474 20.9Shelby 3,051 2,884 '',583 -15.3
LaSalle CountyLaSalle 17,792 17,205 17,185 - 3.4Peru 9,296 9,001 10,845 16.7
Marshall CountyHenry 2,145 2,204 2,523 17.6
Putnam CountyGranville 2,536 2,339 2,345 - 7.5Hennepin 957 829 869 - 9.2Magnolia 1,312 1,187 1,050 -20.0Senachwine 484 391 306 -36.8
Totals 52,086 51,131 .53,734 3.2
Control areaIroquois County
Belmont 1,738 1,790 2,262 30.1Concord 813 727 741 - 8.9Crescent 817 771 844 3.3Irooqquois 686 651 640 - 6.7Nil dleport 3,637 3,964 4,505 23.9Sheldon 1,610 1,669 1,648 2.4
Totals 9,301 9,572 10,640 14.4
Illinoh 7,897,000 8,712,000 10,081,000 27.7
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
17
18 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Table 3. - Population In Incorporated Places and Unincorporaled Places of 1,000 or MoreIn Ilse Study Areas, 1940, 1950, and 1960, With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960
1940 1950 1960Percent ofincrease
1940.1960
Experimental areaBureau County
Bureau Junction 483 480 401 -17.0Da lzell 496 543 496 0.0Depuc 2,296 2,163 1,920 -16.4Hollowayville 112 89 96 -14.3Ladd 1,156 1,224 1,255 8.6Princeton 5,224 5,765 6,250 19,6Seatonville 415 405 363 -12.5Spring Valley 5,010 4,916 5,371 7.2
LaSalle CountyLaSalle 12,812 12,083 11,897 - 7.1Oglesby 3,938 3,922 4,215 7.0Peru.. 8,983 8,653 10,460 16.4
Marshall CountyHenry 1,877 1,966 2,`'.78 21.4
P.Anam CountyGranville 1,038 978 1,048 1.0Hennepin 396 312 391 - 1.3McNabb 1:6 ...Magnolia iio iii 24., -25.5Mark 529 449 445 -15.9Standard 334 290 282 -15.6
Totals 45,428 44,523 47,589 4.8
Control areaIroquois County
Crescent 332 324 393 18.4Iroquois 242 232 '731 - 4.5Sheldon 1,036 1,114 1,137 9.7Watseka 3,744 4,235 5,219 39.4Woodland 334 334 344 3.0
Totals 5,668 6,239 7,324 28.8
Illinois 7 897,000 8,712,000 10,081,000 27.7
SMUT! : U.S. a..PUU of the Census.
LaSalle County has shown the greatest increase in population of anyof the counties considered here, although its growth has been only abouthalf that of the state as a whole. The only county that has a significantloss cf population is Putnam. although the trend there seems to havebeen arnited in the early 196r/s.
Population changes seem to result mainly from migration and not fromradical changes in birth and death rates (Table 4). There seem to behigher death rates and lower birth rates in the experimental area thanin the state as a whole. In the control area the death rates have tendedto fall closer to the state level, while birth rates have remained belowthe state level.
18
19691
1
BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION
Table 4. - Births and Deaths per 1,000 Population, Number and lefts,by County and State for 1950, 1955, 1940, 1965
19
Bureau
1950 1955 1960 1965
Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate
Births 700 18.7 801 20.8 474 19.9 468 17.5Deaths 426 11.3 440 11.6 475 11.0 497 13.4
LaSalleBirths 2,356 23.1 2,509 24.1 3,554 23.1 1,951 17.2Deaths 1,138 11.3 1,168 11.3 1,218 11,0 1,175 10.4
MarshallBirths.. 275 21.1 292 20.9 266 18.9 215 16.8Deaths 145 11.1 139 10.7 170 12.7 140 10.9
PutnamBirths t5 21.1 119 26.4 86 18.8 89 20.2Deaths 60 12.6 56 11.7 56 12.2 61 13.9
IroquoisBirths 692 21.3 668 19.9 688 20.5 577 17.3Deaths 333 10.2 355 10.3 331 9.9 351 10 .5
Illinois (000)Birth; 190 21.7 221 23.6 239 23.7 208 19.5Deaths 92 10.6 96 10.1 103 10.2 108 10.2
Source: Illinois. Vital Statistics.
Part of the explanation of this pattern in grow: rates is explainedby the population composition of the areas in question. When the corn-position of the population by counties by sex and age in 1960 is comparedvith that of 1940, several trends are apparent. All of the counties in theexperimental area show an aging of the population in the two decades.A greater proportion of the population was above the age of 55 in 1960than in 1940. An increase in the proportion of the population betweenages 1 and 14 is also noticeable. However, the population between ages15 and 34 has shown considerable decline, with males sheaving more lossthan females. Thus, the lament of rural people in general would seem tobe realistic here-that they are .essing their young people to other ?Teas.Once they are out of high schoco, the males especially seem to move. Thechange in rural population composition has been more dramatic than forthe total county populations.
Iroquois County has shown the same general change in populationcomposition in the 20 -year period, though not in the same degree as thecounties in the experimental area.
The state as a whole has shown the most marked increase in popu-lation between ages 1 and 14 and above 55. In contrast to the pattern inthe experimental area, the population also has increased at all other agelevels, except for the 15-9o-24 age category, which has declined slightly.
A final kind of demographic characteristic that should be consideredis the occupational distribution of the population. The best estimate of
19
20 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
this distribution in Illinois is to be found in the U.S. Census data. Theoccupational and industry classifications of employed persons for thecounties under consideration are reproduced for the years 1940, 1950,and 1960 in Tables 5 and 6.
The decline of people employed in agriculture is the most striking trend.It is clear that agriculture as a source of employment was considerablyless important in 1960 than it was in 1940. In Bureau, Marshall, andPutnam counties, the number of people employed in this sector of theeconomy declined between 1940 and 1960 from close to half to about afourth of employed persons. The same kind of decline is to be noted inIroquois County. In LaSalle County, where manufacturing accountedfor a higher proportion of employment to begin with, a similar e-cline inthe proportion of people in agriculture occurred. Not only is the propor-tion of the total labor force in agriculture declining, the absolute numberof people finding employment in agriculture also is declining.
Manufacturing has shown the greatest increase as a source of employ-ment. Mining and transportation industries have shown a slight declinein the proportion employed, while construction industries have shownsome small increases in all the count' t The proportion employed inpublic administration has not increased ,rkedly over the years in Bureau,Iroquois, and Marshall counties and has declined in LaSalle and Putnamcounties.
All the counties except LaSalle differ radically from the state in termsof the high proportion of people still employed in agriculture and the rela-tively low number employed in manufacturing. However, the discrepancybetween state and county totals is decreasing moct rapidly in the manu-facturing category.
A look at the population distnbution in occupational categories addsmore perspectite. The trend is for the proportion of professional andsemi-professional personnel to be increasing in all the counties althoughonly in Putnam County does ti.e proportion in 1960 approximate that ofthe state as a whole.
Clerical and sales personnel proportions increased considerably every-where in the study area except in Putnam County. This proportiondecreased somewhat in the state totals. Although service personnel con-stitute a smaller proportion of the employed people in the state as a wholethan in the study areas, these employees have increased slightly in allthe counties beir.g considered. The proportion of proprietors, managers,and officials is less in all locations. The proportion of craftsmen, fore-men, and Enured workers is up in all the counties, except LaSalle. Op-erators and kindred constitute a smaller proportion of the total inIllinois than in the study areas. 1.trcau, Putnam, and Iroquois countiesshow a large increase in this category In LaSalle County the proportionof operators arse' kindred workers increased in the decade from 1941 to1950, but remained about the same in the more recent decade.
The number of farmers and farm managers, as well as farm laborersand foremen, has decreased radically in all the counties. The proportion
20
1969] BEFORE I t 'DUSTR IA LIZATION 21
Tab,. Employed Persons and Percent of Total In Sideeted Industry Groupsby County, 1940,1950, and 1960, With Change In Percent, 1940 to 1960
1940 1950 1960 Changein
percent,1940 -1960
Num-bet
Per-centof
total
Num-bet
Per.centof
total
Num-bee
Per-centof
total
Bureau CountyTotal 12,460 14,154 13,914Agricultur- 4,715 37.8 4,066 28.7 3,170 22.8 -15.0Mining 375 3.0 85 .6 62 .4 - 2.6Construction 542 4,3 916 6.5 806 5.8 + 1.5Manufacturing 1,557 12.5 2,724 19.2 3,197 23.0 +10.5Transportation .38 4.3 653 4.6 575 4.1Public administration NB. NR 131 .9 121 .9 ...
LaSalle CountyTotal 33,478 40,221 41,099Agriculture 6,012 18.0 5,038 12.5 3,718 9.0 - 9.0Mining 786 2.3 512 1.3 574 1.4 - .9Construction.. 1,319 3.9 2,001 5.0 1,933 4.7 + .8Manufacturing 10,805 32.3 15,159 3/.7 16,074 39.1 + 6.8Transportation 1,368 4.1 1,618 4.0 1,351 3.3 - .8Public administration NR NR 822 2.0 1,092 2.7 ...
Marshall CountyTotal 4,544 4,973 4,814Agriculture 1,858 40.9 1,607 32.3 1,227 25.5 -15.4Mining 69 1.5 46 .9 12 .2 - 1.3Coiner etion 174 3.8 285 5.7 205 4.3 + .5Manufacturing 596 13.1 882 17.7 1,100 22.8 + 9.7Transportation ... 182 4.0 213 4.3 177 3.7Pubtic administration ... NR Nit 111 2.2 132 2.7 ...
Putnam Co intyTotal 1,491 1,727 1,663Agriculture. 752 50.4 674 39.0 453 27.2 -22.8Mining 53 3.6 8 .5 ... .0 - 3.6Construction 79 5.3 76 4.4 75 4.5 - .8Manufacturing 74 5.0 311 18.0 420 25.3 +20.3Transportation 46 3.1 64 3.7 114 6.9 + 3.8Public administration NR NR 49 2.8 36 2.2 ...
Iroquois CountyTotal 11,068 11,734 12,835Agriculture 5,393 48.7 4,672 99.8 3,318 25.9 -22.8Mining 4 .0 . .0 .0 ...Construction 599 5.4 771 6.6 658 5.1Manufacturing 554 5.0 1,280 10.9 1,685 20.9 +15.9Transportation 445 4.0 571 4.9 501 3.9Public administration Nit NR 313 2.7 409 3.2 ...
Illinois (000)Total 2,874 3,546 3,899Agriculture 284 9.9 251 7.1 171 4.4 - 5.5Mining 49 1.7 44 1.2 22 .6 - 1.1Construction 117 4.1 174 4.9 190 4.9 + .8Manufacturing 821 28.6 1,136 32.0 1,241 31.8 + 3.2Transportation 186 6.6 239 6.7 209 5.3 - 1.3Public administration NR NR 133 3.8 153 3.9 ...
Source U.S. It Iresu of the Cenrut.NR means the data were not reported in the reruns.
21
22 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Table 6. - Occupational Group of Employed Persons and Percent of To'al fcr Countiesand State, 1940,1950, and 1960, With Change in Percent, 1940 to '1960
Bureau CountyProfessional and semi-
1940 1950 1960 Changein
percent,1940 -1960
Num-ber-
Per-centof
total
Num-ber
Per-centof
total
Num-her
Per-centof
total
professional 805 3.8 941 6.6 1,123 8.1 + 4.3Clerical and sales... 1,203 6.8 1,709 12.1 1,983 14.3 + 7.5Service (except domestic) 578 3.0 864 6.1 1,166 8.4 + 5.4Proprietors, managers,
and officials 1,118 9.6 1,106 7.8 950 6.8 - 2,8Craftsmen, foremen, and
kindred 960 9.2 1,6u9 11.7 1,711 12.3 + 3.1Operators and kindred 1,561 12.7 2,406 17.0 2,532 19.2 + 5.5Laborers, except Cann 1,018 9.1 917 6.7 724 5.2 - 3.9Farmers and farm man-
agers 2,982 28.8 2,913 20.6 2,419 17.4 -11.4Farm laborers (ssage)and
foremen 1,279 12.4 866 6.1 662 4.8 - 7.6Others' 956 4.5 742 5.2 644 4.6 4- .1Totalb 12,460 99.9 14,154 99.9 13,914 100.1
LaSalle CountyProfessional and semi-
professional 2,300 6.9 2,657 6.6 3,542 8.9 + 1.9Clerical ane sales 4,805 14.4 6,220 15.5 7,227 19.0 4- 3.6Seraice (exceFt domestic) 2,103 6.3 2,749 6.8 3,404 8.5 4- 2.2Proprietors, managers,
and officials 2,902 8.7 3,210 8.0 2,681 6.7 - 2.0Craftsmen, foremen, and
kindred 3,559 10.6 5,781 14.4 6,091 15.1 - 3.9Operators and kindred 7,278 21.7 10,311 25.6 10,365 25.6 + 4.1Labo:crs, except farm 3,281 9.8 3,229 8.0 2,447 6.1 - 3.7Farmers and farm rran
agers 3,928 11.7 3,799 9.4 2,869 7.1 - 4.6Farm laborers (wage) and
foremen 1,397 4.2 921 2.3 716 1 5 - 2.4Others' 1,929 5.8 1,341 3.3 781 2.0 - 3.8Total 33,482 100.1 40,221 99.9 40,123 100.0
Marshall CountyProfessional and semi-
professional 279 6.1 278 5.6 401 8.3 -I- 2.2Cie, teal and sales 385 8.5 582 11.7 716 14.9 6.4Service (except domestic) 190 4.2 296 6.0 345 7.2 + 3.0Proprietors, managers,
and officials 389 8.6 368 7.4 280 5.8 -- 2.8CTaftsmeit, foremen, and
kindred 334 7.3 536 10.8 452 9.4Operators and kindred. 631 14.3 870 17.5 889 18.5 4- .1Laborers, except farm 255 5.6 271 5.4 236 4.9 - .7Farmers and farm man-
agers 1,211 26.7 1,157 23.3 917 19.0 - 7.7Farm laborers (wage) and
foremen. 402 8 8 335 6,7 286 5.9 2.9Others 443 9.7 280 5.6 '292 G.1 - 3,6Total 4,539 99.8 4,973 100.3 4,814 100.0
22
1969] &FORA INDUSTRIALIZATION 23
Table 6.- Occupational Group of Employed Persons and Percent of Total for Countiesand Stole, 1940,1950, and 1960, With Change In Percent, 1940 to 1960 (concludedl
Putnam CountyProfessional and semi-
1940 1950 1960 Cha.agein
percent,1940 -1960
Num-ber-
Per-centof
total
Num-ber
Per-centof
total
Num-ber
Per-ctntof
total
professional 100 6.7 85 4.9 174 10.5 -I- 3.8Clerical and sales 82 5.5 149 8.6 146 8.8 -I- 3.3Ses ice (except domestic) 58 3.9 86 5.0 135 8.1 + 4.2Proprietors, managers,
and officials 199 10.0 163 9,4 97 3.8 - 4.2Craftsmen, foremen, and
kindred 73 4,9 131 7,6 153 9.2 + 4.3Operators and kindred 152 10.2 236 14.8 384 23.1 +12.9Laborers, except (arm 74 5.0 140 8.1 102 6.1 + 1.1Farmers and farm man-
agers 477 32.0 491 28.4 315 18.9 -13.1Farm laborers (wage) and
foremen 182 12.2 1.:6 7.9 111 6.7 5.5Others" 144 9.7 90 5.2 46 2.8 - 6.9Total ',441 100.1 1,727 99.9 1,663 100.0
!roc:wail CountyProfessional and semi-
professional 689 6.2 641 5.5 9113 7.2 + 1.0Clerical and sales 912 8.2 1,277 .0,9 1,971 15.4 + 7.2Service (except domestic) 538 4.9 678 5.3 1,098 8.6 + 3.7Proprietors, managers,
3 officials 851 7.7 878 7.5 769 6.0 - 1.7Craftsmen, foremen, and
kindred 749 6.8 1,134 9.7 1,337 10.4 + 3.6Operators and kindred 768 6.9 1,461 12..5 2,198 17.1 +10.2Laborers, except farm 690 6.2 629 5.4 666 5.2 - 1.0Farmers and farm man-
agers 3,577 32.3 3,413 29.1 2,541 19.8 -12.5Farm laborers (wage) and
foremen 1,148 10.4 920 7 8 643 5.0 5.4Others' 1,146 10.4 703 6 0 591 5.4 - 5.0Total 11,068 100.0 11,736 10).2 12,835 101.1
Illinois (000)Professional and semi-
profcxsional 223 7.8 316 9.0 417 10.7 + 2.9Clerical and sales.... 621 21.6 799 22.5 931 23 9 4 2 3Service (except domestic) 27,) 8.9 293 8.3 329 8.4 - S
Proprietors, managers,and officials 248 C.6 315 8.9 302 7.7 - .9
Craftsmen, foremen, andkindred 374 13.0 529 14.9 547 11.0 + 1.0
Operators and kindred 57'? 19.9 748 21.1 733 18.8 - 1.1Laborers, except farm 186 6.5 201 5.7 171 4.4 - 2.1Farmers and farm man-
agers 187 6.5 173 4.9 122 3.1 - 3.4Farm laborer; (wage) and
foremen 65 2.2 51 1.4 40 1.0 - 1.2Others LH 5.0 119 3.3 10 7.8 4- 2.8Total 2,875 100.0 3,546 100.0 3,897 99.8
Source: U.S. 3ureAtt or the Census."Ctil,ers" includes dc-nestie unpalef family faTtn laborers, and not reported.Total percent not equal to :00 percent became of rounding error.
23
24 BULLETIN No 736 (Decdm bee,
of nonfarm laborers is down about a third, except in Bureau County wheretheir proportion has increased.
The trends in terms of the total number employed are about the samefor three counties, Bureau, Putnam, and Marshall. In these three countiesthe total number employed increased in 1J-11 to 1950, but decreased in1951 to 1960. In LaSalle the trend has been a small continuous climb inthe number employed. In Iroquois the same upward trend is noted.None of the counties approached the kind of increase in number em-ployed that the state as a whole was experiencing during the 20-yearperiod.
In summation, the ecological environment of the experimental areahas been influenced great:, by the Illinois River. Though most 'and oneither side of the river is brill used for farming, power and transportationfacilities have developed naturally, drawing some industry to the rivervalley. These facilities seem destined to draw much more industry. Cer-tainly, J&L'si decision to locate neat- Hennepin cannot be explained with-out consideration of the ecc logical environment.
The ecological environment of the control area is still dominated byagriculture, although some industry has located in and near Watseka.Primarily, the area rem tins a prosperous farm county with a well-locatedcounty scat and service area
A declining rural population and slow growth in more industrializedareas characterize the demographic environment of the experimental arca.The population is generally aging with the process more accentuated inthe rural areas. The proportion employed in farming and mining hasdeclined rapidly in 'he last two decades, with people in manufacturing,professional and semi-professional, and clerical and sales occupationsgrowing rapidly in numbers.
The demographic environment of the control area shows many of thesame characteristics except that, because of the prosperity of Watseka, ithas shown significant population growth during the last two and a halfdecades. The population is not aging as rapidly as in the experimentalarca.
The environmental setting can now be related to the economic system.
THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMWhile the experimental and coutrol are is are viewed as social systems,
the economy of each area also can be considered as a system which canthzin be analyzed by economic sectors. These economic sectors are definedin terms of the major segments of the total economy and include, inSander? work, agriculture, industry, commerce, finance, transportationand utilities, and organized labor.' The structure and function of eachof these sectors of an economy differ considerably. In this section theprofessions are treated separately in terms of the economic sector s;iihinwhCh they occur or with which they are most intimately connected. Also,
' Sanders, op. rit , p, 211.
24
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 25
organized labor is not treated as a separate s...tor of the economy,although it obviously would have to be considered an important part ofthe total economic social system.
Three economic sectors are added to Sanders' list on the premise thatthe economic system cannot be fully described without them. The threesectors added are construction, services, and government. Although gov-ernmental bodies will be treated as a system in a following section,government expenditures are so important a part of the economic systemthat governmental bodies are also treated here as a sector of the economicsystem.
lo'rle 7.- Personal Worn. Estimates by Source for 11vre...0 County, 1950,1960,and 1963, With Change in Pineal of Income, 1930 lo 1965
1950
in- Per-come cent
MC" total
Total personal income....50,4311Vage and salary disburse-
99.9
ments 16,820 33.3/arms. 1,571 3.1Mitring 197 .4Contract const 888 1.9Manufacturing 4,298 8.5Trade 2,950 5.8Finance, insurance, real
estate 288 .6Transportation 1,382 2.7Communication, public
utilities 589 1.2Services 957 1.9Government 3,641 7.2Other industries 59 .1
Other labor income 407 .6Proprietors' income 21,238 42.1
Farm 15,091 29.9Nonfarm 6,147 12.2
Property income 9,333 16.5ranee'. payments' 3,002 5.9
LESS: Personal contribulion, for social in-surance 367
1960 1965 Changein
Pesr9cent,
1965
Income
($6°°)
Per-cent In
come("°)
Per-
-errit
60,382 100.3 90,456 100.5
24,131 40.1 36,179 40.2 + 6.91,667 2.8 1,172 1.3 1.8
61 .1 58 .1 - .31,375 2.3 3,054 3.4 -f .57,060 11.7 13,991 15.5 + 7.05,060 8.4 6,232 6.9 1.1
595 1,0 932 1.0 + .41,444 2.4 1,200 1.3 - 1.4
703 1.2 926 1.0 - .21,386 2,3 1,916 2.2 + .34,586 7.6 6,459 7.2 .0
191 .3 209 .2 + .1
1,147 1.9 2,243 2.5 + 1.720,830 34.6 32,801 36.4 - 5.712,556 20.8 23,507 25.9 - 4.98,274 13.7 9,491 10.5 - 1.79,419 15.7 13,070 14.5 - 4.05,785 9.6 7,546 8.4 + 2.5
960 1,383
Source, Herbert Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal Income in Illinois Counties, 1950.2020. Illionce DepArlMent Of Busineu and Ecotomic Development.
Total personal income . Wages and salary disbursements. plus other labor income, Plus silo-prieirin' income, plus property income, plus transfer pOrMenU, minus personal contributions forsocial insurance.
Transfer Fromenu. "7.5ia rategoey is coolposed of payment, to persons from ry: rrnmentand business for syhich no price, are performed or expected. Goserneient Parolees consist offederal, state. and kcal government payments, including rach items ss. Old-Ase and Survisoseinsurance; unemplayrent benefits; puolic employee petvioni: direct Teta; and pension,and related pasm,nu to s Titan seteraro. individual bad debt, to businesses are counted as busi-ness transfers along with corporate gift, to private nonprofit institutions, cash prises, and se,. tralother minor items." i ord and Lyon, p. 9.
25
26 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
As a general measure of the magnitude of the whole economic system,data on personal income have been obtained from two sources: the Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Development and the IllinoisDepartment of Labor.
The data given in Tables 7-12 are from the Illinois Department ofBusiness and Economic Development. These data not only give the totalpersonal income figures, which indicate the general magnitude of the eco-nomic system, but they also have the personal income subdivided by sourceof income. Each income source is given as a percent of the total, indi-cating the relative importance of the various income sources.
To bre r:. - Penonal income Estimates by Source for LaSalle County, 1950,1960,and 1965, Ws Change to Percent of Income, 1950 to 1965
1950 1960 1965 Changein
percent,In-come($000)
Percent
t:tral
In-come($000)
Per-cent
total
In-
($000)
Per-cent
tota l
Total personal income... .171,851 100.1 252,656 100.1 321,029 99.9Wage and salary disburse-
ments 104,558 60.9 160,501 63.4 191,053 59.4 - 1.5Farms 1,751 1,0 1,707 .7 1,312 .4Mining 2,640 1.5 3,754 1.5 3,572 1.1Contract construction 4,275 2.5 10,908 4.3 9,983 3.1 + .6Manufacturing 59,306 34.5 135,940 34.0 103,683 32.2 - 2.3Trade 14,266 8.3 21,269 8.4 24,157 7.5 .8Finance, insurance, real
estate 1,521 2.6 3,290 1.3 4,643 1.4 - 1.2Tr anspo-tation 5,016 2.9 8,337 3.3 9,665 3.1 + .2Communication, public
utilities 1,608 .9 3,399 1.3 5,157 1.6 + .7Services 5,335 3.1 8,399 3.3 10,745 3.3 + .2Government 8,703 5.1 13,136 5.2 17,486 5.4 + .4Other industries 137 .1 352 .1 450 .1 + .1
Othei labor income 2,950 1.7 9,031 3.6 13,674 4.3 + 2.61 Proprietors' incotnc 35,664 20.8 39,006 15.4 55,209 17.2 3.6
Farm 17,189 10.0 14,178 5.9 26,203 8.1 1.9
Er
Nonfarm 18,473 10.8 24,228 9.6 29,006 9.0 1.8
Property incerne. 22,206 12.9 30,610 12.1 44,169 13.7 .8
Transfer payments',
LESS: Personal contribu-tions for social in-
8,173 4.8 19,135 7.6 23,824 7,4 + 2.6
surance 1,700 5,627 6,900
Source: Herbed Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal income io Counties, 1950.2020. Pli-oois Department of Business and Economic Dere/opment.
loud per nal income = Wages And salary disbursements, pity other labor income, Ow pro-prietors' income, plus property inc,one, plus transfer payments, minus personal cuntributions forsocial in,urance.
Tsansfer Payments. 1111, category is compos-ed of payments to persons from gosernmentand business for .shich no sersices are peaoemed re espected. Go, ernroent transfers consist offederal, S.W. and go,esnenent payments, including pact, items is Oict.Age and St., iOreInturance; unemployment benefits; public employee pensions: diteci relief; and pension, disability,and tested payments to military se:eram. Individual bad debts to businesses are counted u bon-ne" transfers along ...its totposate gifu pri.ete ponproSt cub pears, and severalother minor items." Ford and Lyon, p. 9.
26
1969J BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 27
Table 9.- Personal Income Eatimatos by Source for Marshall County, 1950,1960,and 1965, With Chang. In POrallif of Income, 1950 to 1965
1950 1960 1965 Changein
percent,1950-
1965
In.come
("9)
Per-cent
oftotal
In-come("9)
Per-cent te
total
In-come(19"
Per-centoftotal
Total personal income... -17,430 100.1 20,273 100.0 28,986 100.0Wage and salary disburse-
ments 5,240 30.1 8,313 41 ., 10,550 36.4 ÷ 6.3Farms 540 3.1 572 4.8 374 1.3 - 1.8Mining 104 .6 54 .3 64 .2Contract construction 225 1.3 357 1.8 530 1.8 + .5Manufacturing 1,097 C.3 2,329 11.5 3,210 11.1 + 4.8Trade 1,103 6.3 1,922 9.5 2,169 7.5 ÷ 1.2Finance, insurance, real
estate 130 .7 190 .9 335 1.2 ÷ .5Transportation 302 1.7 378 1.9 552 1.9 ÷ .2Communication, public
utilities 87 .5 598 2.9 588 2.0 + 1.5Services 229 1.3 507 2.5 724 2.5 ÷ 1.2Government 1,392 8.0 1,363 6.7 1,940 6.7 - 1.3Other industries 31 .2 43 .2 64 .2 .0
Other labor income 124 .7 415 2.1 719 2.5 ÷ 1.8Proprietors' income 6,096 39.6 6,678 32.9 11,482 39.6 .0
Farm 5,186 29.8 4,243 20.9 8,228 28.4 - 1.4Nonfarm 1,710 9.8 2,435 12.0 3,254 11.2 ÷ 1.4
Property income 4,246 24.4 3,094 15.3 4,083 14.1 -10.3Transfer payments' 1,041 6.0 2,073 10.2 2,574 8.9 ÷ 2.9LESS: Personal contrib9-
tions for social in-surance 117 300 422
Source: Herbert Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal Income in Illinoia Counties, 1950-2020. Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Development.
iota! personal income o Wages and Ulan/ disbursements, plus other labor income, plus pro-prietors' income, plus property income, plus transfer payments, minus personal contributions frysocial insurance.
Transfer Tamest, "Ibis category is composed of payments to persons from governmentand business for which no seniors are performed or expected. Gmernment trarssfers consist ofedrral, state, and local go, ernment 'moments, including such item as OldAgt and Survisors'Insurance; unemployment benefits; public employee pension, direct rebel; and pension, disability,and related payment to military seterans. Indisidual bad debts to businesses are counted so bun.nest transfers along with corporate guts so prissie nonprofit institutions, cash prises, and severalother mint items." Ford and Lyon, p. 9.
2-1
28 Smarm No. 736 [Decem5er,
Table 10.- Personal Intorno Estimates by Source for Putnam County, 1450,1960,and 1965, With Change In Percent of Memo, 1430 to 1903
1950 1960 1965 Changein
percent,1950 -
1965
In-come(4000)
Per-pent
total
In-come
($0"
Per-
CTtotal
In-come($000)
Pct.
ccortotal
Total personal incom.... 5,519 100.7 6,769 99.7 10,394 100.1
Wage and salary disburse-ments ... 1,311 23.7 2,297 32.8 2,920 28.1 + 4.4
Farms 231 4.2 209 3.0 145 1.4 - 2.8Mining 5 .1 3 .1 12 .1 .0Contract construction ... 21 .4 107 1.5 134 1.3 + .9Manufacturing 4 .1 0 .0 74 .7 + .6Trade 317 5.7 462 6.6 559 5.4Finance, insurance, real
estate 15 .3 53 .8 69 .7 + .4Transportation 65 1.2 203 2.9 286 2.8 + 1.6Communication, public
utilities 21 .4 504 7.2 625 6.0 + 5.6Services 44 .8 148 2.1 185 1.8 + 1.0Government 579 10.5 575 8.2 803 7.7 - 2.8Other industries 9 .2 33 .5 28 .3 + .1
Other labor income 19 .3 101 1.4 152 1.5 + 1.1Proprietors' income 2,672 48.4 2,749 39.3 4,892 47.1 - 1.3
Farm 2,061 37.3 1,649 23.6 3,420 32.9 - 4.4Nonfarm 611 11.1 1,100 15.7 1,472 14.2 + 3.1
Proper', income 1,151 20.8 1,139 16.3 1,613 15.5 - 5.3Transfer payments', 402 7.3 781 11.2 956 9.2 + 1.9LESS: Personal contribu-
tions for social in-surance 36 98 139
Source: 'Herbert Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal Income in /Illness Counties, 1950-2029. Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Deselopment.
'iota! personal im-orne = Wages and salary dibuirsemeno, plus other labor income, plus pro-prieton' income. plus property income, plus transfer payments, minus personal contributions for
imurance.Transfer Patments. 'T his category is Cative,ed of payments to persons from goner n111 11 I
and business for uhich no services are performed or espectedi Ornament trarufen consist offederal. slate, and local gosernment parnents, including such items a, Old-Age and Sun non'Insurance; unemployment benefits; public employee pensions; direct rebel; and pension,and related patments in military veterans Individual bad debts to businesses are counted Si bus:-MSS transfers along srith corporate gds 5, imitate nonprofit institutions, cash prises. and astralother minor items. ford and Lyon, pi. 9.
28
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 29
Table 11. - Personal income Estimates by Seurat for baguets County, 1950,1960,and 1965, With Change in Percent of income, 1950 to 1965
1950 1960 1965 ChangePer- In- Pr" Per- in
In- In- percent,cent ceat centCome come e come 1950 -($ "] total ($000) total ($000) total 196$
Total personal income 47,865 100.1 56,557 100.2 78,127 100.0Wage and salary disburse-
ments 13,201 27.6 21,671 38.4 27,578 35.3 1- 7.7Farms 1,802 3.8 1,412 2.5 776 1.0 - 2.8Mining 72 .2 1 .0 11 .1 - .1Contract construction 873 1.8 1,531 2.7 1,930 2.5 + .7Manufacturing 1,685 3.5 6,162 10.9 8,068 10.3 + 6.8Trade 2,730 5.7 5,077 9.0 6,260 8.0 + 2.3Finance, insurance, real 1
estate 264 .6 484 .9 971 1.2 + .6Transportation 1,044 2.2 1,141 2.0 1,194 1.5 - .7 i
Communication, publicutilities 243 .5 386 .7 536 .7 1- .2
Services 687 1.4 1,301 2.3 1,751 2.2 + .8Government 3,407 7.1 4,027 7.1 5,839 7.5 + .4Other industries 394 .8 149 .3 244 .3 - .5
Other labor income 295 .6 1,009 1.8 1,745 2.2 + 1.6Proprietors' income 21,755 45.5 19,060 35.2 29,893 38.3 - 7.2
Farm 17,190 35.9 13,125 23.2 21,719 27.8 - 8.1Nonfarm 4,565 9.5 6,735 11.9 8,174 10.5 + 1.0
Property income 10,749 22.5 9,526 16.9 13,035 16.7 - 5.8Transfer payments* 2,156 4.5 5,357 9.3 6,961 8.9 + 4.4LESS: Personal contribu-
tions for social in-surance. 290 866 1,085
Source: Delbert Lyoo and Neil Ford. Personal Income in Illinois Counties, 1950.1020. Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Dexelopment.
Total personal income s-c Naga and talus disbursements, plus other labor income, Vus pro-victors' income, plus p-operty income, plus transfer paymen minus personal contributions foesocial insure ore.
Trawler Fitments. "This cstricors is composed of payments to persona from gosetnrnentand business for with no services are performed or expected. Comernment traraten consist offederal, state, and focal government payments, including web items as OlchAge and Sul-visor'Insurance; -unemployment benefits; public employee pensions; direct relief; and pension, disahilitT.and related pat-cocoa to military yttrium.. Ind, ideal bid debts to businesses are tainted sa bust.test transfers along with corporate glts to priuste not-Tv-TA institution', cash prises, and seieral01:Ur mires: tines." Food and Lyon. C, 9,
23
30 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Tables 13-18 give the number of employees and total wages paid, aswell as the percent of the total for the various categories listed by the Illi-nois Unemplcyment Compensation Act. These employment categoriesare not the same as the employment categories listed in Tables 7-12. Thus,the data are rot directly comparable. The data available from the IllinoisUnemployment Compensation Act do not include proprietor income orpersonal income from property or other investment sources.
Table 12.- Personol Income Estimates by Source for Illinois, 1950,1960,and 1965, With Change In Percent of Income, 1950 to 1965
1950 1960 1965 ChangeIn-
come($000,-000)
Per-centof
total
In-cc me
($000,-000)
Per-cent
oftotal
In-niconic
($000,-)00)
Total personal incom 15,985 100.0 26,564 100.3 34,903Wage and salary disburse-
ments 10,832 67.8 18,541 70.0 23,763Farms 90 .6 92 .3 68Mining 171 1.1 154 .6 190Contract construcon... 552 3.5 1,132 4.3 1,361Mans facturing 4,244 26.6 6,789 25.5 8,901Trade 2,099 13.1 3,569 13.4 4,791Finance, insurar cc, real
estate 468 2.9 920 3.5 1,'84Transportation 800 5.0 1,160 4.4 1,558Communication, public
utilities 314 2.0 531 2.0 657Services 986 6.2 1,914 7.2 2,658Government 1,096 6.9 2,255 8,5 3,066Other industrir s 12 1 25 .1 29
Other labor income 289 1.8 760 2.9 1,296Proprietors' income 2,206 13.8 2,653 10.0 3,504
Farm 707 4.4 564 2.1 1,003Nonfarm 1,499 9.4 2,089 7.9 2,501
Properly income 2,040 12.8 3,433 12.9 5,045Transfer paymentsb 804 5.0 1,774 6.7 2,149LESS: Personal contribu-
tions for social in-surance 186 597 854
Per- inentcent p erc
sf 1950-,
total 1965
100.0
68.2 + .4.2 - .4.5 - .6
3.9 + .425.5 - 1.112.3 - .8
3.4 + .53.9 - 1.11.9 - .17.6 + 1.48.8 + 1.9
. e .03.7 + 1.9
10.1 - 3.72.9 - 1.57.2 - 2.2
14.5 + 1.76.2 + 1.2
Source: Herbert boo and Ne Ford. Personal Income to Illinois Counties, 1950-202(r.0013 Department of Business ryd Economic a`eyelopment.
Iotal personal income a Wages and salary disbursements, plus other lain income, plus pro-prietors' income, plus property income, plus transfer patmenu, 1131111a personal contribution, forsocial insurance.
si Transfer Payments, "Ibis category is composed of payments to persons from gosernmentand business for which no services are performed expected. Cessernment transfers consist offederal, state, and local government pnymerits, including such, items at Old-Age and Sursisors'Insurance: unemployment -benefits: public employee pensions; direct relief; and pension, dioabiltTand relied payments to military uterus,. Indicidsosl bad debts to businesses are counted u bus,men transfers along with corporate gifts to prisate nonprofit institutions, carts prizes, and severalother minor items." Ford and Lyon, p. 9,
30
Tab
le 1
3.-
Bas
in..
Est
ablis
hmen
ts C
ovet
ed b
y th
o Ill
inoi
s U
nom
ploy
mon
t Com
pens
atio
n A
ct,
Eto
n le
mm
a an
d O
vart
or ly
Was
ps b
y T
ypo
In &
anon
Cer
ny, 1
947.
1955
, and
196
5
1947
"E
mpl
oyee
s19
55b
Em
ploy
ees
Num
-be
r
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qua
r-te
rlyw
ages
(300
0)
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Num
-be
r
Per
-ce
ntc. tota
l
Qua
r-te
rlyw
ages
(300
0)
Min
ing
108
3.5
674.
275
2.0
98C
ontr
act c
onst
ruct
ion
105
3.4
875.
527
07.
129
0M
anu'
-ctu
ring
1,89
261
.796
961
.02,
061
54.2
2,09
9T
rans
port
atio
n, c
omm
unic
atio
n, a
nd p
ub-
C^D
lie u
tiliti
es19
36.
31C
.16
721
55.
720
7
)'J'
Who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l tra
deF
inan
ce, i
nsur
ance
, and
rea
l est
ate
521 45
17,0 1,5
258 33
16.3
2.1
751 68
19.7
1.8
604
91S
ervi
ce a
nd m
isce
llane
ous
201
6.6
654.
036
59.
624
0T
otal
3,06
510
0.0
1,58
599
.83,
805
100.
13,
635
Per
-ce
nt ofto
tal
2.7
8.1
57.7 5.7
16.6
2.5
6.6
99.9
1965
Em
ploy
ees
Num
-be
t
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qum
-tc
rlyw
ages
(300
0
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
6.1
5.1
2..3
5,5
378
7.3
2,55
255
,33,
100
59.9
225
4.9
255
4.9
1,17
625
.51,
014
19.6
144
3.1
169
3.3
262
5,7
247
4,8
4,61
810
0.1
5,16
899
.9
Sam
os:
Illin
ois
Dep
art..
.of
Lab
or, I
llino
is S
tate
Em
ploy
men
t Ser
vice
, Div
isio
n of
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion,
Res
earc
h an
d S
tatis
tics
Sec
tion.
Mon
thly
Em
ploy
men
t atm
Atio
n.d
Vsy
rolls
of F
irms
Cov
ered
by
the
Illm
ois
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
rsom
on A
ct, b
y In
dust
ry. a
nd C
over
ed E
mpl
oym
ent a
ndW
age,
. by
Sue
of E
stab
lishm
ent a
nd b
y C
ount
y.(E
selu
des
data
for
farm
s, r
ailro
ads,
non
-pro
fit in
stitu
tions
dom
estic
ser
vice
, sel
f-em
ploy
men
t, an
d fir
ms
with
Wu
than
four
wor
kers
, unl
ess
they
hav
e vo
lunt
arily
ele
cted
cov
erag
e or
P-r
e su
bjec
t to
the
Fed
eral
Une
mpl
oym
ent T
ax A
ct.)
1947
dat
a:A
vera
ge e
mpl
oym
ent f
or fi
rst t
hree
mon
ths:
Wag
es p
ublis
hed
for
year
onl
y, b
ut o
ne q
uart
er o
f the
ann
ual w
ages
tota
l is
repo
rted
her
e fo
rco
mpa
rativ
e pu
rpos
es.
195S
dat
aA
vera
ge m
onth
ly e
mpl
oym
ent f
or th
e se
cond
hal
f of 1
955:
Wag
es p
ublis
hed
as to
tal f
or s
ec-m
d ha
lf, b
ut o
ne h
alf o
f tha
t fig
ure
is r
epor
ted
here
for
com
para
tive
mum
mer
.19
65 d
ata:
Am
moe
mon
thly
em
ploy
men
t for
lint
qua
rter
and
wag
es fo
r tin
t qua
rter
.
tO this
IQ
Tab
le 1
4. -
Bus
ines
s E
stab
lishm
ents
Cov
ered
by
Moo
Illin
ois
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion
Act
,E
mpl
oyee
s an
d C
nono
wly
Wag
es b
y T
ype
In L
aSal
le C
ount
y, 1
947,
195
5, a
nd 1
965
1947
Em
ploy
ees
1955
°E
mpl
oyee
s19
65E
mpl
oyer
s
Num
-be
e
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qua
r-te
rlyw
ages
($00
0)
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Num
-be
e
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qua
r-te
rlyw
ages
($00
0)
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Nun
.-be
e
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qum
-te
rlyw
ages
($00
0)
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Min
ing
774
3.4
566
3.5
622
2.1
941
3.0
464
1.7
786
2.2
Con
trac
t con
stru
ctio
n77
23.
41,
070
6.7
1,66
65.
71,
953
6.3
977
3.6
1,40
54.
0M
anuf
actu
ring
17,3
3368
.511
,102
69.6
19,1
1665
.621
,722
69.8
15,4
7760
.923
,808
67.8
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
pub
-lic
util
ities
1,1%
4.7
656
4.1
1,49
45.
11,
570
5.0
1,74
36.
42,
636
7.5
Who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l tra
de3,
751
14.8
1,8%
11.9
4,61
015
.83,
702
11.9
5,07
318
.84,
404
12.5
Fin
ance
, ins
uran
ce, a
nd r
eal e
stat
e27
21.
118
01.
1A
271.
546
31.
565
12.
490
82.
6S
ervi
ce a
nd m
isce
llane
ous
I ,20
24.
747
33.
01,
209
4.1
774
2.5
1,65
86.
11,
181
3.4
Tot
al25
,300
100.
015
,943
99.9
29,1
4499
.931
,125
100.
027
,043
99.9
35,1
2E10
0.0
Sou
rce:
Illin
ois
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lab
or, I
llino
is S
tate
Em
ploy
men
t Ser
vice
, Div
isio
n LI
1 U
nem
ploy
men
t Com
pens
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Sta
tistic
s S
ectio
n.N
font
hh. E
mpl
oym
ent a
nd A
nnua
l Pay
rolls
of R
ents
Cov
ered
by
the
Illin
ois
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion
AM
. by
Indu
stry
, and
Cov
ered
Em
ploy
men
t and
Wag
es b
y S
lay.
of E
stab
lishm
ent a
nd b
y C
ount
y.(E
xclu
des
data
for
farm
s, r
ailro
ads,
non
-pro
fit in
stitu
tions
, dom
estic
ser
vice
, sel
(imop
loym
ent,
and
firm
a w
ithIs
m th
an fo
ur c
oulte
rs, u
nles
s do
or h
ave
volu
ntar
ily e
lect
ed c
over
age
or a
re s
ubje
ct to
the
Fed
eral
Une
mpl
oym
ent T
ax A
ct.)
1947
dat
a:A
vera
ge e
mpl
oym
ent f
or fi
rst t
hree
mon
ths:
Wag
es p
ublis
hed
for
year
onl
y, b
ut o
ne q
oart
er o
f the
ann
ual w
ages
tota
l is
repo
rted
her
e fo
rco
mpa
rativ
e pu
rpea
m.
1955
dam
:A
vv,1
1.e
mon
thly
em
ploy
men
t for
the
seco
nd h
all o
f 195
5: W
ages
pub
lishe
d as
tota
l for
sec
ond
half,
but
one
hal
f of t
hat f
igur
e is
rep
orte
dM
ee fo
r co
mpa
rativ
e po
rpow
s.1%
5 da
ta:
Ave
rage
mon
thly
em
ploy
men
t for
Grit
qua
rter
and
wag
es fo
r fir
st q
uart
er.
41.
Bus
ines
s is
tabi
lthm
ents
Cov
ered
by
the
Illin
ois
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion
Act
,E
mpl
oyee
s an
d Q
uart
erly
Wag
es b
y T
ype
in M
arsh
all C
ount
y, 1
947,
195
5, a
nd 1
965
1947
1955
b19
65°
Em
ploy
ers
Em
ploy
ees
Em
ploy
ees
Per-
Qm
.r-
Per-
Per-
Qoa
r-Pe
r-Pc
r-Q
uar-
Per-
Num
- ce
ntte
rly
cent
Num
- ce
nttc
rly
cent
Num
- ce
ntte
rly
cent
bet
ofw
ages
ofbe
rof
wag
esof
bet
ofw
ages
ofto
tal
(500
0)to
tal
tota
l(5
000)
tota
lto
tal
(80O
O)
tota
l
!Alin
ing
182.
5.26
6.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Con
trac
t con
stru
ctio
n14
1 . 7
133.
328
2.7
252.
717
1.2
342.
4M
anuf
actu
ring
449
54.8
218
54.7
599
56.9
519
57.1
676
46.0
727
50.3
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
pub
-lic
util
ities
313.
810
7..5
555.
235
3.8
139
9.5
178
12.3
Who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l tra
de27
9:',
'1.0
121
30.4
275
26.1
226
24.9
510
34.7
401
27.8
Fina
nce,
insu
ranc
e, a
nd r
eal e
stat
e8
1.0
41.
024
2.3
384.
237
2.5
463.
2Se
rvic
e an
d m
isce
llane
ous.
.21
2.6
61.
571
6.7
657.
190
6.1
594.
1T
otal
820
100.
139
899
.91,
052
99.9
908
99.8
1,46
910
0.0
1,44
510
0.1
Sour
ce;
Itlio
..r D
epor
tmen
t of
Lab
or, I
llino
is S
tate
Em
ploy
men
t Ser
vice
, Div
isio
n of
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion,
Res
earc
h an
d St
atis
tics
Sect
ion.
Mon
thly
Em
ploy
men
t and
Ann
ual P
ayro
lls o
f Fi
rms
Cov
ered
by
the
Illin
ois
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion
Act
, by
Indu
stry
, and
Cov
ered
Em
ploy
men
t and
Wal
es b
y Si
re o
f Fa
tblis
hmem
and
by
Cou
nty.
(Exc
lude
s da
ta f
or f
arm
s, r
ailr
oads
, non
-pro
fit i
nstit
utio
ns, d
omes
tic s
ervi
ce, s
elf-
empl
oym
ent,
and
firm
s w
ithIm
s th
an f
our
wor
kers
, unl
it,s
they
hav
e vo
lunt
arily
ele
cted
cov
erag
e or
are
sub
ject
to th
e Fe
dera
l Une
mpl
oym
ent T
ax A
ct.)
1947
dat
a:A
vera
ge e
mpl
oym
ent f
or li
nt th
ree
mon
ths:
Wag
es p
ublis
hed
for
year
onl
y, b
ut o
ne q
uart
er o
f th
e an
nual
wag
es to
tal i
s re
peat
ed h
ere
for
com
para
tive
purp
ort,.
1955
dat
a:A
vera
ge m
onth
ly e
mpl
oym
ent f
or th
e se
cond
hal
f of
195
3: W
ages
pub
lishe
d as
tota
l for
sec
ond
half
, but
one
hal
f of
that
fig
ure
is r
epor
ted
here
for
com
para
tive
purp
oses
_19
63 d
am: A
vera
ge m
onth
ly e
mpl
oym
ent f
or f
irst
qua
rter
and
wag
es f
or f
irst
qua
rter
,
Tab
le 1
6.B
usin
ess
Est
edsl
ishr
rom
h C
over
ed b
y th
e Ill
inoi
s U
nem
ploy
men
t Com
pens
atio
n A
ct,
Em
ploy
... a
nd O
vert
., ly
Wog
s, b
y T
ypo
in P
utna
m C
ount
y, 1
947,
1955
, and
196
5
1947
Em
ploy
ers
1955
h
Em
ploy
ees
1965
^E
mpl
oyee
s
Num
-be
r
Per
-ce
nt ofto
tal
Qua
,te
rlyw
ages
(5000)
Per
-ce
nt oftotal
Num
-bc
r
Per
.ce
nt ofto
tal
Qua
,te
rlyw
ages
(S00
0)
Pcr
-ce
nt of tota
l
Num
-be
e
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qua
,te
rlyw
ages
(S00
0)
Per
-ce
nt ofto
tal
CA
O
1;1.
Min
ing
Con
trac
t con
stru
ctio
n0 0
.0 .00 0
.0 .0(1
)(4
)(1
)(a
)(4
) ()(4
)(n
)(4
) 6(4
)2.
4(4
)11
(4)
3.4
anuf
actu
ring
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
pub
licoo
litic
0.0
0.0
9944
.212
357
.288
35.3
148
38.3
Who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l tra
de17
22.1
514
.335
15.6
3013
.977
30.9
6419
.9F
inan
ce, i
nsur
ance
, and
rea
l est
ate
6077.9
3085
.7(4
)(4
)(4
)(4
)15
6.0
165.
0S
ervi
ce a
nd m
isce
llane
ous
0.o
0.0
9040
.262
28.8
6325
.382
25.5
Tot
al,
..
......
....
7710
0.0
3510
0.0
224
100.
021
599
.924
999
.932
110
0.2
Sou
rce
Illoo
na D
epar
tmen
t or
Labo
r.St
are
Em
ploy
men
tS
ervi
ce, D
ivis
ion
ofU
nem
ploy
men
t Com
pens
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Stat
istic
s Se
ctio
n.M
umm
yF
,,opl
o,m
ent a
nd A
nnua
l Pay
roll.
of F
irms.
C r
eed
by th
e Il
linoi
s U
nem
ploy
men
t Com
pens
atio
n A
rt, b
y In
dust
ry, a
nd C
over
ed E
mpl
oym
ent a
ndW
age.
be
See
of E
stal
dohm
ent a
nd b
y C
ount
y.(E
gelu
des
data
for
(arm
.,ra
ilroa
ds,
non-
prof
it in
.titu
tioni
. dom
estic
ser
vice
, sel
f-em
ploy
men
t, an
d fir
ma
with
Ins
than
four
wor
ker.
. uni
tv th
ey h
ave
volu
ntar
ilyle
cted
cov
erag
e or
are
sub
ject
to th
e Fe
dera
l Une
mpl
oym
ent T
ax A
ct.)
1147
.lat
er:
Ave
rage
em
ploy
men
t for
firs
t thr
ee m
onth
s:W
ages
pub
lishe
d fo
r ye
aron
ly,
but o
ne q
uart
er o
f the
ann
ual w
ages
tota
l is
repo
rted
here
for
""Ir
1.41
71":
,traP
7kV
erlIt
te m
onth
ly e
mpl
oym
ent F
or th
e se
cond
hal
f of 1
955;
Wag
., pu
hfilh
edas
tota
l for
sec
ond
half
, but
one
hal
f of
that
fig
ure
is r
epor
ted
here
Inc
iWoi
KW
." A
vera
ge m
onth
ly e
mpl
oym
ent f
orfi
rst q
uart
etan
d w
ages
for
fint
qua
rter
.N
ot r
epor
tsd
topr
otec
t ide
ntity
of
indi
vidu
al b
usin
esse
s.
3
Tab
leB
usin
ess
Est
ablis
hmen
ts C
over
ed b
y th
e Ill
inoi
s U
nem
ploy
men
t Com
pens
atio
n A
ct,
Em
ploy
ee. a
nd Q
uart
erly
Wag
es b
y T
ypo
in Ir
oquo
is C
ount
y, 1
947,
195
5, a
nd 1
965
1947
Smpl
oyee
s19
556
Em
ploy
ees
Num
-bc
r
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qua
r-te
rlyw
age'
s($
000)
Per
-ce
nt or tota
l
Num
-bc
r
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qua
r-te
rly
wag
es(S
000)
Min
ing
(4)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(t)
(4)
Con
trac
t con
stru
ctio
n55
3.2
697.
530
89.
629
2St
anuf
actu
ring
870
50.4
471
50.9
1,45
645
.21,
056
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
pub
licut
ilitie
s12
37.
153
5.7
187
5.8
123
Who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l tra
de57
333
.129
131
.499
330
.862
1Fi
nanc
e, o
tsur
ance
, and
rea
l est
ate
563.
228
3.0
642.
074
Serv
ice
and
mis
cella
neou
s49
2.8
181.
921
56.
715
5T
otal
1,72
699
.893
0'10
0.4
3,22
3°10
0.1"
2,32
1°
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
(d)
12.6
45.5
5.3
26.8 3.2
6.7
100.
1
1965
°E
mpl
oyee
s
Num
-bc
r
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
Qua
r-te
rly
wag
es(8
000)
Per
-ce
nt of tota
l
(d)
(4)
(4)
(4)
208
5.5
250
6.5
1,59
142
.21,
828
47.5
223
5.9
241
6.3
1,24
833
.11,
042
27.1
147
3.9
184
4.8
356
9.4
300
7.8
3,77
3°10
0.0'
3,84
5°10
0.0
Sr,
oree
:Ill
inoi
s D
epar
tmen
t of L
abor
, Illi
nois
Sta
te E
mpl
oym
ent S
ervi
ce. D
ivis
ion
of U
nem
ploy
men
t Com
pens
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Sta
tistic
s S
ectio
n.M
onth
ly E
mpl
owrw
ot a
nd A
nnua
l Pay
rolls
of F
irms
Cov
ered
by
the
Illin
ois
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion
Act
, by
Indu
stry
, and
Cov
ered
Em
ploy
men
t and
Wag
es b
y hi
re o
f Est
ablis
hmen
t and
by
Cou
nty.
(Exc
lude
s da
ta fo
r fa
rms,
rai
lroad
s, n
on-p
rofit
inst
itutio
ni, d
omes
tic s
ervi
ce, s
elf-
empl
oym
ent,
and
firm
a w
ithkm
than
flue
wor
kers
, °oh
m th
ey h
ave
volu
nt,ti
ly e
lect
ed c
over
age
or a
re s
ubje
ct to
the
fede
ral U
nem
ploy
men
t Tax
Act
.)l'4
7 da
m A
vera
ge e
mpl
oym
ent f
oe li
nt th
ree
mon
ths,
Wag
es p
ublis
hed
for
year
onl
y, b
ut o
ne q
uart
er o
f the
ann
ual w
ags
tota
l is
repo
rted
her
e fo
rco
mpa
rativ
e pu
rpos
es.
I955
dat
a,A
vera
ge m
onth
ly e
mpl
oym
ent f
or th
e se
cond
hal
f of 1
955,
War
m p
ublis
hed
as to
tal f
or s
econ
d ha
lf, M
.: on
e ha
lf of
that
figu
re is
rep
orte
dhe
re fo
r ro
mpa
rativ
e pu
rpos
es.
fOh5
dat
aA
vera
ge m
onth
ly e
mpl
oym
ent f
or fi
rst q
uart
er In
d w
ages
for
first
qua
rter
.4
Not
rep
orte
d to
pro
tect
iden
tity
of in
divi
dual
bus
ines
ses,
Tot
al ti
n, n
ot in
clud
e "n
ot r
epor
ted"
dat
a.
Cr.
Tab
le 1
11. -
!hill
ines
s E
stab
lishm
ents
Cov
eted
by
the
Illin
ois
Une
mpl
oym
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion
Act
,E
mpl
oyee
s an
d Q
oast
esly
Wag
es b
y T
ype
in Il
linoi
s, 1
947,
195
5, a
nd 1
965
1947
Em
ploy
ers
1955
Em
ploy
ees"
1965
Em
ploy
ees
Num
ber
Perc
ent Q
uart
erly
ofw
ages
tota
l($
000,
000)
Perc
ent
of tota
lN
umbe
rPe
rcen
t Qua
rter
ly P
erce
r.
(000
)to
tal
(sOCZNo)
total
lum
ber
Perc
ent Q
uart
erly
Per
cent
'(°n°)
(s(Wroesoo)
total
Min
ing
NR
NR
NR
NR
301.
238
1.3
24.9
421.
0C
ontr
act c
onst
ruct
ion.
.N
RN
RN
RN
R14
65.
721
17.
112
74,
622
75.
5C
OM
anuf
actu
ring
Nit
Nit
NR
Nit
1,26
749
.61,
550
52.0
1,26
745
.72,
039
49.4
CP)
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
com
mun
ica-
tion,
and
publ
ic u
tiliti
esN
RN
RN
RN
R.
177
6.9
215
7.2
188
6.8
323
7.8
Who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l tra
deN
itN
RN
RN
R.
596
23.3
61 5
20.7
721
26.0
917
22.2
Fina
nce,
insu
ranc
e, a
nd r
eal
esta
teN
RN
RN
RN
R13
25.
215
05.
016
65.
925
06.
1Se
rvic
e an
d m
isce
llane
ous.
.N
RN
RN
itN
R20
98.
220
06.
727
710
.033
08.
0T
otal
NR
NR
.N
RN
R2,
558
100.
12,
980
100.
02,
770
99.9
4,12
810
0.0
Illin
u:so
!V
olum
ene
of L
abor
. Illi
nois
Sta
n: E
mpl
oym
ent S
ervi
ce, D
ivis
ion
of U
nem
ploy
men
t Com
pens
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Stat
ist'.
Sec
tion,
Mon
thly
Em
-pl
oym
ent a
nd A
nnua
l Pay
rolls
of
Firm
s C
over
ed b
y th
e Il
linoi
s tln
empl
isrm
ent C
ompe
nsat
ion
Act
. by
Inou
sery
. and
Com
e re
d E
mpl
oym
ent a
nd W
ages
by
Size
of
Est
ablis
h.m
em a
nd b
y O
no I
r.E
Irill
des
data
for
far
ces,
rai
:roa
ds. n
on.p
ront
Ins
titut
:oft
, dom
estic
ser
vice
, sel
l-em
ploy
men
t, an
d fi
rms
with
less
than
fou
r w
orke
rs, u
nles
s th
eytw
ee y
olon
tara
y .L
eane
d co
vera
ge o
r or
e su
bjec
t to
the
tede
ral U
nem
ploy
men
t T.:
Act
.)19
55 d
ata.
Ave
rage
mon
thly
...n
omm
en. f
or th
e se
cond
hal
f of
195
5:W
ages
pub
lishe
d as
tota
l for
sec
ond
half
, but
one
-hal
f of
that
fig
ure
is r
epor
ted
here
for
orul
pesr
ariv
e pu
rpos
e,10
(.S
Ais
ta,
Ave
rage
mon
thly
em
ploy
men
t for
fir
st q
uart
er a
nd w
ages
for
fir
st q
uart
er.
NIL
Not
rep
orte
d.
BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 37
The Agricultural SectorAs was noted in the ecological analysis of the experimental and control
areas, the number of persons employed in agriculture has decreasedsteadily during the past two ckcades; however, farm proprietors' incomestill accounts for about a quarter of the personal income in Bureau andMarshall counties and for a third in Putnam County.
The list below shows the percentage of personal income in 1965 fromthe agricultural sector for at+ county in the study area and for the state.Putnam 34.3Marshall 29.7Iroquois 28.8Bureau 27.2LaSalle 8.5Illinois 3.1
Add to this wages paid on farms ar d the farm share of the propertyincome, and a very sui)stantial part of the total income in these countieswould come from farming. In LaSalle County, the farm proprietors' shareof the total income is much smaller, about 8 percent, and for the state ofIllinois as a whole it is only about 3 percent. Thus from most of theexperimental area agricultural income still is the most important segmentof the economy, though its importance relative to other sources of incomeis declining.
In Iroquois County farm proprietors' income accounts for about 30percent of thl total income. Add to this the farm income from propertyand farm wages within the county, and the total income attributable tofarming would likely be almost half of the total income in the county.
l,everal agricultural trends can be seen in the study areas (Table 19).Farms in both the experimental and control areas have followed the gen-eral pattern of becoming fewer in number and larger in size. The averagevalue of land and buildings per farm has increased much more than farmsize in all counties concerned. Of course, there has been general inflationin the economy during this period. The average value of products soldper farm has increased, but not as much as the rise in land values.Development of larger machinery for field work has resulted in lowerlabor requirements in the aggregate. Thus many farm operators havecompletely left the farm.
Other farmers who sere unable to expand their farming cperation,but who remained in farming, have looked for and often founi. part-timeoff-farm jobs. Many farm operators have held down full-time ca-farmjobs while continuing their fanning operation.
The number of farms in all fann sizes below 260 acres {Tables 20-25)has declined from 1950 to 1)61 in all the counties studied by this project.And in Putnam County even the size group 260 to 499 acres has had adecline in farm numbers since L95a. &fore that tiine the number offarms in that %in group was increasing in Putnam County.
3
Tab
le 1
9. -
Agr
icol
hara
l Tre
nds
by C
ount
y an
d fo
r Ill
inoi
s, 1
950,
195
4.19
59, a
nd 1
964
1950
1954
1959
1964
Per
cent
chan
ge,
1950
-196
4
Bur
eau
Cou
nty
Num
ber
of fa
rm2,
904
2,73
52,
585
2,23
7-2
3.0
Per
cent
of l
and
in fa
rms
93.6
91.2
V4.
592
.6-
1.0
Ave
rage
AliT
C o
f far
ms
(acr
es)
179.
118
5.2
203.
223
0.0
28.4
Ave
rage
val
ue o
f lan
d an
d bu
ildin
gs p
er fa
rm$4
1,81
455
7,57
557
2,25
8$
85,8
7710
5.4
Acr
es h
arve
sted
372,
000
369,
000
392,
000
358,
000
- 3.
8A
vera
ge v
alue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
per
farm
$10,
576
$12,
874
$17,
129
$ 22
,026
108.
3F
arm
ope
-..s
tors
wor
king
off
farm
s 10
0 or
mor
e da
ys21
818
627
522
11,
4C
.,C
eT
otal
val
ue o
f pro
duct
s so
ld (
mill
ions
of d
olla
rs)
LaS
alle
Cou
nty
$30
.75
35.2
S44
.3$
49.3
60.6
Num
ber
of fa
rms
3,73
03,
487
3,23
32,
765
-25.
9P
erce
nt o
f lan
d in
farm
s89
.890
.090
.489
.0-
.8A
vera
ge s
ize
of fa
rms
(acr
es)
177.
819
0.4
206.
323
7.7
33.7
Ave
rage
val
ue o
f lan
d an
d bu
ildin
gs p
er fa
rm...
$45,
245
560,
081
587,
373
5102
,336
126.
2A
cres
har
vest
ed51
6,00
051
7,00
053
6,00
049
6,00
0-
3.9
Ave
rage
val
ue o
f pro
duct
s so
ld p
er fa
rm$
9,60
751
2,15
251
5,86
85
21,0
9811
9.6
Far
m o
pera
tors
wor
king
off
'arm
s 10
0 or
mor
e da
ys37
239
048
142
213
.4T
otal
val
ue o
f pro
duct
s so
ld (
mill
ions
of d
olla
rs)
$35
.8$
42.4
$51
.3$
58.3
62.8
Mar
shal
l Cou
nty
Num
ber
of fa
rm1,
190
1,11
11,
029
914
-23.
2P
erce
nt o
f lan
d in
farm
s91
.489
.890
.389
.1-
2.3
Ave
rage
siz
e of
farm
s (a
cres
)19
4.2
204.
422
1.7
246.
526
.9A
vera
ge v
alue
of l
and
and
build
ings
per
farm
$43,
842
$66,
925
$83,
176
$102
,294
133.
3A
cres
har
vest
ed.
162,
000
161,
600
164,
000
159,
000
- 1.
9A
vera
ge v
alue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
per
farm
$ 9,
390
511,
529
513,
720
$ 20
,574
119.
1F
arm
ope
rato
rs w
orki
ng o
ff fa
rms
100
or m
ore
days
133
9611
012
4-
6.8
Tot
al -
slue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
(m
illio
ns o
f dol
lars
)$
11.2
$12
.85
14.1
518
.867
.9
Tab
' ) 1
9. -
Agr
icul
tura
l Tre
nds
by C
alm
ly a
nd fo
r Ill
inoi
s, 1
950,
195
4, 1
959,
and
196
4 Ic
oncl
adoe
n
Per
cent
1950
1954
1959
1964
char
ge,
1950
.196
4
Put
nam
Cou
nty
Num
ber
of fa
rms
468
437
395
346
-26.
1P
erce
nt o
f lan
d in
farm
s87
.884
.286
.984
.4-
3.4
Ave
rage
siz
e of
farm
s (a
cres
)19
9.5
204.
723
3.7
259.
029
.8A
vera
ge v
alue
of l
and
and
build
ings
per
farm
538,
534
554,
502
592,
823
$ 95
,347
147.
4A
cres
har
vest
ed60
,000
58,0
0061
,000
61,0
001.
7A
vera
ge v
alue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
per
farm
% 9
,6o
511,
375
516,
548
5 23
,061
13h.
0F
arm
ope
rato
rs w
orki
ng o
ff fa
rms
100
or m
ore
days
4440
5958
31.8
Tot
al v
alue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
(m
illio
ns o
f dol
lars
)$
4.5
S5.
0S
6.5
$8.
077
.8
Iroq
uois
C.o
..ity
Num
ber
of fa
rm3,
526
3,09
42,
976
2,50
7-2
8.9
CZ
Per
cent
of l
and
in fa
rms
Ave
rage
site
orfa
rms
(acr
es)
94.6
192.
390
.320
9.7
94.0
226.
894
.126
9.6
-.5
39.8
CD
Ave
rage
val
ue o
f lan
d an
d bu
ildin
gs p
er fa
rm54
3,88
356
0,67
159
0,12
631
12,1
2415
5.5
Acr
es h
arve
sted
559,
000
532,
000
565,
000
546,
000
- 2.
3A
vera
ge v
alue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
per
farm
S 8
,889
$12,
162
$12,
712
$ 22
,541
153.
6F
arm
ope
rato
rs w
orki
ng o
ff fa
rms
100
or m
ore
days
240
231
405
313
30.4
Tot
al v
alue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
(m
illio
ns o
f dol
lars
)S
31.3
S37
.6S
37.8
$56
.580
.5Ill
inoi
sN
umbe
r of
farm
s19
5,26
817
6,54
315
5,64
413
3,82
2-3
1.8
Per
cent
of l
and
in fa
rms
86.5
84.9
84.7
83.7
- 2.
8A
vera
ge s
ize
orra
ms
(acr
es)
158.
617
3.2
196.
122
5.5
42.2
Ave
rage
val
ue o
f lan
d an
d bu
ildin
gs p
er fa
rm$2
8,35
711
40,9
6756
3,94
4$
80,8
9418
5.3
Acr
es h
arve
sted
(00
0,00
0)20
2121
200
Ave
rage
val
ue o
f pro
duct
s so
ld p
er fa
rm$
6,97
6$
8,57
751
1,70
8$
18,8
8017
0.6
Far
m o
pera
tors
wor
king
off
farm
s 10
0 or
mot
e da
ys33
,846
32,7
5035
,765
18,2
12-4
6.2
Tot
al v
alue
of p
rodu
cts
sold
(m
illio
ns o
f dol
lars
)S
1,3
60$
1,50
9$
1,81
4$
2,51
184
5
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
of A
gric
ultu
re.
40 BULLETIN No. 736
Table 20. Number of Farms by Acreage Sire Group,Bureau County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964
[December,
1950 1954 1959 1964
Percentchange,
1950-1964
Number of farms 2,904 2,735 2,585 2,237 -23.0Acres
Under 10.. 125 140 73 39 -68.810- 49 182 153 165 117 -35.750- 69 52 33 41 34 -34.670- 99 260 220 161 153 -41.2
100-139. 397 336 266 196 -90.6140 -179.. 663 639 555 419 -36.3180 -219.. 385 355 348 259 -32.7220-259 337 355 343 288 -14,5260-499 456 447 560 628 37.7503-999 44 55 72 96 118.2Above 999 3 2 1 8 166.7
Source: U.S. Census or Agriculture.
There has been a substantial increase in the numbers of farms in the500- to 999-acre gro,n in alt counties studied, ranging from 166 percentin Marshall County to 211 percent in Iroquois County. Farm numbersin the farm size over 1,000 acres have increased from 85 percent in IroquoisCounty to 100 percent in LaSalle County. The absolute increase in num-bers seas also largest in LaSalle County. The increase in farm numbershas speeded up since 1959 in the larger size groups.
Table 21. Number of Farms by Acreage Sire Group,LaSalle County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964
1950 1954 1959 1964
Percentchange,
1950-1964
Number of farms 3,730 3,487 3,233 2,765 -25.9Acres
Under 10 176 105 73 59 -66.510- 49 268 221 222 135 -49.050- 69 67 59 54 53 -20.970- 99 311 28/ 243 176 -43.4
100-139 427 394 332 225 -47.3140 -179 913 797 634 439 -51.9180-219 418 413 387 288 -35 7220 -239 462 462 438 389 -15.8260-199 613 671 773 868 41.6500-999 43 51 72 123 186.0Above 999 2 2 5 10 100.0
Source: U.S. Census or Agriculture.
40
1969] B.rOISE INDUSTRIALIZATION
Table 22. Nureker of Farms by Acreage Size Group,Marshal County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964
41
1950 1954 1959 1964
Percentchange,
1950-1964
Number of farms 1,190 1,111 1,029 914 23.2Acres
Under 10 81 53 19 25 69.110- 49 70 69 62 44 37.150- 69 21 18 15 13 38.170- 99 97 84 79 52 46,4
100-139 86 76 71 62 27.9140 -179 273 241 200 157180-219 126 113 96 80 36.5210-259 151 165 166 129 14.6260-499 259 260 277 295 13.9500-999 25 32 42 54 116.0Above 999 1 0 2 3 200.0
Source: U.S. Census of Agriculture.
The increase of farm operators working of their farms 100 days ormore (Table 19) shows the importance of the trend to larger fulls. Thistrend should be increasingly important with the creation of additionalemployment possibilities in industry in the community.
Farm operators in the experimental and control areas are in a strongeragricultural position than farmers in Illinois as a whole (Tables 19 to 25).
Table 23. Number of Forms by Acreage Size Group,Putnam County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964
1950 1954 1959 1964
Percentchange,
1950-1964
Number of farms 468 437 395 346 26.1Acres
Under 10 19 20 4 5 73.710- 49 31 32 27 24 22.654- 69 11 13 12 13 18.270- 99 39 33 24 19 51.3
100-139 63 .51 37 29 54.0140-179 85 76 72 51 40.018C -219 56 51 41 36 35,7220-259 56 50 57 45 19.6260 499 89 89 91 85 3.4503-999 17 21 23 34 100.0Above 9'99 2 1 4 4 100.0
Source:, U.S. Census of Agriculture.
42 BULLETIN No. 736
Table 24. - Numb's. of Farms by Acreage Silo Group,Iroquois County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964
[December,
Percent1950 1954 1959 1964 change,
1950-1960
Number of farms 3,526 3,094 2,976 2,507 -28.9Acres
Under 10 190 122 119 65 -65.810- 49 198 132 155 97 -51.050- 69 44 28 40 19 -56.870- 99 242 196 182 132 -45.5
100-139 402 318 226 163 -59.5144-179 801 670 556 377 -52.91's0-219. 438 383 323 231 -47.3220-259 434 419 389 288 -33.6260-499 .33 728 836 913 29.9500-999 67 92 143 209 211.9Above 999 7 6 7 13 85.7
Source: U.S Census of Agriculture.
The average size of fann was larger in the study areas in 1950 and 1964than in the state as a whole; the average value of land and buildings wasgreater; the average value of products sold per farm was greater; and al-though farm numbers have decreased less rapidly than in the state as awhole, average farm size and products sold were still larger in the studyarea than in the state as a whole. Some of the differences come fromhigher agricultural productivity in the study area than in other parts ofthe state.
UM. 25. - Numbir of Fermi by Acreage SI:* Group,Minch, 1950,1954,1959, and 1964
1950 1954 1959 1964
Percentchange,
1950-1964
Number of farms 195,268 175,543 154,644 132,822 -32.0Acres
Under 10 14,009 11,225 6,245 4,380 -68.710- 49 27,966 21,883 18,668 14,418 -48.450-- 69 8,537 6,893 5,973 4,953 -42.070- 99. 20,551 17,135 14,106 11,367 -44.7
100-139 25,002 20,912 16,392 12,939 -48.2140-179 31,709 28,354 22,653 16,866 -46.8180-219 19,4-04 18,413 15,875 12,375 -36.2720-259 16,140 16,264 15,279 12,481 -22.7203-499 .. 27 65, 79,504 32,689 33,214 20.1500-999. 3,849 4,501 6,190 8,919 129.3Above 999 408 426 574 910 123.0
Source: U.S. Census of Agriculture
42
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 43
A summary of the general importance of the agricultural sector in theeconomic system of each of the counties being studied here can be ascer-tained by figuring the percent of total income derived from agricultuifor farm proprietors' inccme and farm wages. The percentages are asfollows: Putnam, 34.3 percent; Marshall, 29.7 percent; Iroquois, 28.8 pc :-cent; Bureau, 27.2 percent; LaSalle, 8.5 percent; and the state as a whole,3.1 percent. If the agricultural share of income due to properties andinvestments was added to these figures they would likely be substantiallyhigher in the more rural counties, such as the first four listed, but it islikely that the counties would still be listed in the same order for percentof income which is derived from agriculture.
With industrialization and greater local job opportunities, the declinein farm numbers in the smaller size groups may be arrested. Farms upto 180 acres are generally considered less than a full-time one-man job.Fann operators in these size groups could have a full-time off-farm joband stir continue farming. In the size group from 180 to 260 acres, afull-time off-farm job would be hard to hold while doing a good job offarming. In the next size group (260 to 499 acres), a full-time off-farmjob would not be possible along with the farm work without a great dealof hired farm labor. Operators of farms over 500 acres are not expectedto seek off-fain work except on a part-time seasonal basis on grain farms.
Thus a slowdown of decline in farm numbers in the size groups below180 acres, a continued decline in farm numbers in the size groups from180 to 499 acres, and a continued but slower increase in number of farmsover 500 acres in size may be expected. For farms to expand much above600 acres, the farm operator must begin hiring labor. Since the local priceof labor will rise with industrialization, increase in large farms will likelybe slowed, more capital substitution for labor will occur, and substitutionof less labor-intensive farm enterprises Will occur (e.g., grain farming in-stead of livestock farming).
The Contract-Construction SectorThe percentages of total personal income (Tables 7 to 12) provided
in 1965 by contractconstruction were as follows:
Illinois 3.8LaSalle 3.1Iroquois 2.1Bureau 2.2Nfa rshal I 1.7Putnam 1.2
these figures reflect only wages paid for contract-construction workin the study areas and may not accuratc1) ref? ct other kinds of capitalinvestment being made their. Still, the ranking would seem to indicatethat more construction is taking place in the state as a 5, hole or in indus-trialized areas like LaSalle County than in more rural areas. For example,
44 131214ATIN No. 736 [December,
the rank order of percentage of total personal income contributed by con-tract construction is almost the inserse of that noted for agricalture. Therelative contribution of contract-construction ,:ork to the economy ofPutnam County will probably increase sharply, in the figures for 1966 andlater because of construction associated with the J&L plant.
In all counties the number of contract-construction employees in-creased rapidly between 1947 and 1955, but declined between 1955 and1965 (Tables 13 to 18). The state shows the same pattern. The patternmay be due to the monthly employment levels from schich the averagemonthly employments were computed in the different years (entire year,1917; second six months, 1955; first quarter, 1965). The pattern does,however, seem to be verified in the estimates of personal income figures(Table 7 to 12).
The amount of contract construction is closely related to the economicgrowth rate in an area. Since construction for any specific investment isa one-time-only expenditure, a continuing high level of construction isindication of an expanding economy. In subsequent years the effect ofconstruction is a multiplier effect assuming continued full employment offacilities. The general economic growth in following years is dependenton preceding levels of construction.
One of the most important recent construction jobs (before the J&Lplant) that will have long-run effects is the limited-access highway U.S.80 which passes east and west through the north edge of the experimentalarea. This highway greatly reduces truck and auto travel time betweenthe Chicago metropolitan area and the tri-city area (Rock Island, Moline,and Davenport).
The Manufacturing (and Alining) SectorSince mining income has dwindled to a veri small proportion of the
income in all the counties being considered and in Illinois as a whole, itis being aggregated here with income derived from manufacturing.
Personal income from mining is not a very good measure of .ho con-tribution of mining to the economy because of high mechanization in themining industry. Most of the remaining mining in the area is surfacemining of gravel and cement lime. Both of these are as highly mechanizedas other strip-mining types of operations.
The ranking for the proportion of income derived from manufacturingand mining in 1965 (Tables 7 to 12) would then be:
L: Salle 33.4Illinois 26.0Bureau 16.0Marshall 10.9Iroquois 10.3Putnam .8
44
1969] BEFORE NM:ST/UAL! EAT/ ON 45
The remarkable change found in the data on proportion of incomeaccounted for by manufacturing and mining from 1955 to 1965 is theunexpected increase in the rural counties of Bureau, Marshall, and Iro-quois (Tables 7, 9, 11). In previously industrialized LaSalle County, theperiod 1917 to 1963 showed a small decline in people employed in manu-facturing (Table 31) while the proportion of income received within thecounty from manufacturing remained about the same (Table 8). InPutnam County, on the other hand, there has never been much manu-facturing and at some points in time no persons appear to have beenemployed by manufacturing plants (Table 31).
When these figures are compared with U.S. census figures on theindustry groups of employed people (Table 5), the only conclusion onecan reach is that a good deal of commuting across county lines to manu-facturing jobs must be taking place. In 1960, for example, 420 personslisted their industry group as manufacturing in Putnam County wherereports for total personal income paid out in the county show no manu-facturing income. The same kind of discrepancies are noted in Marshalland Bureau counties, though to a much smaller degree. Accounting forthe interregional transfer of income from its source or production to theplace of expenditure is easy when countries or relatively large regionsare the units of analysis, but becomes difficult vith smaller units such ascounties. The use of secondary data in conjunction with sample surveyscan specify such patterns of interchange,' but unfortunately the latterwere not available for this analysis.
Data on kinds of manufactur:og plants and numbers of employees(Tables 26 to 30) make possible the following descriptive summaries ofmanufacturing in each of the counties.
In Bureau County (Table 26) there has been a sharp decline in num-ber of food industry plants along with some decline in apparel and relatedproducts plants. Lumber and wood products industry completely disap-peared fmm the county between 1954 and 1963, along with stone, clay, andglass products manufacturing. However, the county has managed to showoverall industrial growth, especially in fabricated metal products produc-tion. Though there were no such plants in 1947, there were 13 in 1963.Also, six machinery plants were opened in the early 1950's.
Although the total number of plait.; has declined, the number ofemployees engaged in manufacturing has increased. This has occurredbecause there has been a large enough increase in numbers of plants hiringbetween 20 and 99 employees and those hiring 100 or more employees tooffset the decline in number of plants hiring 19 employees or less. Thischange in the structure of the manufacturing sector shows up in thefood, printing and pubIlvliing, and machinery industries. This structural
'S-ott Kees and Bcuy C Churchill. IntraCounty Allocation of County In-come Estimates: A Potential Tool for Local Economic Studies. University of Illi-nnis at Urbana-Champaign B ireau of Cr-mr iunity Planning. 1967.
46 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Table 26. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Bureau County, 1947, 1954, and 1963
1947Employees
1934Employees
1963Employees
20- ver1-19 Over99 99 1-19 20.
99Over
99Over20-
99 99
Ordn?7,..e and ac cessories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Foci.; and kindre i 15 1 0 11 2 0 1 3 1
Tobacco manufactures 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 J
Textile mill products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Apparel and related 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0Lumber and wood 3 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0
Furniture and fixtures ft 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Printing and publishing 7 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0
Chemicals and allied. 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0Petroleum and coal products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0Stone, clay, and glass 6 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0
Primary metals 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0Fabricated metal 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 4 1
Machinery (except electrical) 0 0 0 4 2 0 2 2 2
Electrical machinery 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Transportation equipment 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0instruments and related 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Miscellaneous 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 36 7 4 29 12 4 19 12 6
Source: U.S. Census of Manufactures.
change in the manufacturing sector parallels the structural change in thefarm sector were total number of farms is declining, but farm outputis increasing as average farm size increases.
In LaSalle County (Table 27) the largest number of plants has beenconcentrated in the food products category. However, the stone, clay, andglass industry group still is probably the real mainstay of manufacturing inthe county, with the number of plants remaining about the same and nineof them numbering over 100 employees in 1963. In fact, at least so ofthese plants had over 1,000 employees. The small number of apparel, lum-ber and wood, furniture, and paper and allied products manufacturers hasremained about the same since 1947. The few chemical plants haveremained much the same since 1947. There h .'s been a slow decline inpimary metal plants, wish only five remaining in 1963, while the numberof fabricated mttai products plants has remaine I about the same. The!low increase in non-electrical machinery manufacturing has brought thenumber of plants in that category to 18 in 1963. There are several largerelectrical machinery plants as well.
46
1969] BE FORE INDUSTRIALIZAT ION 47
Overall, in the 16-year period, there has been a proliferation of smallerindustrial plants in the county %,ith some decline in the number of largerones. However, several of the large plants have increased it size substan-tially. One plant in Ottawa, for example, has increased Com less than1,000 to over 2,000 employees, with output much more than doubledbecause of investment in improved equipment.
In Marshall County (Table 28) the overall number of industrial plantsis up slightly, but the character of manufacturing in the county has changed.The change in character has resulted from the addition of new industryrather than the decline of existing industrial plants. Since 1954, thecounty has o,lened its first chmical, rubber or plastic, fabricated metal,non-electrical machinery, and transportation equipment plants. Thenumber of stcne, clay, or glass plants has grown to three.
In Putnam County (Table 29) only one industrial plant was reportedthrough 1954, a printing and publishing plant. Between 1954 and 1963 afood plant, a paper or allied products plant, and a stone, clay, or glass plantappeared, all having fewer than 20 employees.
Table 21. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,LaSalle County, 1941, 1954, and 1963
1947:mployccs
1954Employees
1963Employees
1.1.4 2099
Over99 1 -19 20-
99Over
991_19 20-
99Over
99
Ordnance and accessories .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Food and kindred 18 12 0 25 7 3 21 10 2Tobacco nanufactures 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Textile mill products 0 0 9 0 0 0 3 I 0Apparel and related 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 0Lumber and wood 3 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0
Furniture and fixtures 0 I 1 0 2 0 1 0 1
Paper and allied ...... 1 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 2Printing and publishing II 4 I 15 4 I 12 4 1
Chemicals and allied 3 2 1 0 3 1 3 3 1
Petroleum and coal products 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Stone, clay, and glass II 3 10 10 3 10 11 2 9
Primary metals 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 1
Fabricated metal 4 3 2 9 4 2 7 4 2Machinery (except electrical/ 7 8 I 8 6 2 10 7 1
Electrical machinery I 0 2 0 0 3 1 I 3
Transportation equipment I I 1 2 (1 1 4 1 1
Instruments and related 0 0 2 0 0 1 I 1 1
Miscellaneous 2 3 1 2 1 1 5 0 0Total 69 43 .0 78 35 33 85 42 27
Source: U.S. Gen.. d Mandaciurrs.
48 Buttxrug No. 735 [December,
Table 19. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Marshall County, 1947, 1954, and 1963
1947Employees
1954Employees
1963Employees
1.19 20-99
Over99 1-1S
20-99
Over99
1-19 20-99
Over99
Ordnance and accessories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Food and kindred 3 1 0 4 1 0 2 1 0Tobacco manufactures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Textile mill products 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Apparel and related 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0Lumber and wood 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0
Furniture and fixtures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Printing and publishing 4 0 (.1 3 0 0 3 0 0
Chemicals and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Petroleum and coal product, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Stone, clay, and glass 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0
Primary metals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fabricated metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Machinery (except electrical) 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
Electrical machinery 0 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 0Transportation equipment 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0Instruments and related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 9 3 0 II 5 1 13 4 1
&Lace: U.S. Census of Manufacture.
Iroquois County (Table 30) has shown an overall increase in thenumber of small manufacturing plants, However, the number of food-producing plants dropped from eight to four between 1917 and 1963. In1963 only one apparel plant Was left. On the growth side, there has beena slow increase in the number of lumber and wood products plants to five.The number of printing and pui,lishing plants has remained the same,although now one of these has changed from the 20- to 99-employee sizegroup to the over 100-employee sire group. There are now two chemicalplants, as well as sot new, small non-electrical machinery plants and twonew transportation equipment plants. One large fabricated metal productsplant has group employ over 10') persons, while the other still employesless than 20.
Gains recorded in LaSalle County in payroll and value added between1917 and 1963 are under those of the state as a whole and far below thelarge gains in Bureau, Iroquois, and Marshall counties (Table 31). Further,
48
19691 BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 49
capital expenditures in relation to value added is most striking in IroquoisCounty for 1963 where the ratio is 12 to 1, while it is almost 20 to 1 in theother counties and in the state. There are several possible explanations forthis finding, none of which can be adequately tested with the data available.First, the low ratio could be due to recent heavy investment in two largeelectrical machinery- plants (Table 30) which by 1963 had not begun toproduce returr.s large enough to offset the initial expenditure. Second, thepresence of labor - intensive industry could contribute to the same result.Finally, with a relatively low capital investment base new expenditureswould initially have a negative impact on the ratio.
Manufacturing establishments were of considerable importance to theeconomy in LaSalle County, of increasing importance to the economics inBureau, Marshall, and Iroquois counties, and were virtually unimportantM Putnam County in 1963.
Table 29.. . Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Putnam County, 1947, 1954, and 1963
1947Employees
1954Employees
1963Employees
1-1920-99
O ver99
1_19 20-99
Over99
1-19 20-99
Over99
Ors'etalce and accessories... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Food ...id kindred 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Tobact) manutn,' ire:, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Textile mill products. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Apparel and related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Lumber and wood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Furniture and fixtures .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Printing and publishing 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Chemicals and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Petroleum and coal products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Stone, clay, and gl?..1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Primary metals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fabricated metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Nfachinery (except electrical) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Electrical ma.^.hiner: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transportation equipment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Instrument . end related t.) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0'Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total I 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0
Sarre: U.S. Census of Mk .dictum.
43
fi
50 &immix No. 736 [December,
The Trade and Commercial SectorThere are more data available on trade than any other sector of the
economy except the government. The percentages of total personal in-come provided in 1965 by trade were (Tables 7 to 12):
Illinois 12.2Iroquois 8.0LaSalle 7.5Marshall 7.2Bureau 6.8Putnam 5.3
Iroquois County has shown an increase in personal income from tradesince 1945 that ranks above the state increase (Tables 11 and 12). Mar-shall, Putnam, Bureau, and LaSalle counties, on the other hand, have beenfar below the state increase, although they have shown small gains in per-sonal income.
There are three sources that expose patterns of retail trade in the areas
1-51. 30. --Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Iroquois County,1947, 1954, and 5963
1947Employees
1954Employees
1963Employees
1-19 20-99
Ovcr99 1.19 20-
99Over
99 1-19 20-99
Over99
Ordnance and accessories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Focd and kindred 5 2 1 8 1 1 1 2 1
Tobacco manufactures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Textile mill products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Apparel and related 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0Lumber and wood 0 1 0 3 0 0 4 1 0
Furniture and fixtures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 U 0 0 0 0 0 0Printing and publishing 6 1 0 6 1 1 6 0 1
Chemicals and allied.. 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0Petroleum and coal products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber aid plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Stone, clay, and glass 3 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0Primary metals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01- abricated metal 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1
Machinery (except electrical) 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0Electrical machinery 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 2Transportation equipment . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0Instruments and related 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Nliscellancous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Tot al 15 5 2 24 3 4 24 5 5
Suaret US. Cenrus ol Nfaaufactures.
50
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALrATION 51
Table 31.- Alanvfacr.rring Establishments, Employees, Payroll, Value Added,and Capital .'xpenditures by County, 1947,1954, and 1963
Numbers or 3000 Percentincrease,
1947 1954 1963 1947-1963
Bureau CountyEstablishments 47 45 37 -21Establishments, 20 emplu,ces or more 11 16 18 64Employees. 1,602 1,787 2,075 30Payroll 3,694 6,740 9,753 164Value added by manufactures, ad-
justed. 6,934 13,411 23,145 234Capital expenditures, new NR 568 1,367 ..
LaSalle CountyEstablishments 142 146 154 8Establishments, 20 employees or more 73 68 69 --5Employees... 17,221 17,585 15,233 -12Payroll 44,459 74,361 86,810 95Value added by manufactures, ad
justed. 100,280 163,114 203,405 :03Capital expenditures, new NR 8,051 10,999
Marshall CountyEstablishments 12 17 18 50Establishments, 20 employees or more 3 6 S 67Employees 412 610 658 60Payroll 877 1,777 3,008 243Value added by manufactures, ad-
justed. 1,873 2,658 5,548 196Capital expenditures, new NR 100 391
Putnam. CountyEstablishments I 1 3 200Establishments, 20 employees or more 0 0 0 0Employees NR NR 7
Payroll NR NR 17Value added by manufactures, ad
justed. NR NR 50Capital expenditures, new NR NR 3
Iroquois CountyEstablihments 22 31 34 55Establishments, 20 employees or more 7 7 10 43Employees 955 1,185 1,963 106Payroll 2,024 3,288 7,755 283Value added by manufactures, ad-
justed. 3,378 6,445 11,745 248Capital expenditures, new NR 140 1,023
IllinoisEstablishments 15,988 17,628 19,952 19Establishments, 20 employeeS Or more NR NR 6,973Employees (total number) 1,18,,,820 1,177,933 1,210,802 2Payroll 3,585,000 5,137,000 7,558,000 111Value added by manufactures, ad-
justed 6,680,000 9,669,000 14,640,000 119Capital expenditures, new NR 551,882 775,512
Source: I? S. Cons» of Manufactures,Value added by manufacture' is deri-ed by subtracting the fetal cost of materials (including
maceriab, supplies, fuel, electric energy, cost of resales and eniseenateous receipts) from the salveof shipments riochithrig resoles) and other receipts and adjoiting she resoluta amount by thevalue change in finished products end work-inprocess in.entories between the begianins and endof the r-u. ibis is the best asilable measure for salve added for compering erorromic importanceof industries.
51
52 BLLLETIN No. 736 [December,
under consideration. Table 32 summarizes data from state sales tax collec-tions by county and incorporated place. Table 33 summarizes the U.S.Census or Business data on the number of retail establishments and salesvolume. Table 34 summarizes Sales Management Magazine's Survey ofBuying Power estimates of retail sales.
Data for the latest year available in each of these sources give exactlythe same rank order of counties in terms of sales, number of establish-ments, and sales-tax receipts. LaSalle ranks far above the others. Bureauis next, with Iroquois only slightly behind, while Marshall and Putnamrank far behind the others (Tables 32 to 34).
To summarize trend lines on the various factors relevant to retailsales, ranking: were drawn up on the percent increase or decrease innumber of taxpayers, tax receipts, sales, and number of retail establish-ments. The rankings in terms of percent change were as follows:
Number of taxpayers (number of establishments submitting tax rev-enue; percent of change, 1950 to 1965) :
Putnam 39.0Iroquois 34.0Marshall 31.6Bureau 26.0Illinois 21.9La Salle 14.4
Ta.s: receipts (percent of change, 1950 to 1965) :
Illinois 258.8LaSalle 195.6Iroquois 192.1Bureau 172.0Putnam 165.2Marshall 146.0
Sales (percent of change, 1948 to 1963) :
Illinois 72.5Iroquois 63.5LaSalle 58.1Marshall 55.0Bureau 51.2Putnam 12.6
Number retail establishments (percent of change, 1948 to 1963) :
Iroquois 1.8Illinois 1.2Marshall 10.1LaSalle 11.1Bureau 18.1Putnam 20.3
52
1969] BEFORE IMDL SIR IALI ZA TION 53
In terms of number of taxpayers, the greatest percentage growth hasoccurred in the more rural areas Putnam, Iroquois, Marsha!', andBureau counties. However, in terms of percentage increase in tax receipts,the greatest change is found in the more industrialized areasLaSalleCounty and Illinois. Percentage increase in sales also would indicate thatit is the more industrialized areas that show the greatest growth in thetrade sector.
A trend to fewer but larger establishments is found in the trade andcommercial sector as %veil as in agriculture. The number of retail estab-lishments has declined in all areas considered except Iroquois County, ac-cording to Sales Management Magazine figures (Table 33). The differencebetween this trend and the increased number of taxpayers noted above isevidently to be found in the rigid exclusion of wholesale stores and manu-facturers from the Sales Management data. Thus, the number of actualretail outlets is almost half the number of taxpayers.
Several generalizations then seem to emerge concerning the importanceof trade and commerce to the areas being studied. Trade \vas playing anincreasingly important role in the control area, with Watseka showing veryconsiderable grow th. In Bureau and Marshall counties trade was providingfor an increased proportion of the county's economy, but the growth rateswere not nearly as significant as in Iroquois. In LaSalle, 'where tradeplayed a more important role in the economy to begin with, it has showna small overall decline in importance in comparison with other segments ofthe economy.
Finally, in Putnam County the picture was mixed. The fluctuationfrom year to year in number of retail establishments and number of statesales-tax payers appears radical in terms of percentage, but the closing oropening of only a few establishments can skew the picture when there issuch a small trade base to begin with. There does appear, however, tohave been a recent increase in the number of retail outlets in the county(1963-1965). But in terms of growth of sales or tax receipts, as well as interms of absolute amounts of sates or sales tax collected it is r ne of thelowest counties in the state. Finally, it appears that establishment of newretail outlets is following the movement of population to the less industrialcounties, but the volume of sales is still concentrated in the establishedretail and trade centers. This pattern resembles the inner-city to suburbanmovement of retail outlets in more urbanized arras.
The Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Sector'1usinesses in this sector are of primary importance in that they are
interconnected with all other sectors of the economic system. this sectoris the source of three of the most important inputs to businesses i t almostall other economic sectors. These inputs are operating and long-term in-\rstments, capital, and real estate. Businesses in this sector are, therefore,catalytic or multiplicative in their effect on the rest of the economic system.11th sector is far more important to the whole economy than the amount of
53
Tea
l.So
fas-
Tex
Pay
ers
and
Roo
ds*.
by
Cou
nty
and
Inco
rpor
ated
Are
a, 1
950,
195
5, 1
960,
and
196
5, W
ith P
erce
nt o
f In
crea
se
1950
1955
"19
60'
1965
dPe
rcen
tin
crea
se,
1955
-196
519
50"
1955
"19
60'
1965
dPe
rcen
tin
crea
se,
1955
-196
5
Bur
eau
Cou
nty
Dep
ueT
otal
ave
rage
num
ber
taxp
ayer
s88
286
295
01,
113
29.0
4242
4340
-4.8
Tot
al ta
x re
ceip
ts.
5640
,000
5795
,000
SI
,089
,000
$1,7
41,0
0011
9.0
S 19
,299
$ 26
,162
$ 3
2,72
4$
45,5
50'4
.1G
ene-
al m
erch
andi
se43
,000
55,0
0074
,000
103,
000
87.3
NR
274
581
2,31
374
4.2
Food
131,
000
184,
0(X
)27
2,00
035
5,00
092
.9N
R10
,708
14,6
191.
1,35
724
.7D
rink
ing
and
eatin
g pl
aces
70,0
0080
,IX
X)
107,
000
141,
000
76.3
NR
4,39
84,
838
4,15
239
.9A
ppar
el20
,000
22,1
XX
)31
,000
41,0
0086
.4N
R25
424
369
317
2.8
Furn
iture
, hou
seho
ld, r
adio
20,0
0025
,000
30,0
0060
,000
140.
0N
it55
283
63-8
8.6
Lum
ber,
bui
ldin
g, h
ardw
are
106,
000
109,
000
111,
000
254,
000
133.
0N
R1,
382
1,78
43,
356
142.
8A
utom
otiv
e, f
illin
g st
atio
ns16
8,00
022
7,00
032
1,00
047
2,00
010
7.9
Nit
3,29
84,
118
8,05
814
4.3
Mis
c_ r
etai
l, w
hole
sale
sto
ma
31,0
0041
,000
66.0
0017
6,00
031
9.3
NR
3,13
73,
718
9,73
021
0.2
Mis
cella
neou
s()
(.9
(')37
,000
N9.
(')(')
724
Man
ufac
ture
rs49
,000
49,0
0069
,000
88,0
00N
it2,
160
2,74
01,
104
Lad
dPr
ince
ton
Tot
al a
vera
ge n
umbe
r ta
xpay
ers.
..46
4045
5127
.523
322
819
221
1-7
.5T
otal
tax
rece
ipts
.S
29,9
895
28,5
04 $
39,3
88 it
56,1
8297
.1$2
41,0
75$3
08,2
33 $
357,
101
$549
,675
78.3
Gen
eral
mer
chan
dise
NR
1'2
871,
171
1,39
78,
5N
it34
,286
50,0
9262
,918
83.5
Food
Nit
7,12
710
,900
10,9
7454
.0N
R75
,832
117,
881
151,
917
100.
3D
rink
ing
and
eatin
g pl
aces
Nit
4,22
26,
038
9,44
712
3.8
NR
22,2
2915
,286
23,8
117.
1A
ppar
elN
it'2
00
-100
.0N
it15
,636
23,2
5430
,268
93.6
Funi
itun-
, hou
seho
ld, r
adio
NR
2,20
42,
276
2,43
210
.3N
it11
,823
15,2
4231
,079
162.
9L
umbe
r, b
uild
ing.
har
dwar
eN
R7,
730
9,04
316
,793
117.
2N
R28
,577
24,9
7063
,732
123.
0A
utom
otiv
e, f
illin
g st
atio
nsN
it4,
671
7,41
48,
691
86.1
Nit
88,9
3476
,233
112,
311
26.3
Mis
c. r
etai
l, w
hole
sale
sto
res
NR
805
1,64
32,
918
262.
5N
it10
,289
10,0
1250
,461
390.
4M
isce
llane
ous
Man
ufac
ture
rsN
RN
R.
()45
8(') 90
275
52,
774
NR
Nit
(')()
20,7
5424
,131
4,40
918
,770
Seat
onvM
eSp
ring
Val
ley
Tot
al a
vera
ge n
umbe
r ta
xpay
ers
78
1311
37.5
158
149
145
161
8.1
Tot
al ta
x re
ceip
ts.
4,59
25
8,67
66,
598
6,33
4-2
7.0
5101
,124
$134
,232
$18
9,30
7$3
04,8
9012
7.1
Gen
eral
mer
chan
dise
NR
06
NR
'.
,i
,'
20,847
205.
5Fo
odN
it1,
284
1,30
158
3-5
4.6
NR
35,4
9347
,295
76,1
7411
4.6
Dri
nkin
g an
d ea
ting
plac
esN
R83
01,
003
795
- 4.
2N
it14
,196
26,3
8126
,367
85.7
App
arel
NR
01)
0N
R3,
583
4,15
65,
411
51.0
Furn
iture
NR
01
0N
R4,
273
3,64
611
,613
171,
9L
umbe
r, b
uild
ing,
har
dw,r
eN
R1)
00
..
NR
7,95
49,
780
30,1
3727
8.9
Aut
omot
ive,
fill
ing
stat
ions
NR
509
1,23
71,
066
100.
4N
R44
,900
62,6
6910
1,76
812
6.7
Mis
c, r
eta0
, who
lesa
le s
tore
sN
it49
263,
834
7,72
4.5
NR
10,4
5215
,083
25,0
3916
8,3
Mis
cella
neou
sN
R()
NR
9(')
3,49
9M
anuf
actu
rers
Nit
3,54
23,
024
0N
it6,
551
10,1
211,
029
p. 1
7 fo
r
raga
S.(
.+ -
Tax
Pay
ers
and
Itets
4pts
by
Cou
nty
and
hwor
pora
tod
*ma,
195
0,19
55,1
960,
and
196
5, W
ith F
orts
nt o
f Int
roas
o (c
ontin
ued)
1950
'19
55"
1960
1965
"P
erce
ntin
crea
se,
1955
-196
519
50*
1955
"19
60.
1965
"P
erce
ntin
crea
se,
1955
-196
5
Iroq
uois
Cou
nty
Wat
seka
Tot
al a
vera
ge n
umbe
r ta
xpay
ers
716
694
824
960
38.3
141
148
143
179
20.9
Tot
al ta
x re
ceip
ts_
5556
,000
5715
,1)0
051
,016
,000
51,6
24,0
0012
7.1
5187
,341
5258
,267
5338
,861
5546
,655
72.9
Gen
eral
mer
chan
dise
.29
,000
38,0
0059
,000
94,0
0014
7.4
NR
16,0
2828
,838
60,1
9627
5.6
Foo
d99
,000
130,
000
185,
000
279,
000
114.
6N
R52
,719
72,7
8311
8,94
512
5.6
Drin
king
And
eat
ing
plac
es62
,000
74,0
0010
9,00
015
9,00
011
4.9
NR
18,6
6527
,604
49,2
9116
4.1
App
arel
9,00
016
,000
25,0
0031
,000
93.8
NR
12,4
9318
,299
22,3
3778
.8F
urni
ture
. hou
sch'
71d,
rad
io13
,000
25,0
0044
,000
57,0
0012
8.0
NK
15,5
7418
,386
26,8
3172
.3Lu
mbe
r, b
uild
ing,
har
dwar
e10
2,00
010
9,00
012
7,0(
7032
2 ,O
(X)
195.
4N
K26
,225
26,3
6264
,178
144.
7A
utom
otiv
e, fi
lling
sta
tions
161,
000
204,
000
274,
000
414,
04x)
117.
6N
R82
,568
89,9
1713
6,23
865
.0M
isc.
ret
ail,
who
lesa
le s
tore
s40
,000
64,0
01)
119,
000
144
,000
125.
0N
R22
,618
36,3
0238
,763
71.4
Mis
cella
neou
s...
9()
()
66,0
(x)
....
NK
9(°
)28
,672
Man
ufac
ture
rs40
,000
51,0
0071
,000
20,0
00..
.N
K11
,367
20,3
681,
203
Cre
scen
tIr
oquo
isT
otal
ave
rage
num
ber
taxp
ayer
s28
2522
30
20.0
89
1413
44.4
Tot
al ta
x re
ceip
ts.
.517
,810
5 20
,35'
$13
,870
530
,833
51.5
S3,
360
53,
401
$6,
192
56,
774
184.
0G
ener
al m
erch
andi
seN
K0
172
....
'0
010
2F
ood.
NK
3,40
64,
298
3,21
8-
5.5
NR
.1,
8311
2,72
52,
644
44.2
Drin
king
and
eat
ing
plac
esN
K5,
210
1,24
57,
06'3
35.6
NK
637
1,57
11,
893
197.
2A
ppar
elN
K0
....
NK
00
Fur
nitu
re, h
ouse
hold
, rad
io.
NR
O41
071
...N
K20
10
12-9
4.0
Lum
ber,
bui
ldin
g, h
ardw
are
NK
3,42
44,
121
3,97
816
.2N
K2
1966
13,
295.
0A
utom
otiv
e, fi
lling
sta
tions
NK
6,03
82,
812
15,3
0315
3.4
NK
593
1,30
292
556
.0M
isc.
ret
ail,
who
lesa
le s
tore
sN
K1,
409
374
995
-29.
4N
K12
532
316
229
.6M
isce
llane
ous
NK
31...
.S
R9
937
5M
anuf
actu
rers
NR
863
611
2N
R6
252
0
She
ldon
Woo
dlan
dT
otal
ave
rage
num
ber
taxp
ayer
s...
5346
4649
- G
.510
912
1122
.2T
otal
tax
rece
ipts
.$
34,3
18$
41,1
65$
37,3
18S
42,6
123.
0$
2,56
85
3,29
1$
4,43
9$
3,58
89.
0G
ener
al m
erea
ntlis
eN
K62
77(
1494
550
.7N
R1
094
9,30
0.0
Foo
dN
K2,
875
3,47
79,
4:7
227.
5N
R1,
9%2,
716
1,81
0-1
10.3
Drin
king
and
eat
ing
?lac
esN
K4,
041
3,10
14,
312
6.7
NR
7125
30
-100
.0A
ppar
elN
R40
048
020
4-4
9.0
NR
00
Fur
nitu
re, h
ouse
hold
, rad
ioN
KtA
02,
412
1,22
491
.3N
K0
330
Lum
ber,
bui
ldin
g, h
ardw
are
NK
8,11
75,
084
8,54
55.
3N
R58
618
422
28.0
Aut
omot
ive,
falii
ng s
tatio
nsN
K13
,067
9,70
28,
374
-35.
9N
R44
729
149
3.2
Mis
c. r
etai
l, w
hole
sale
sto
res
NR
9,80
311
,336
8,16
4-1
7.3
NR
176
530
3,01
7.6
Mis
cella
neou
sN
R()
1,36
3N
R9
9M
anuf
actu
rers
.NK
1,60
01,
601
G5
NR
577
386
0.
See
p. 3
7 fo
r fo
otno
tes.
UM
. 32.
--
Sa le
e-T
rot P
ayer
s an
d R
ecei
pts
by C
ount
y an
d In
corp
orat
ed A
reo,
195
0, 1
955,
196
0, a
nd 1
965,
With
Per
cent
of
Incr
ease
(co
stin
eed)
1950
.19
55°
1960
°19
65"
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
55-1
965
1950
°19
55°
1960
°19
65"
Nec
ent
incr
e:.s
e,19
55-1
S65
LaS
alle
Cou
nty
Ogl
esby
Tot
al a
vera
ge n
umbe
r ta
xpay
ers
2,21
92,
!40
2,21
12
,541
18.7
8382
9210
123
,2T
otal
tax
rece
ipts
.52
,327
,000
52,9
96,0
00$4
,225
,000
1;6,
802,
000
127.
0S
60,5
66$
79,8
2351
35,4
45$1
62,2
1010
3 2
Gen
eral
mer
chan
dise
222,
000
298,
000
440,
000
789,
000
164.
8N
R2,
899
5,06
13,
557
22.7
Food
538,
000
750,
000
1,18
2,00
01,
401,
000
86.8
NR
22,9
4952
,515
54,3
9913
7.0
Dri
nkin
g an
d ea
faig
pla
ces
245,
000
315,
000
422,
000
557,
000
76.8
NR
12,5
5917
,118
18,9
0750
.6A
ppar
el12
9,00
016
3,00
022
2,00
032
5,00
099
.4N
R7,
938
10,6
5013
,233
66.8
Furn
iture
, hou
seho
ld, r
adio
.93
,000
140,
000
163,
000
246,
000
75.7
NR
9,43
010
,707
18,5
1096
.3L
umbe
r, b
uild
ing.
ha-
"w
are
2611
,000
254,
000
344,
000
797,
0(10
213.
8N
R10
,041
13,7
0914
,232
41.6
Aut
omot
ive,
tilli
ng e
Mon
s.47
3,00
063
7,00
082
1,00
01,
567,
000
146.
0N
R5,
447
13,0
7619
,860
264.
6Z
i.V.:,
.. re
tail,
who
lesa
le s
tore
s15
2,00
022
7,00
033
6,00
047
9,00
011
1.0
NR
2,35
72,
312
9,81
831
6.5
Mis
cella
neou
s(')
(°)
(0)
124,
000
,,
,.
NR
(')(.
)2,
682
.. .
.
Man
ufac
ture
rs20
6,00
021
9,00
028
3,00
050
9,00
0,
,.
.N
R6,
196
10,3
677,
012
....
Mar
shal
l Cou
nty
Hen
ryT
otal
ave
rage
num
ber
taxp
ayer
s29
729
032
739
134
.884
8382
908.
!T
otal
tax
rece
ipts
.23
9,00
0$
284,
000
S36
3,00
0$
589,
000
107.
4S
79,0
92$
93,3
68$1
14,0
4152
09,5
2517
.3G
ener
al m
erch
andi
se...
..
12,0
0015
,000
21,0
0038
,000
153.
3N
E.
7,43
711
,363
19,6
3716
4.0
rsio
d54
,000
66,0
0010
2,00
013
3,00
010
1.5
NR
20,2
3533
,750
47,9
3713
6.9
Dri
nkin
g an
d ea
ting
plac
es23
,000
25,0
0042
,000
63,0
0016
0.0
N2
5,64
25,
430
11,2
0398
.6A
ppar
el2,
000
2,00
03,
000
2,00
00.
0N
R1,
217
916
977
-19.
8Fu
rnitu
re, h
ouse
hold
, rad
io .
..
5,00
06,
000
7,00
010
,000
66.7
NR
1,44
278
61,
033
-28.
4L
umbe
r, b
uild
ing,
har
dwar
e45
,000
49,0
0067
,000
145,
000
195.
9N
R.
13,3
8922
,170
66,1
9339
4.4
Aut
omot
ive,
Idl
ing
stat
ions
78,0
0089
,000
94,0
0014
8,00
066
.3N
R30
,396
25,3
7344
,074
45.0
MIS
C. r
etai
l, w
hole
sale
sto
res
4,06
011
,000
2'2,
000
30,0
0017
2.7
NR
4,64
23,
917
11,4
3214
6.3
Mis
cella
neou
sC
.)(')
12,0
00...
.N
R(.
9N
6,55
4...
.M
anuf
actu
rers
.16
,000
18,0
0023
,000
7,00
0...
.N
it6,
235
10,3
3348
5
Putn
am C
ount
yH
enne
pin
Tot
alav
erag
e nu
mbe
r ta
xpay
ers
105
9913
314
647
.512
818
2318
7.5
Tot
al ta
x re
ceip
ts.
46,0
00S
55,0
00S
84,0
00S
122,
000
121.
8$
2,82
4S
3,60
5S
9,84
8$
19,9
9445
4.6
Gen
eral
mer
chan
dise
02,
000
1,00
08,
000
300.
0N
R23
4042
82.6
Food
12,0
0016
,000
26,0
0025
,000
56.3
NR
1,22
54,
235
6,02
97.
92.2
Dri
nkin
gan
d ra
ting
plac
es7,
000
.0,0
0011
,000
22,0
0012
0.0
NR
1,27
22,
344
6,32
339
7.1
App
arel
00
1 ,0
001,
0(10
NR
00
0.
. ..
Furn
iture
, hou
seho
ld, r
adio
06,
000
200
400
-93.
3N
R17
5939
129.
4L
umbe
r. b
uild
ing,
har
dwar
e7,
000
4,00
05,
000
18,0
0035
0.0
NR
.16
544
198
249
5.2
Aut
omot
ive,
fill
ing
stat
ions
ft ,0
0011
,000
15,0
0030
,000
227.
3N
R.
900
1,33
14,
446
394.
0M
isc.
ret
ail,
who
lesa
le s
tore
s3,
000
3,00
08,
000
9,00
020
0.0
NR
235
31,
791
.
Mis
cella
neou
s(°
)(*
)5,
000
.N
R("
1("
)84
Manufacturers
9,00
09,
000
16,0
602,
000
....
NR
31,
046
259
Tab
le 3
2. S
olos
-Tax
Pay
ees
and
Res
olpt
s by
Gan
dy a
nd In
corp
orat
ed A
na, 1
950,
195
5, 1
960,
and
196
5, W
ith P
erce
nt o
f Inc
reas
e (c
oncl
uded
/
1950
.19
55"
1960
196.
5"P
erce
ntP
erce
ntin
crea
se,
1950
1955
"19
60°
1965
'in
crea
se,
1955
.196
519
55-1
965
Illin
ois
Tot
al a
vera
ge n
umbe
r ta
xpay
ers
138,
000
133,
423
140,
521
168,
244
26.1
Tot
al ta
x re
ceip
ts (
008,
000)
' . ..
.518
1$
245
S38
5$
649
164.
9G
ener
al m
eres
andi
se24
3044
8117
0.0
Foo
d40
IC.
8899
76.3
Drin
king
and
eat
ing
plac
es20
2840
5285
.7A
ppar
elF
urni
ture
, hou
seho
ld, r
adio
119
14 1221 17
29 2310
7.1
91 .7
Lum
ber,
bui
ldin
g, h
ar.w
are
1114
1957
307.
1A
utom
otiv
e,fil
ling
stat
ions
. ,32
4566
123
173.
3M
ax. r
eaZ
. who
lesa
le s
tore
s18
5061
C4
28.0
Mis
cella
neou
s.(')
(')("
)20
1Via
nula
ctur
ers
1517
2871
....
Mow
ry:
Illin
ois
Dep
artm
ent o
fR
even
ue,
Rec
eipt
s Fr
om R
emile
n O
ccup
atio
n T
ao.
1.11
41 c
olle
etio
n in
to w
as 7
per
cent
.01
5 co
llect
ion
rate
was
2pe
rcen
t thr
ough
Jun
e 30
th, 2
Y, p
erce
nt a
fter
Jul
y I.
rid)
col
lect
ion
rate
was
1 p
erce
nt.
1'11
5 co
llect
ion
rate
ais
s 3.
/, pe
rcen
t.M
anul
actit
nrn
wer
e co
mbi
ned
with
Mis
cella
neou
s un
til 1
965.
Tax
nra
ripe
e le
e lu
nd o
f lu
mne
ww
ellno
t usu
ally
add
to e
qual
the
Tot
alT
..R
ecei
pts
for
the
coun
ty o
r in
corp
orat
ed p
lace
sin
cesu
chda
ta a
re o
ften
not
rep
orte
d fo
rta
mpe
rers
io s
mal
l com
mun
ities
to p
rote
ct th
eir
iden
tity.
How
ever
, the
tax
rece
ipts
fro
m s
uch
sour
ces
are
incl
uded
in th
e to
tal.
Whe
re r
ecei
pts
for
all b
usin
esse
sar
ere
port
ed. s
ome
smel
l dis
crep
anru
, may
als
ore
sult
from
rou
ndin
g er
ten,
Tab
le 3
3. -
Wai
l Tra
de P
atte
nss,
by
Cou
nty
and
Typ
e of
Est
ablis
hmen
t, 19
48, 1
954,
195
8, a
nd 1
963,
With
Per
cent
of I
ncre
ase,
194
8 to
196
3
Bur
eau
Cou
nty
LaS
alle
Cou
nty
1948
1954
1958
1963
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
48-1
963
1948
1954
1958
1963
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
48-1
963
Num
ber
or $
000
Num
ber
or $
000
Ret
ail e
stab
lishm
ents
659
561
591
534
-18,
91,
530
1,50
31,
254
1,41
3-
7.6
Ret
zil s
ales
32,3
5938
,004
41,8
1741
,013
51.5
105,
040
132,
791
139,
482
163,
712
55.9
Ret
ail f
irm
s, p
ayro
ll (e
ntir
e ye
ar).
2,29
62,
943
3,27
43,
749
63,5
10,2
5812
,416
13,8
5716
,599
61.8
Ret
ail f
irm
s, e
mpl
oyee
s1,
424
1,16
11,
248
1,27
1-1
0.7
5,49
65,
061
5,31
25,
281
- 3.
9Sa
les
by C
ateg
orie
s:L
umbe
rE
stab
lishm
ents
.92
8165
58-3
6.9
117
120
112
108
- 7.
7Sa
les.
8,17
98,
420
8,06
26,
540
-20.
013
,790
14,5
6115
,202
16,5
3219
.9G
ener
al m
erch
andi
seE
stab
lishm
ents
2420
1916
-.33
.347
4445
36-2
3.4
Sale
s1,
435
1,48
81,
432
2,10
546
.79,
848
9,77
510
,598
13,8
9741
.1Fo
od F,st
ablis
hmen
ts13
610
687
76-4
4.1
350
260
2120
4-4
1.7
Sale
st.u
tom
otiv
e6,
557
8,37
58,
330
10,2
8456
.826
,670
29,5
6835
,134
39,9
3749
.7
Est
ablis
hmen
ts39
3539
28-2
8,2
102
9385
7r-2
7.5
Sale
s,4,
737
7,41
97,
237
8,67
183
.0:5
,369
24,5
8222
,801
27,9
6381
.9G
as s
tatio
nsE
stab
lishm
ents
8249
6968
-17.
115
112
413
513
5-1
0.6
Sale
s2,
385
2,28
03,
963
4,53
790
.25,
297
7,28
810
,379
11,2
7711
2.9
App
arel
Est
ablis
hmen
ts34
2527
28-1
7,6
108
121
114
111
2.8
Sale
s1,
048
839
1,65
21,
690
61.3
7,76
98,
320
9,48
510
,939
40.4
Furn
iture
, hom
e fu
rnis
hing
_ s
Est
ablis
hmen
ts38
2933
35-
7.9
7691
9683
9.2
Sale
s,.
1,44
51,
052
1,11
71,
938
34 1
6,04
07,
080
7,92
26,
928
14.7
Eat
ing,
dri
nkin
g pl
aces
Eita
blis
hmen
ts15
212
614
713
411
.839
538
637
936
2-
8.5
Saks
3,06
33,
029
3,82
14,
451
45.2
9,98
314
,829
12,7
7012
,967
29.9
Dru
g st
ores
, pro
pric
tory
sto
res
Est
ablis
hmen
ts19
1918
12-3
6.8
3539
3437
5.7
Sale
s50
674
11,
141
1,08
811
5.0
2,83
74,
237
3,94
85,
134
80.9
Oth
er r
etai
lE
stab
lishn
.ent
s43
4967
6141
.914
916
119
820
537
.6Sa
les
3,00
23,
826
4,81
07,
286
142.
77,
417
10,5
359,
805
14,3
3293
.2N
on-s
tore
ret
aile
rsE
stab
lishm
ents
NR
2220
18W
I64
3558
Sale
sN
R53
525
242
3N
R2,
016
1,43
83,
806
noon
See
foot
note
s on
p. 6
0.
CO 3
Tab
le 3
3.--
Ret
ail T
ra le
Pat
tern
s, b
y C
ount
y an
d T
ype
of E
stab
lishm
ent,
1948
, 195
4,W
ith P
erce
nt o
f Inc
reas
e, 1
948
to 1
953
(con
tinue
d)19
58, a
nd 1
963,
Mar
shal
l Cou
nty
Putn
am C
ount
y
1948
1954
1958
1963
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
48-1
963
1948
1954
1958
1963
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
48-1
963
Num
ber
or $
000
Num
ber
or $
000
Ret
ail e
stab
lishm
ents
.20
718
219
317
6-1
5.0
7973
6463
-20.
3R
etai
l sal
es10
,617
12,7
7117
,026
16,4
5655
.02,
893
2,58
43,
548
3,25
612
.5R
etai
l fir
ms,
pay
roll
(ent
ire
year
) .
..
.71
194
31,
310
1,36
892
.425
012
721
721
912
.4R
etai
l fir
ms,
em
ploy
ees
494
453
529
503
1 .8
114
6510
797
-14.
9Sa
les
by c
ateg
orie
s:L
umbe
rE
stab
ushm
euts
3635
3633
- 8.
312
88
8-3
3.3
Sale
s2,
814
3,61
55,
213
4,23
950
.647
030
537
879
068
.1G
ener
al m
erch
andi
seE
stab
lishm
ents
910
78
-11.
13
21
3.0
Sale
s72
379
576
976
76.
110
3(t
)(t
)71
-31.
1Fo
od Est
ablis
hmen
ts39
1818
18-5
3.8
1710
119
-47.
1Sa
les
2,74
92,
176
3,00
43,
278
19.2
664
672
921
924
39.2
Aut
omot
ive
F.st
ablis
hmen
ts14
i315
11-2
1.4
11
22
100.
0Sa
les
1,66
72,
494
2,17
52,
008
20.5
(')0
(9
(G
as s
tatio
nsE
stab
lishm
ents
2522
2319
-24.
011
94
8-2
7.3
Saks
678
919
1,11
81,
367
101.
615
525
087
301
94.2
App
arel
Est
ablis
hmen
tsSa
les.
.5 83
817
711
288
518
9.0
127.
71 (.)
1
(.9
0 01 (t)
Furn
iture
, nom
e fu
rnis
hing
sE
stab
Esh
men
ts12
1213
7-4
1.7
00
10
Sale
s21
831
831
423
47.
00
(t)
0. .
. .E
atin
g, d
rink
ing
plac
esE
stab
lishm
ents
5243
444'
- 9.
630
3426
25-1
6.7
Sale
s1,
130
1,22
11,
409
1,64
145
.240
068
054
256
641
.5D
rug
star
es, p
ropr
ittor
y st
ores
Est
ablis
hmen
ts4
55
525
.01
00
210
0.0
Sale
s18
233
239
744
514
4.5
(')0
0(t
)O
ther
ret
ail
Est
ablis
hmen
ts11
1212
2190
.93
611
566
.7Sa
les
373
678
(°)
0(e
)38
61,
315
(')...
.N
on-s
tore
ret
aile
rsE
stab
lishm
ents
NR
49
2N
R2
00
Saks
NR
46(*
)(.
)N
R(')
00
Sre
foot
note
s on
p
Tab
le 3
3.R
etai
l Tro
d. P
atte
rns,
by
Cou
nty
and
Typ
o of
Esl
oblig
hnio
nt, 1
946,
193
4, 1
950,
and
196
3,W
itt. P
orta
nt o
f in
crea
se, 1
946
to 1
963
teei
nclu
dod)
Iroq
uois
Cou
nty
Illin
ois
1948
1954
195d
1963
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
48-1
963
1948
1954
1958
1963
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
48 -
1963
Num
ber
or $
000
Num
ber
or $
000
Ret
ail e
stab
lishm
ents
.44
944
944
745
71.
810
3,40
599
,669
98,1
7292
,203
-.10
.8R
etai
l sal
es29
,196
35,3
1937
,789
49,2
0668
.58,
804
11,2
1512
,999
14,7
7967
.9R
etai
l fir
ms,
pay
roll
(ent
ire
year
)2,
094
2,69
43,
245
4,19
710
0.4
1,07
71,
252
1,45
21,
775
64.8
Ret
ail f
irm
s, e
mpl
oyee
s1,
307
1,14
91,
366
1,32
21.
149
9,66
046
3,80
849
7,54
852
4,18
34.
9Sa
les
by c
ateg
orie
s:L
umbe
rE
stab
lishm
ents
6958
5961
-11.
66,
196
6,22
56,
655
5,77
6-
6.8
Sale
s7,
970
8,18
73,
437
10,4
3130
.968
981
490
187
727
.3G
ener
al m
erch
andi
seE
stab
lishm
ents
1920
1514
-26.
32,
893
3,10
73,
169
2,80
6-
3.0
Sale
s1,
490
1,60
21,
086
927
-37.
81,
512
1,10
81,
305
1,83
021
.0Fo
od
CT
)E
stab
lishm
ents
Sale
s85
6,13
057
5,85
753
7.79
451
8,54
9-4
0,0
39.5
27,3
271,
918
20,7
E4
2,41
418
,068
'2,9
2415
,108
3,30
5-4
4.7
72.3
C)
Aut
omot
ive
Est
ablis
hmen
ts35
3133
32-
8.6
4,64
24,
349
4,40
24,
560
1.8
Sate
s4,
076
5,18
74,
905
7,65
287
.71,
254
1,80
51,
802
2,62
610
9.4
Gas
sta
tiors
F.st
ablis
nmen
ts69
6049
701.
49,
164
8,92
09,
915
9,90
98.
1Sa
les
2,38
12,
600
3,42
55,
526
132.
139
360
583
296
314
5.0
App
arzl
Est
ablis
hmen
ts19
1818
18-
5.3
7,77
97,
589
7,37
86,
781
-14.
7Sa
les
822
822
976
1,44
675
,971
675
484
289
124
.4Fu
rnitu
re, h
ome
furn
ishi
ngs
Est
ablis
hmen
ts13
2925
1730
.84,
615
5,47
74,
676
4,81
04.
2Sa
les
591
984
1,00
61,
136
92.2
408
518
620
597
46.3
Eat
ing.
dri
nkin
g pl
aces
Est
ablis
hmen
ts92
9313
410
716
.324
,623
22,2
8322
,741
21,4
84-1
2.7
Sale
s2,
215
3,52
64,
623
4,09
084
.783
81,
013
1,09
71,
949
49.0
Dru
g st
ores
, pro
prie
tory
sto
res
Est
ablis
hmen
ts13
138
12-
7_7
3,29
43,
171
3,14
93,
033
- 7.
9Sa
les
529
672
614
715
35.2
260
333
432
560
115.
4O
ther
ret
ail
Est
ablis
hine
ms
3547
3759
68.6
12,8
87a.
12,8
2113
,573
13,2
092.
6Sa
les
2,99
25,
310
5,78
87,
650
155,
799
71,
176
1,22
349
.9N
on-s
tore
ret
zile
rsE
stab
lishm
ents
NR
2316
16N
R4,
962
4,44
64,
727
Sale
sN
R57
21,
135
1,08
4N
R85
41,
068
678
SOU
K, U
.S. C
.o..
of B
usin
ess.
Est
ablis
hmen
ts =
Num
ber
of e
stab
lishm
ents
rep
ortin
g du
ring
tSis
'ear
,Sa
les
= T
otal
sal
es f
or th
e ye
w.
With
held
to a
void
iden
tifyi
ng in
divi
dual
bus
itses
ses.
2 0 is
Tab
le 3
4. -
-Sal
es M
arse
rgow
nani
Mag
azin
e R
etai
l Sal
es E
stim
ates
by
Cou
nty,
195
0,19
55,1
960,
and
196
5, W
ith P
orta
nt e
Inc
reas
e, 1
955
to 1
965
1950
1955
1960
(500
0)19
65Pe
rcen
tin
crea
se,
1955
-196
519
5019
5519
60(5
000)
1965
Perc
ent
incr
ease
,19
55-1
965
C>
)
Bur
eau
Cou
nty
LaS
alle
Cou
nty
Tot
al33
,772
39,9
6540
,453
53,5
8334
.110
9,89
913
8,42
214
5,23
219
4,95
040
.8E
atin
g an
d dr
inki
ng p
lace
sN
R3,
050
3,71
55,
131
68.2
NR
14,7
6012
,937
15,9
858.
3G
ener
al m
erch
andi
se1,
317
1,92
11,
747
2,91
151
.59,
038
12,0
4412
,779
22,0
0782
.7A
ppar
elN
R86
21,
605
1,67
494
.2N
R8,
470
9,77
112
,509
47.7
Furn
iture
, hou
sew
ares
1,58
31,
125
1,03
22,
174
93.2
6,61
77,
503
7,81
78,
534
13.7
Aut
omot
ive
6,71
38,
622
7,04
210
,063
16.7
21,8
5628
,335
25,3
1035
,187
24.2
CPS
sta
tic. I
sN
R2,
375
3,93
94,
858
104.
5N
R7,
531
10,7
6213
,192
75.2
Dru
gs44
975
51,
198
1,20
259
.22,
515
4,28
04,
318
6,04
941
.3Fo
od.
6,57
88,
460
8,17
311
,050
30.6
26,6
5729
,309
35,4
7146
,303
58.0
Lum
ber,
bui
ldin
g, h
ardw
are
NR
.8,
617
7,36
26,
883
-20.
1N
R14
,780
15,3
5418
,915
28.0
'a
Mar
shal
l Cou
nty
Putn
am C
ount
yT
otal
11,0
1113
,584
16,
441
17,5
2329
.03,
030
2,57
63,
481
3,49
635
.7E
atin
g an
d dr
inki
ng p
lace
sN
R1,
238
1,33
31,
829
47.7
NR
659
517
637
- 3.
3C
DG
crer
al m
erch
andi
se66
487
52,
209
982
12.2
9513
589
83-3
8.5
i)"
"4A
ppar
elN
R18
427
319
98.
2N
R29
037
27.6
gFu
rnitu
re, h
ouse
war
es23
934
328
726
024
.20
082
014
Aut
omot
ive
2,36
32,
928
2,22
32,
295
-21.
6N
R.
9812
929
019
5.9
0G
as s
tatio
nsN
R96
71,
080
1,43
748
.6N
R25
285
320
27.0
Z
Dru
gs15
434
240
048
040
.4N
R40
066
65.0
Food
2,74
72,
221
2,81
64,
334
95.1
664
655
081
524
.4L
umbe
r, b
uild
ing,
har
dwar
eN
R3,
738
4,96
93,
451
7.7
NR
301
3G4
981
225.
9
Iroq
uois
Cou
nty
Illin
ois
Tot
al30
,573
37,9
0537
,461
52,3
7538
.29,
101
11,9
0513
,386
17,7
9751
.0E
atin
g an
d dr
inki
ng p
lace
sN
R3,
355
4,46
24,
538
35.3
NR
1,04
31,
161
1,51
245
.0G
ener
al m
erch
andi
se1,
367
2,29
92,
234
2,32
51.
11,
439
1,89
72,
328
3,62
691
.1
App
arel
NR
866
950
1,53
176
.8N
R80
388
51,
007
25.7
Furn
iture
, hou
sew
ares
647
1,08
094
81,
263
16.9
442
562
629
714
27.0
Aut
omot
ive
5,77
66,
190
5,16
48,
777
41.8
1,77
72,
148
2,06
23,
242
50.9
Cas
sta
tions
NR
2,78
23,
396
5,76
810
7.3
NR
648
907
1,10
670
.7D
rugs
469
703
640
771
9.7
227
349
490
655
87.7
Food
6,12
76,
074
7,51
28,
994
48.1
1,91
42,
500
3,08
63,
788
51.5
Lum
ber,
bui
ldin
g, h
ardw
are.
..N
.17,
8,60
38,
229
10,6
1023
.3Nit
852
962
977
14.7
Sour
ce:
Sole
s M
anag
emen
t Mag
azin
e. S
urve
y of
Buy
ing
Pow
er.
62 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
personal income generated by the sector would suggest. Generally, also,many of the economic decisions in all sectors arc strongly influei.ced bypersons in business in the finance sector.
In all the counties being considered here (Tables 7 to 12) the propor-tion of income from finance, insurance, and real estate does not approachthe state average (around 3.5 percent), but property income far exceedsthe proportion of state income from property (around 14.5 percent). Intraditionally agricultural areas, such as the experimental and control areas,the income from property, mainly farm property, is relatively high.
Significantly, income from property and from finance, insnrance, andreal estate combined constitutes a larger share of the income for IroquoisCounty than any other in the study. The ranking of the counties on personalincome from these sources in 1965 (Tables 7 to 12) appears as follows:
Iroquois 17.8I Ilinois 17.7Putnam 16.1Bureau 15.4LaSalle 15.1Marshall 14.7
The proportion of income from these sources has declined significantlyfor all counties under consideration here, while total income has increased.The county experiencing the greatest change has been Marshall, which hadabout one quarter of its income from these sources in 1950, but in 1965received only about 15 percent. Bureau and Putnam counties have showndeclines in the relative importance of this portion of the economy to thewhole, but these declines were not so radical as in Marshall County. La-Salle County, however, has remained fairly constant in terms of the pro-portion of income provided by these sources.
The control area, Iroquois County, has also shown a decline in the im-portance of these sources. This decline was about like those in Bureau andPutnam counties.
Wages from institutions in this category have always constituted a veryswan proportion of personal income in any county being considered (Ta-bles 13 to 18).
Data from banks and savings and loan associations (Tables 35 and 36)are useful indicators of changes in the economic system as a whole. Inperiods of intense economic activity, the loans and discounts of bankingestablishments can be expected to increase rapidly, with total resourcesincreasing at the same time. Sayings and loan associations should showgrowth in such periods as well. The time trend of deposits and loans isimportant, but perhaps just as important is the proportion of total re-sources in loans and discounts. The bank loan ratio is an indication ofseveral things: (1) the relative conscry atisin of the persons operating the
62
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 63
financial institutions, (2) alternative investment opportunities outside thearea, and (3) the pressure of the community for loans for local growth.
Loans and discounts increased more rapidly for Putnam County (Table35) than any other county in the survey from 1960 to 1966 and 1945 to1966. Since Putnam has been almost entirely agricultural, this trend mustbe linked to the agricultural sector. Along with this increase in loans, therewas also a greater increase in farm size in Putnam County than in theother counties. In fact it is the only county of those studied where farmnumbers decreased in an size categories below 500 acres and increased inonly the two large size categories farms from 500 to 999 acres and those1,000 acres or over. For such rapid expansion of firm size to occur in anysector, large amounts of capital are required.
Deposits and total resources also showed the most growth in PutnamCounty (total resources include deposits, capital stock, and surplus). Thiswould indicate that the people remaining in that county extended theircontrol over much greater amounts of resources per person or family (popu-lation of the county decreased 16.8 percent from 1940 to 1960). Elsewherein the study area, Bureau and Marshall county banks show roughly thesame pattern in growth of deposits, total resources, and loans and discounts.LaSalle County, however, showed a disproportionate growth in loans anddiscounts from 1945 to 1966. This reflects the industrial development thathas taken place there in the last 20 years. Himcver, the increase in loansand discounts for LaSalle from 1960 to 1966 was lower than that of anyother area, thus indicating a relative slowdown in the development of theeconomy there.
In Iroquois County deposits and total resources have not shown dra-matic growth, but they have grown steadily. Loans and discounts, on theother hand, have growl disproportionately, indicating continuous develop-ment of the economy.
Data from savings and loan associations in these areas are too frag-mentary to permit much analysis. However, new associations have openedin Princeton and Henry recently and this may indicate some increaseinterest in the use of this kind of institution in the area. In Iroquois Countythe two savings and ban associations show healthy, steady growth patternscomparable to those in the state as a whole.
Real estdte sales and transfers have been relatively ?ow. Most farmland in both areas is rather tightly held. Farm ownership is not only pres-tigious but necessary to control resources for farm enlargement. As indus-trialization occurs, there may be greater numbers of real estate transactionsand more people engaged in the real estate business.
No home office of any large insurance company is located in the studyareas. The usual low level of insurance activities that uonld be expected ina rural area are present, Activity in all insurance lines, but especially ingroup health, life, and guarantcedincome insurance, will no doubt increrein the area as indt.strialiration increases.
b-0
64 BULLETIN No. 7S6 [December,
Table 35, - Deposits, Assourres, Loans, and Discounts In Millions of Dollars of BanksIn lie Study Antra, by County, 1945-1966, With Percrtt of Increase
Bureau County.
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1966
Percentof increase
1945-1966
1960-1966
Deposits 18,140 23,194 27,050 29,487 44,503 44,160 143.4 49.8Total resources 19,033 25,291 28,735 31,979 42,497 47,535 149.8 48.9Loans and dis-
counts 2,016 7,291 8,775 12,216 18,584 20,138 338.9 64.8Loan ratios 10.6% 28.8% 30,5% 38.2% 43.7% 42.4%
LaSalle CountybDeposits 20,581 30,142 35,237 39,114 43,647 46,233 124.6 18.2Totalresources 21,871 31,959 37,889 42,481 48,632 51,425 135.1 21.1Loans and dis-
counts 1,340 3,883 6,326 16,225 17,417 18,894 1,310.0 16.4Loan ratio 6.1% 12.1% 16.7% 38.2% 35.8% 36.7%
Marsha li County'Deposits 1,968 2,962 3,601 3,964 5,138 5,700 189.6 43.8Total resources 2,066 3,192 3,964 4,477 5,884 6,493 214.3 45.0Loans and dis-
counts 354 1,054 1,533 2,011 2,785 3,110 778.5 54.6Loan ratio 17.1% 33.0% 38.7% 44,9% 47.3% 47.9%
Putnam CountydDeposits 2,956 4,178 4,871 6,008 9,482 11,438 286.9 90.4Total resources 3,189 4,468 5,306 6,657 10,329 12,355 287.4 85.3Loans and dis-
counts 253 934 1,628 2,152 4,040 5,035 1,890.1 134.6Loan ratio 7.9% 20.9% 30.7% 32.3% 39.1% 40,8%
Iroquois County.Deposits 6,616 9,249 10,183 10,302 13,202 14,129 113.6 37.1Totalresources 6,964 9,790 11,092 11,527 14,726 15,667 125.0 35.9Loans and dis-
counts 690 1,629 2,774 2,857 5,035 5,238 659.1 83.3Loan ratio 9.9% 16.6% 25.0% 24.8% 34.2% 33.4%
Source: Rand hfcNaIly International Banker's Directory; The Backer's Ike Bock. Finaledition.
Includes: Depue State Banks Farmers and Miner, Bank (Ladd); Citiren's First NationalBank (Princ:ton); rust State Bank (Princeton); Spring Valley City Bank.
Includs: LaSalte National Bank -snd Trust Company; LaSalle State Bank; Pint NationalBank of Oglesby; First National Bank in Peru.
Includes: Henry State Bank.Includes: Farmer's State Bank (McNabb); Granville National Bank; Hennepin City State
Bank.Includes: Iroquois Farmer's State Bank; Sumner National Bank of Sheldon; Pint Trust
and Sm.ings Bank (Watseka).f Loan ratio refers In the ratio of loans and discounts to total resources.
6f
Tab
le 3
6. A
sset
s an
d M
ortg
age
Lean
s of
Sav
ings
and
Loa
n A
ssoc
iatio
ns in
the
Stu
dy A
reas
, 194
5-19
66, W
ith P
erce
nt o
f inc
reas
e
Per
cent
of i
ncre
ase
1945
1956
1964
1965
1966
1945
-19
64-
1966
1966
Bur
eau
Cou
nty'
(800
0)
Mor
tgag
e lo
ans
410
2,68
93,
819
3,80
39,
175.
6'T
otal
ass
ets
490
3,06
34,
280
4,40
78,
693.
9La
Sal
le C
ount
y.'
00
00
0...
.M
arsh
all C
ount
y*M
ortg
age
loan
s10
955
31,
181
1,52
51,
726
1,48
3.5
46.1
Tot
al a
sset
s23
363
21,
343
1,83
32,
351
887.
875
.1P
utnz
an (
,oun
ty4
00
00
0...
.Ir
oquo
is C
ount
yM
ortg
age
loan
s30
61,
870
5,54
97,
294
7,00
52,
189.
226
.2T
otal
ass
ets
431
2,13
36,
362
7,35
67,
876
1,72
7.4
23.8
Illin
ois
Mor
tgag
e lo
ans
212,
000
1,75
8,00
04,
333,
000
4,52
0,00
04,
655,
000
2,09
5.8
7.4
Tot
al a
sset
s3:
4,00
02,
057,
000
5,19
8,00
05,
432,
000
5,56
5,00
01,
672.
37.
1
Sour
ce: S
tate
of
snoo
ds.
Sav
ings
and
Loo
n D
ivis
ion.
Rep
ort o
r Sa
ving
s an
d L
oan
Ass
ocia
tions
.B
urea
u C
ity B
uild
ing
and
Loa
n A
ssoc
iatio
n (P
rinc
eton
, clo
sed
in 1
945)
; Fir
st S
avin
gs a
nd L
oan
Ass
ocia
tion
ofB
urea
u C
ity (
1962
to p
rese
nt).
No
savi
ngs
and
loan
ass
ocia
tion
in s
tudy
are
a of
cou
nty.
Hen
ry B
uddi
ng A
ssoc
iatio
n (1
945-
1949
) H
enry
Bui
ldin
g en
d L
oon
Ass
ocia
tion
(195
0-19
57);
Illi
nois
Val
ley
Savi
ngs
and
Loa
n A
ssoc
iatio
n (1
963.
1964
);Il
linoi
s Sa
ving
s an
d L
oan
Ass
ocia
tion
(196
..5-1
966)
.*N
o sa
ving
s an
d lo
an a
ssoc
iatio
n in
cou
nty.
Shel
don
Bui
ldin
g an
d L
oan
Ass
ocia
tion;
Wat
seka
Bui
ldin
g an
d L
oan
Ass
ocia
tion.
to1
66 BULLETIN No. 736
The Transportation, Communication,and Public Utilities Sector
The list below shows the percentage of personal income in 1965 fromthis sector for each county in the study area and for the state.
Putnam 8.8Illinois 5.8LaSalle 4.7Marshall 3.9Bureau 2.3Iroquois 2.2
While one might expect the relative importance of this segment of theeconomy to be higher in more industrialized areas, the growth trends re-vealed in this ranking and in Tables 13 to 25 require some qualification ofthis expectation. LaSalle County has remained fairly constant with only aslight increase in the proportion of personal income provided by this source,while in Illinois as a whole the sector has slowly but steadily decreased in itsimportance (down from 7.0 to 5.8 in 15 years). On the other hand,Marshall has shown a fairly sharp rise in the importance of this source ofincome in the late 1950's with a gradual decrease in the 1960's. PutnamCounty has experienced a sharp increase while Bureau and Iroquois coun-ties show a decline in the proportion of income from this source.
Of interest as supplementary indication of trends in this segment of theeconomy are data on motor vehicle registrations (Table 37). As one mightexpect from population trends, all the counties under consideration exceptLaSalle have shown a growth rate of less than half that of the state in pas-senger car registrations. However, in the registration of trucks and busses,all five counties have growth rates much higher than the state. Marshall,Putnam, and Iroquois have shown considerable growth. Sonic of thisgrossth may be due to farm truck usage increases, since the registration ofheavy trailers and semi-trailers has not kept pace with state growth exceptin Marshall County. Bureau County ranks lowest among the experimentalcounties in the increase of these kinds of vehicles.
Data available on electric power utilities arc presented in Tables 38 to40. In general, small municipal oirrpanics were unable to supply dataand the figures available from the larger companies were not strictly com-parable. Nevertheless, increases in residential kilowatt-hour per con-sumption (Table 38) have been higher in the area served by Illinois PowerCompany in the experimental area (with several exceptions) than in thecontrol area. Spring Valley, contiguous to an industrialized area, showshigher industrial consumption growth rates than other communities servedby Illinois Power Company.
Industrial accounts in Oglesby (Table 39) also increased more rapidlythan residential accounts.
66
Tab
le 3
7. -
Mot
or V
ehic
le R
egis
trat
ion
by T
ype
and
Cou
nty,
194
6, 1
956,
and
196
6, W
ith P
erce
nt o
f Inc
reas
e
Cou
ntie
s
Pass
enge
r ca
nT
ruck
s an
d bu
sses
Tra
ilers
and
sem
i-tr
aile
raT
otal
veh
icle
s
Per-
cent
Per-
cent
Per-
cent
Per-
cent
and
stat
e1946
1956
1966
iena
;19
4619
5619
66in
-Crease,
1946
1956
1966
in-
crea
se,
194G
1956
1966
in-
crea
se,
1946
-19
46-
1946
-19
46-
1966
1966
1966
1966
Bur
eau
10,0
4514
.016
16,3
0662
.31,
808
3,39
64,
367
141.
534
555
31,
130
227.
512
,381
18,1
9622
,295
22.5
LaS
alle
23,0
1037
,555
46,9
4310
4.0
3,73
96,
850
9,04
814
2.0
633
1,36
53,
643
475.
527
,740
46,3
3361
,195
120.
6M
arsh
all
3,26
04,
681
5,56
870
.858
21,
186
1,68
218
9.0
8721
251
949
6.6
3,98
16,
158
7,91
098
.7
Putn
am1,
312
1,69
42.
175
658
262
490
689
163.
028
5615
34-
46.4
1,61
12,
264
3,07
416
4.8
Iroq
uois
8 77
912
,082
14,2
1661
.91,
857
3,42
54,
944
166.
239
254
01,
125
187.
011
,142
16,2
5210
,596
84 9
Illin
ois
(000
)1,
609
2,97
14,
008
149.
125
441
955
811
9.7
4610
426
848
2.6
1,93
03,
534
4,93
115
5.5
Sou
rce.
Illin
ois
Sec
reta
ry o
f Sta
te. M
otor
Veh
icle
Reg
istr
atio
n by
Typ
e an
d C
ount
y.
68 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Table 38. Kilowatt Haws of Metric Power Consumpden by Direct Consumersof lillnols Power Cempany In CornmenV. es in the Expel {mantel Artf.
Kilos att hours consumed (000)
Percent1942 1950 1960 1955 increase,
1942-1965
Bureau Bureau CountyResidential 165 317 617 671 .306.7Commercial 86 110 260 612 611.6Industrial 162 200 211 1 99 4
Dei,ueP.esidential 879 1,824 3,457 3,575 306.7Commercial .. 224 512 747 689 296.9Industrial 0 0 7,711 12,474
Holl3wayvilleResidential 24 50 123 169 so& 2commercial 12 15 53 75 525.0Andusurial 0 0 0 0
Sea toe.villeResidential 24 128 335 373 859.2Con irnel vial . . . . 14 63 128 114 714.3Industrial 6 13 0 0
Spring ValleyResidential 1,129 2.609 4,61' 5,8/3 420.4Commercial 600 1 ,318 2,69. 3,766 527.7Industrial 740 1,094 3,314 6,832 823.2
Granville Pi itnam Count)Residential .... 499 1,434- k,7,8 3,307 5 i2 .7Commercial . .. . 141 343 1,026 1,360 864.5Industrial .... 45 194 76 110 144-.4
HennepinResidential 54 134 666 807 1,394.4Commercial 50 67 462 628 1,156.0Industrial. 4 57 0 0
MagnoliaResidential 41 131 363 404 885.4Commercial . 24 30 127 179 645.8Industrial . .. 0 0 0 0
MarkResidential 40 144 418 499 1,147.5Commercial .. 25 52 112 133 428.0Industrial 7 0 0 0
McNabbResidential. 64 137 253 399 523.4Commercial. 53 98 326 402 658 5Industrial 17 3° 0 0
StandardResidential 35 122 286 512 791.4Commercial .. ...... 32 58 90 98 '4'06. 3Industrial 0 0 0 0
Source; Posner CVMPIIRT.
S
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIAITZAT/ON 69
Data on the control area (Table 40) reseal no significant differences inincrease between number of customers in residential or commercial classi-fications. How.ver, the pattern is that use of electric power has incre.:sedsircc. 1942 at a rate five times that of number of customers.
The Service Industry SectorThe list below shos the percentage of persorol income in 1965 from
this sec,or for each coun.y in the study area and for the state.
Illinois 7.6LaSalle 3.3Marshal: 2.5Iroquois 2.2Bureau 2.2Putnam 1.8
To Act 39. Numbor of Electric Pawer Consumer Accounts Supplis Iby the Oglesby Municipal Power Company, 1942-1965
Number of accounts
1942 1950 1960 1965Percent
increase,1912.1965
Residential 964 1,190 1,451 1,447 50.1Commercial 109 124 139 134 22.9Industrial 14 26 41 45 221.4
Source: Oglesby Isfuricipai Power Company.
Table 40. Customers and Average Annual Use of Electric Power In Kilowatt Hours Inthe Paxton Opeisting group of the Central Illirels Public Service Company, 194'11963
Percent1942 1950 1960 1965 increase,
1942 -1965
Res:dentialCttstotacrs 13,117 16,640 19,200 20,186 53.9Average use 92, 2,014 3,614 4,594 398 8
CommercialCustomers.... 2,626 2,987 3,933 3,940 50.0Average use 2,I39 4,239 9,549 12,173 40.1
Total, electric customers(Cresent City,Iroquois County,Sheldon, Watseka,and Woodland). 2,206 2,750 3,335 3,480 57.8
Source: Central Illinois Public Senior Company.The Parton Operating Group includes all r f Iroquois County, plus portions of Vermilion,
Champaign, IsfcLeal., and Ford countii
69
70 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
This general breakdown indicat( s tha the more industrialized and ur-ban an area becomes the more the demand for service work increases. How-ever, changes in the pc, cent of income from this source snow a slaty', almostidentical increase in the proportion of inreme provided by service wagesin all the counties in the study area (Tab; s 7-12). The increase in abso-lute incon.e from this source has remained roughl:' comparable to statepercentages in all counties.
The only conclusion one reach without furtly rata is that urbanand industrialized areas have an initial advantage in the amount of servicesthat can be prodded, but the demand for increase in services remains aboutthe same in rural n d urban areas. Industrialization et the Putnam Countyarea in particular might change this balance and create more demand forservices.
The Govmmigtntal SectorAlthough the govenunental system will Sc analyzed in the next section,
some comments at this point are included on government wages and invest-ment as constituting a sector of the economic system. The list below shows:he percentage of personal income in 1965 from this sector fcr each countyin the study area and for the state.
Illinois 8.8Putnam 7.7Iroquois 7.5Bureau 7.2Marshall 8.7LaSalle 3.6
In Bureau and Iroquois counties the proportion of total income fromthis source has remained about the same over time. In Marshall Countyit has declined from 8 to 6.7 rercent. In LaSalle County it has droppedfrom 5.1 to 3.6 percent, and in Putnam County it has declined from 10.5to 7.7 percent. Illinois as a whole has shown slow growth in the proportionof personal income from government sotmccs. In the two counties whichhave been predominantly rural with substantial outmigration (Putnam andMarshall), ti:1 proportion of income from governmental services has de-clined. With a lower concentration of people, fewer governmental servicesare requited particularly in the area of education and social control.There arc, however, some fixed governmental structures whose costs go onunless governmental unit:, are consolidated. With a higher correntrationof pecple, the demand for governmental services on a per capita basis mayincrease.
The analysis of year to -year figures comparable to those in Tables 7 to12 shows numerous random shifts from year to year. Perhaps it is signifi-cant that none of the areas being studied here seems to have experienced
70
Tab
le 4
1. E
mpl
oym
ent a
nd F
inan
cial
Exp
endi
ture
s fo
r In
divi
dual
Cou
nty
Gov
ernm
ents
and
Illin
ois,
195
7 en
d 19
62
Bur
eau
LaS
alle
Mar
shal
lP
utna
mIr
oquo
isIll
inoi
s19
5719
6219
5719
6219
r719
6219
5719
6219
5719
6219
5719
62
:-11
1 F
lore
s12
018
222
822
6N
it29
1320
8386
24,0
4829
,014
Ful
l-tim
e eq
uiva
lent
em
ploy
racn
tH
ighw
ays
4559
2837
415
43
2828
2,65
43,
650
Pub
lic w
elfa
reN
R74
NR
170
0C
T0
02
2,83
35,
164
Hea
lth a
nd h
ospi
tals
102
4860
11
10
13
7,10
07,
290
Pol
ice
prot
ectio
n12
56
112
31
222
121,
244
1,52
3
Fin
anci
al e
xpen
ditu
res
Cap
ital c
..itla
y (0
00)
S 9
C57
81,
205
2,87
343
240
725
628
45,6
6568
,455
Hig
hway
s (0
00)
5581
581
144
1,29
811
015
746
2155
838
661
,616
78,6
46P
ublic
wel
fare
(00
0).
-3
43u4
997
104
1025
.23
2238
13,9
5171
,404
Hea
lth a
nd h
ospi
tals
(03
0)..
_ .
.S
17
2726
265
109
28
848
33,2
4049
,328
Pol
ice
prot
ectio
n (0
00)
11, 4
380
139
293
621
315
3780
6,54
99,
000
Sour
ce:
15.5
. Cem
®of
Gov
ernm
ents
.O
nly
cteg
ones
of p
artic
ular
rel
rvan
ce a
re in
.-lu
lled.
72 BULLETIN No. 736
an overriding demand for the improvement of governmental services, orits place in the economic system would have become more important. Thisof course, may change with industrialization. The U.S. Census of Govern.ments provides more detailed information on county and local govern-ments' capital and operating expenditures and on number of governmentalemployees in different categories (see Tables 41 and 42).
In the period 1957 to 1962 increases in county employment across thestate were concentrated in tile public welfare sector. Within the study arealittle can be ascertained since two counties did not report welfare person-nel in 1957 and the remaining three reported none. However, an exami-nation of the financial expenditures shows that public welfare has beengrowing in the five counties as well as in the whole state. Pureau Countyshowed the largest increase in total employees.
Since similar comparative data on local government employment andexpenditure for the five-year period are lading, only the most recent(1962) figures are shown in Table 42. These are interesting because of thelisting of number of employees per 10,000 inhabitants in selected govern-mental service sectors. As might be expected, 'oval governments in thestudy areas rank far above state averages in educational employment, gen-erally above on highway employment; and far below in heatt't and hospitalsand porce protection employment. This clearly demonstrates the prioritiesestablished by rural people in local governmental expenditures.
Table 42. 1962 Employment and Fin an d Statistics for local Cos trnmentsby County Tools
Eurca4 LaSatIe Marshall Putnam Irost.ois Illinois
'Fatal cmployeee 1,490 2,873 130 197 1,307 280,000Full time equivalentemployees per 10,000inhabitants
Education 152 lis 148 211 173 121.0Highways 27 10 26 14 21 14.0Health and hospitals 1 28 1 1 1 15.1Police protection 7 10 7 5 9 19.8
Financial t.spenditure;Capital outlay (000, $1,546 4,684 676 85 853 246,000Education capital
(0) $ 595 2,766 6C) 27 634 1,081,000Education other
(000) $3,700 8,443 1,232 511 3,641 1,02,000Hxghways MO 51,269 2,914 337 120 966 142,000Public welfare S 761 377 41 19 92 29,000H-alth and hospitals $ 15 285 9 8 49 6,000Police protection $ 251 859 49 26 104 41 ,003
Source: U.S. Cenots of Governments.
72
Table 43.- Effect !ye &tying Income by County, 19504965, With Percent of Increase
Bureau County
1950 1955 1960 1965Percentincrease,
1955-1965
Net dollars ($OOO) 45,796 56,620 70,458 76,999 36.0Per household 3,881 4,798 5,823 6,696 39.6Percent of households by income
10-2,499 NR 27.6 15.7 25.2 8.712,500-3,999 NR 31.4 24.1 18.4 -41.454,000-6,999 NR 29 5 37.9 29.7 1.017,000-9,999 NR 11.6 13.4 13,2 127.6°$10,000 and over NR () 8.9 13,5 132,8°
LaSalle CountyNet dollars (8000) 146,871 177,859 242,600 285,693 60.6Per hcuschold 4,996 5,506 6,912 7,980 44.9Percent of households by income
11-2,499 NR 20.2 11.b 14.6 -27.7V. ,500-3,999 NR 24.6 18.8 13.3 -45.94,000-6,999 NR 38.1 40.2 34.8 8.7
57,000-9,999 NR 17.1 16.9 18.3 115.3°810,000 and over NR () 12.3 19.0 123.5°
Marshall CountyNet dollars (5000) 14,279 19,998 25,233 25,085 25.4Per household 3,483 5,000 6,008 5,973 19.5Percent of households by income
51-2,499 NR 28.6 16.9 26.1 9.452,500-3,999 NH. 26.9 22.7 18.9 -29.714,000-6,999 NR 30.4 36.1 32.0 5.357,000-9,999 NR 14 1 13.6 12.7 81.4b510,000 and over NB. () 10.7 10.3 47.1b
Fctnam CountyNet dollars ($000) 3,967 5,230 7,095 8,806 68.4Per household 2,645 4,023 5,458 5,871 45.9Percent of households by income
11-2,409 NR 30.2 18.3 25.4 -15.952,500-3,999 NR 31.0 25.5 16.8 -45.854,000-6,999 NR 27.4 35.6 32.2 12.217,000-9,999. NR 11.4 12.3 15.9 178.91$10,000 and over NB. ( 8.3 10.7 87.76
Iroquois CountyNet dollars (5OOO) 40,188 47,229 58,853 67,019 41.9Pcr household 4,101 4,541 5,659 6,383 40.6Percent of households by income
11-2,499 NR 29.3 27.7 26.4 - 9.952,HC-3,999 NR 30.8 25.1 18.8 -39.054,000 6,999 NR 28.2 35.9 29.8 5.717,000-9,599 NR 11 7 12.5 12.8 120.74510,000 al .4 over NR y) 8.8 12.3 112.1°
IllinoisNet dollars (3000,000) 13,785 18,290 23,742 28,817 57.6Pcr household 5,239 6,259 7,454 9,140 46.0Percent of households by income
51-2,499 NR 22.4 10.6 14.8 -33.912,500-3,999 NR 22.8 16.6 11.6 -49.134,000-6,999 NR 35.3 39.4 30.1 -14.757,000-9,999 NR 19.5 18.2 17.8 83.56510,000 and over NR ( 15.2 25.7 19.06
Source: Sales Ma it:gement Magazine. Survey of buyer Power.In 1955 the hist est category reported was l'$7,000 and abase."The percent inaeases for these income categories are an approximation arrived at byo the percentage of households yids incomes of 17,000 ,nd oser in 1955 etc's', between
the 17..a0.9,949 category and he 110 DOD end over category. This Spore (lot example. 00e-hall ofcc 5.11 foe both categories, la totems Coont5 tined as the base from ...bids percentage in-
act a were calculated. Ills is necessary because all income of $7,000 and abate nu pooled to the1955 Sales Management Magazine reports.
73
74 Butt.ETEN No. 736 [December,
The Economic System: A SummaryOne more source of data helps round out the picture of the economic
system within the study areas. Table 43 present data on effective buyingincome as it is estlmated by Sales Management Magazine.
"Ii ranking of counties according to the increase in effective buyingincome per household be:wee 1955 and 1965 appears as follows:
Illinois 46.0Putnam 45.9LaSalle 44.9Iroquoi5 40.6Bureau 39.6Marshall 19.5
In terms of actual income per household in 1965 the ranking is:
Illinois $9,140LaSalle 7,980Bureau 6,696Iroquois 6,383Marshall 5,973Putnam 5,871
Ranking of per capita income computed from Tables 7 through 12 for1965 is:
Illinois $3,262LaSalle 2,892Bureau 2,380Iroquois 2,325Putnam 2,277Marshall 2,254
The overall impression that emerges from these data as well as fromthose presented earlier is that the experimental area's economic system isextremely mixed. LaSalle and Putnam counties show a number of dia-metrically opposed economic trends. However, since the J&L plant islocated in Putnam County and since that county is the only whole countyto fall within the surrey boundaries, this summary section will concentrateon Putnam and treat the rest of the counties in the experirnentd1 area asdeviations from its economic pattern.
Putnam County had the poorest economy in the experimental area twodecades ago. However, it has shown significant growth and has succeededin narrowing the gap in per capita and per household income betweenitself and the other counties and the slate. In some respects it seemedto be progressing more successfully in the 1960's than Marshall County,and even without the boost of J&L it probably would have surpassed theaverage income of Marshall before the end of the decade.
74
1969] BEFORE INDUSI RIALIZ AMON 75
The remarkable factor in Putnam County's development over the pasttwo decades has been that it has proceeded virtually without industriali-zation. Aside from Jed, there are still only a iew small manufacturingplants in the county. In 1965 wages accounted for only about 30 percentof Putnam's personal income as compared with some 66 percent from thissource in the state as a whole.
The greatest change in Putnam County's economic system has been inthe agricultural sector. Some 26.1 percent of the farms in the county in1950 have disappeared and the existing farms are some 29.8 percent largerthan they were at that time. Of particular significance is the fact that onlythe largest two sizes of farms in Putnam County (500.999 acres and over1,000 acres) have increased in number. All other farm sizes have declinedin number. In the state as a whole and in the other counties of both theexperimental and control areas, some other smaller farm sizes have in-creased in number. As was noted in the section on environment, the ru alpopulation in Putnam County has shown severe losses since 1940.
Such factors, taken together with the capital substitution for labor infarming and improved cropping practices, account for the fact that theaverage value of products sold per farm per year in Putnam County hasrisen some 71 percent since 1950, more than in any other- county beingconsidered here and above the average increase for the state. The r.veragefarm production for market as %North less than $10,000 in 1950 and in1965 more than $16,500. The only county considered here which putsmore goods on the market per farm is Bureau County.
Finally, the average value of land and buildings per farm has increasedin Putnam County from arcund $39,000 in 1950 to some $9? 000 in 1964.Part of this, of course, is due to general inflation during this sime period.This places Putnam County far above the other counties in percent increasein value and well above all but Iroquois County in actual value today. Thevalue of land and buildings on the average farm in Illinois in the sameperiod rose only to some $64,000 from $28,000.
Thus a vigorous agricultural sector has been mainly responsible forthe economic system of Putnam County showing some real advance in thelast two decades. It should be mentioned that personal income from com-munications and public utilities has risen in the county some 6 percentduring the period, but that is about the only other significant variation.Trade income has declined, with eating and drinking establishments andautomotive dealers ranking as exceptions. Of all the counties consideredin this study, Putnam ranks the lowest in terms of personal income fromcommercial trade. Income from contract construction and mining has beennegligible. Also, government expenditures in the economy have declined.The finance, insurance and real estate, and the transportation sectors haveshown some tendency to be more active in the middle 1960's, but they havenot yet made any substantial expansion.
Marshall County's economy has shown only moderate growth duringthe same period. Today it remains a mixture of very small industry and
75
76 Mauro: No. 736 [December,
poorer farming in comparison Ivith the other counties in the area. In percapita and per household income it has been losing ground rapidly, par-ticularly in the 1960's, relative to the other counties and the state. How -ever, the judgment should probably be qualified for the sector of MarshallCounty which actually falls within the experimental area. It is dominatedby Henry, which appears to have a healthy economy. Certainly the popu-lation trends discussed above show that Henry has not been subject to thesame population loss as the rural area of the county. However, Henry'ssource of strength appears to be in terms of wage income and trade orcommercial income. Some of the commercial trade results from Henrybeing a small agricultural trade center for the immediate vicinity.
Some significant increases in industrial expansion and a healthy agri-cultural sector have enabled Bureau County to show some significantgrowth in the overall economic system in the last two decades. However,in terms of per capita and per household income, the county appears to belosing ground in relation to the state as a whole. In terms of the impor-tance of the various economic sectors, Bureau County differs from nearbycounties in that agriculture provides only about 25 percent of the personalincome and that wages account for some 40 percent of the personal income.Manufacturing wages have Ilse.) most, but income from trade and com-mercial endeavors and governmental sources are also on the rise and aremore important in this county than in Putnam or Marshall. Of the coun-ties in the experimental area, Bureau probably most closely resembles thecontrol arca.
In contrast, LaSalle County differs most from the other counties in theexperimental area and from the economy of the control area as well. Onlysome 10 percent of personal income in the county is derived from agri-culture. Some 60 percent is derived from wages, and over one-half of thatfrom manufacturing wages. The trade, service, contract-construction, andfinancial sectors rank more importantly in LaSalle's economic system thanin the other counties being considered. The economic system more closelyresembles that of the stale as a whole than those of the other more ruralcounties. White LaSalle County has per capita and per household incomesconsiderably above the levels in the surrounding counties, the gap has beennarrowing in the 1960's. Manufacturing in LaSalle County has tended toremain at a fairly even level, perhaps even declining somewhat during the1960's in marked contrast to the 15 years preceding.
It should also be kept in mind that only Oglesby M LaSalle Countywas selected to be part of the actual experimental area. Oglesby has notshown the same kind of slowdown in the 1960's as Peru and LaSalle.
Except for Oglesby, the similarities of the experimental and controlregions are clear. Bureau, Marshall, and Putnam counties are still consid-erably more rural oriented that: the state as a whole. Further, they havedeveloped the economic sectors which support and are complementary withthe r. gricultural sector.
76
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 77
In the control region in Iroquois County the same emphasis on agri-culture is found, but ith vigorous trade, small manufacturing, govern-mental, financial, and contract-construction subsystems. However, insteadof the specialization of economic endeavors in different locales as in theexperimental area, the Watseka area seems to incorporate them all. Thusthe picture of the overall economic system in Iroquois County is a healthyone. Watseka is a relatively well developed trading area. It is the largesttown in a rather large county. To get to a town of comparable or largersize, one must travel 30 miles north to Kankakee or 33 miles south toHoopeston. A smaller town, Kent land, Indiana, lies 15 miles east, and tothe west there is no town of significant size within 50 miles. The trans-portation and communicaticn subsystems are the only ones showing anyspecial weakness over time.
Comparison of the experimental and control areas would lead to theconclusion that the control area serves as a viable example of an integrated,relatively self-contained economic system. It would appear that the ser-vices of different sectors of the economy are necessary to some extent inrural as in urban envirorrnct.ts thoirgh in different amounts. Persons livingin Iroquois County evidently rely on the county seat town for most of theeconomic services. This pattern is different in the experimental area andthere is a great deal of crossim- of county boundaries in search of the kindsof economic services individuals require. If the four - :aunty experimentalregion could be taken as a Nrhol-, the economic system would appear fairlyself-contained. Thus, the relatively self-contained economic communityin the experimental area covers several political subdivisions (counties)compared with the control area
Finally, one would anticipate that a development of a strong manufac-turing sector in the Hennepin area, as a result of J&L's entry, would haveserious ramifications throughout the economic system, leaving it still lesslike that of the control area than it now is. The tightening of interactionprocesses between different locales in the cxperimental area would seemlikely as persons are drawn into various communities around Hennepin andyoung persons are encouraged to stay in the area instead of moving outto seek work. The sheer amount of commuting from one locale to anotherand the potential increase in terms of per capita income and consequentdemands for more and new kinds of economic services would tend to drawthe locales into a more integrated kind of economic structure. Locales thathave already specialized in certain services may increase their specialization,becoming more dependent on the whole economic system.
Insofar as J &L significantly advances the industrialization of the area,demands for increased activity in the economic system by the ser. ice, trade,financial, contract - contraction, and governmental sectors are likely. Thusthe experimental area may charge in its economic features to more closelyresemble the system in LaSalle County or in the state as a whole than thesystem in Iroquois County.
eft
78 BULLETIN No. 736 [De:ember,
It is to be anticipated that such change in the economic system willhave consequences for other major community systems as well. In the fol-lowing section an attempt is made draw together the kinds of .iecondarydata that may allow some hypotheses on the course that such change willtake in relation to the governmental and educational system.
MAJOR SYSTEMS IN INTERRELATIONA general guiding hypothesis of the Rural Industrial Development
Project has been that charges in the economic system of the experimentalarea will have repercussions throughout the entire social system. This sec-tion presents some data, derived from secondary sources, which may pro-vide the necessary benchmarking to allow the identification of changes inthe educational and governmental systems.
The Educational SystemThe oat; in Table 44 furnish a benchmarking for the educational sys-
tem. The Annu i Statistical Report of the Illinois Department of PublicInstruction from Which the data were compiled presents certain difficultiesthat need to be noted. The problems of shifting reporting categories fromyear to year, the changing of school district boundaries, and the change-ability in the kinds of data that are published make it difficult to drawcomparisons over time about changes in the operations of schools.
The most reliable figure is that on elementary and secondary enrollmentover the years at the county level. The data indicate that elementary en-rollment has expanded more rapidly in Putnam County than in othercounties in our experimental area. Further, the increase has been con-tinuous and consistent over the last two decades. In strong contrast, how-ever, secondary enrollment in the couitty has slightly decreased during thesame period. It declined most rapidly in the early and middle 1950's andhas remained level since the late 1950's.
Although the other counties we are considering do not show the samedramatic increase in secondary as they do in elementary enrollment, theydo show significant increases at the secondary level, Thus something seemsto have been happening to the high school population in Putnam Countythat has not been experienced in other counties in the area. Part of theanswer may be a selective migration process. It was noted in the demo-graphic section that Putnam County was esperiencing more loss of popu-lation than other counties and that its distribution had dec?ined substan-tially at the late adolescent level. Also, it ors noted in the agriculturalsector that numbers of farms in Putnam County were declining faster thanin other counties. Many farmers leaving agriculture are those in the agegroups that would have adolescent children. Outmigration, possibly com-bined with a higher dropout rate than other counties, could account forthe fact that Putnam Counq's secondary enrollment has not increased asmuch as in other counties.
1969] BE uRE NDUSTP.1A1-17 IION 79
Table 41 School Data, 1945,1954,1959, and 1963, With Percent of Increaseby County and Slats
1915
Bureau County
1954 1959 1963Percentincrease,
1945-1963
Elementary enrollment 3,321 5,289 5,883 6,547 97.1A 'rage elementary teacher
load 29,9 24.0 24.1 22.9 -23.4Secondary enrollment 2,091 1,946 2,071 2,354 12.5Average secondary teacher load 20.3 14.6 14.9 12.9 -36.5Average annual teacher salary S 1,393 3,365 (`) 4,901b 259.4Total operating expenditures
(000) S 756 2,31U 3,318 4,002 437.9Total per capita cost S 139.7 313,0 417.0 456.9 226.3Total value of school property
(000) S 3,040 8,785 15,542 ( (9Total capital outlay S 6,232 764,538 878,236 (9 (
LaSalle CountyElementary enrollment 9,132 11,"5'30 13,420 15,710 71.6Average elementary teacher
load 31.9 25.5 24.7 25.1 -14,. 3Secondary enrollment.. . 4,871 4,479 5,423 6,371 36.3Avcragesecondaryteacherload 25.1 18,3 18.8 19.1 -23.9Average annual teacher salary E 1,593 3,867 ( 5,827" 265.7Total operating expenditures
(000) S 1,839 5,626 7,425 10,132 505.3T otaI per capita cost 5 133.0 355.9 394.1 458.9 245.0Total value of school property
(000) S 8,131 30,361 29,3E7 ( (Total capital outlay 571,507 880,139 1,181,442 ( (9
Marshall CountyElementary enrollment 934 1,525 1,660 1,754 87.7Average elementary teacher
load 26.7 21.8 21.8 19.3 -27.7Secondary enrollment. 596 637 753 850 42.6At. _rage secondary teachcrload 14.5 12.3 12.8 12.0 -17.2Average annual teacher salary 5 1,311 3,180 ( 5,210 '297.8Total operating expenditures
(000) 5 249 793 1,161 1,195 379.9Total per capita cost .5 162.8 366.8 481.1 458 9 181.8Total value of school property
(000) 5 1,402 2,418 4,019 (9 (9Total capital outlay 5 2,345 18,978 16,188 () (9
Putnam CountyElementary enrollment 467 689 786 837 100.6Ave age elementary teacher
load 27.5 19.1 20.7 17.8 -35.3Secondary znroPincot 274 220 275 269 - 1 2Average secolidar y teacher load 16.1 11.0 12.5 10.0 -37Average annual teacher. salary- 1,378 3,456 ( 4,594b 233.3Total operating expenditures
(000) 125 2J1 426 600 380.0Total per capita cost 5 168.7 309.1 401.5 542.5 221.5Total value of school property
(000) 5 408 1,061 1,963 (t) (9Total capital outlay 510,11X1 49,321 45,708 ( (9
See footnotes on p. BO.
79
80 Bynum No. 736 [December,
Table 44. - School Data, 1945, 1954, 1959, and 1963, With Percent OF Increaseby County and Pato Icancludod1
1945 1954 1959 1963Percent
increase,1915-1963
Iroquois CountyElementary enrollment 2,402 4,759 5,594 5,602 133.2Average elementary teacher
load 28.9 25.2 24.2 20.0 -30.8Secondary enrollment 1,588 1,705 2,072 2,267 42.7Average secondary teacher
load 15.6 13,3 14.7 14.0 -10.3Average annual teacher's salary $ 1,459 3,441 (.) 5,0286 244.6Total operating expenditures
(000) $ 722 2,380 3,665 3,885 438.0Total per capita cost $ 180.9 368.2 498.4 493.7 173.8Total value of school property
(000) 5 2,818 7,642 10,701 (a) (a)Total capital outlay $ 4,548 810,389 112,700 ( ()
IllinoisElementary enrollment (000) . . 808 1,038 1,294 1,480 83.1Average elementai y teacher
load 33.9 28.6 28.4 26.4 -22.1Secondary enrollment (000) 317 326 422 514 62.1Average secondary teacher load 31.7 20.5 20.8 19.3 -39.1Average annual teacher's salary S 1,595 4,267 () 5,'861 262.7Total opera'. 'g expenditures
(000) $77,298 389,783 642,726 021,642 1,092.3Total per capita cost $ 68.7 285.9 274.7 472.4 587.6Total value of school property
(000) $ 316 1,261 2,068 () (')Total capital outlay S 5,446 119,125 147,856 (') (a)
Source: Illinois Department of Public Instruction. Animal Statistical Report.No comparable data published.
I No comparable data published for 1963; 1962 figure substituted for comparison.
The. sorting out of influences of industrialization on the secondaryschool system of the experimental area as a whole may be difficult in thenext few years. The secondary school population is almost certain toexpand rapidly as those now in elementary school move up the grades. Thismay well precipitate new expenditures, especially of capital investment fornew or expanded high school buildings, over the next few years to meet in.creased needs generated by the present population. This factor will haveto be kept in mind as attempts are made to analyze change in this system.Also, the minimum cost for a modem program can be lowered only so far,and with a relatively small enrollment the minimum prog ain costs moreper capita to operate. 'There are scale econimies in education just as inany other endeavor, and t're fixed costs in plant and a minimum numberof course offerings result in high per capita costs with low enrollrratt.
Other trends are to be noted in the experimental area. Differentialpatterns of investment in education were found among the counties. Thereare stall significant differences among counties in the experimental area
80
1969] BEFORE 1 ',OUSTRIALI ZA nor.: 8I
in absolute salaries paid teachers, even though all of the counties have vir-tually kept pace with state growth rates in teacher salaries.
Their ranking on average annual teacher's salary in 1963 was asfollows:
LaSalle $5,827Marshall 5,216Bureau 4,901Putnam 4,594
The state average in the same year was $5,786. Teachers tend to staylonger in Bureau and Putnam counties than they do in the state as a whole,an average of some 20 years according to the Annual Statistial Report ofthe Illinois Department of Public Instruction, 1945 to 1963. This factor,corlained with stable or declining populations, has made it less necessaryfor Bureau and Putnam to compete for the service of teachers with thesame urgency as LaSalle County where the expansion in numbers of stu-dents has required a constant influx of new teachers.
The ranking of the counties in 1963 by average per capita operatingcost shows that Putnam County has considerably higher cost than the other
ties.
°I.it 3m $54314a hall 459L7,Salle 459Bureau 457
The per capita cost in the state for the same year was $472. Part oft le difference here can be accounted for by information gathered in fieldimerviews with school leaders. The Hennepin schr,,i district has been ableto operate at a high cost level as the result of an inheritance of land receivedse- le years ago which is now rented out for farming.
It should also be noted that the mcrease in per capita cost has beenover twl"c as much in the state as it has been in the experimental areaduring the two decades.
Pupil-teacher ratios have been lightened in all the counties, but they arestill by far the heaviest in LaSalle. Putnam County has remarkably lightteacher loads of 10.0 in secondary school and 17.8 in elementary school.Average teacher loads in the state rank above those found even in LaSalleCounty.
Although figures are not complete, capital expenditures appear to haveincreased far more heavily in the state and in LaSalle and Bureau countiesthan they have :n Putnam or Marshall counties. This should be expectedsince env.iiment increase has been less than in the latter two counties.
In the control area, elementary ehrollrnent was up 133 percent duringthe two decades, far above the increase shown in the experimental areaThe secondary enrollment has increased significantly, but not dramaticallymore than that in LaSalle or Nfarshali counties. In terms of teachers'
81
82 BuLLEnN No. 736 [December,
salaries, Iroquois County ranks belo,v LaSalle and Marshall counties, butabova the other two. On per capita cost, however, it ranks above all ex-cept Putnam. Teaching loads have been declining but they are still higherthan any county in the experimental area except LaSalle. Total operatingexpenditures have increased more rapidly than in Marshall and Putnamcounties.
One might expect changes in the educational system in response tothose in the economic system. Such changes might well see operating costsand capital investment climb more slowly for the more rural counties inthe experimental area than in the industrializing area.
The Governmental SystemAs a genpral indicator of the potential for government expenditure, the
assessed valuations of incorporated places in the survey area are presentedin Table 45. The level of valuation is particularly significant for Illinois
Table 45. - Assessed Valuation and A ed VON°, Ion per Capita by Incorporated Plot.,1953,1961,1963, and 1965, With Percent of Ina, Ms
Assessed valuation ($000) Assessed valuationper capita
1953 1961 1963 1965Percent
increase,1953-1n65
1953 19&Percentincrease,
1953-'65
Bureau CountyBureau 1,225 822 804 774 -36.7 2,552 1,932 -24.2Dcpue 5,489 4,354 4,400 4,648 -18.0 2,574 2,420 - 5.9Ladd 1,603 2,837 2,897 3,068 91.3 1,309 2,927 123.6Princeton 18,032 19,818 19,000 23,732 14.9 3,127 3,315 6.0Scatonville. . . 310 402 416 110 38.7 775 1,184 52.7Spring Valley 6,095 11,197 11,754 12,409 87.1 1,230 2,310 86.4
LaSalle '''..ouatyOglesb, 12,118 11,054 15,357 17,221 42.1 3,089 4,085 32.2
Marshall CountyHens/ 4,188 5,041 5,024 5,162 23.2 2,094 2,262 8.0
Putnam CountyGranville 1,423 1,896 1,792 2,094 47.1 1,455 1,998 37.3ILtnnepin 404 4'19 700 750 35.6 1,294 1,918 48.2McNabb Nk 495 NR 606 ... rat 3,482Magnolia 200 ':50 263 302 51.0 667 1,226 98.8Mark.. 260 NR 352 357 37.3 578 801 56.2Standard 196 263 290 294 50.0 715 1,043 60.3
Iroquois Cou r-,t yCrescr,L Gay 628 707 787 937 49.4 1,935 2,347 21.2Iroquois 516 694 NR 689 33.5 2,217 3,043 37.4Sheldon 2,000 2,387 2,837 2,951 47.5 1,817 2,610 49.515'at, k a 9,472 NR 13,21; 14,444 52.4 2,239 2,769 23.2Woodland 566 554 592 557 - 1.5 1.677 1,647 - 1.2
Source: U.S. Census of Governments.
82
1969) BEFORE INDUSTRT LIZATION 83
communities since most local government funds are derived from propertytaxes. There is a good deal of variation in the increases or decreases ofproperty valuation bet-weir communities in the qucly areas. With analysisof the year-to-year changes in communities, trends in vale. ition correlatefairly cksely with the level of governmental expenditures.
In the experimental area, most communities in Putnam County haveexperienced a significant increase in valuation since 1 X53. The larger com-munities show a consistent tendency to higher per capita valuations, butnone, save McNabb, h:r.c a strikingly high cat-:..
Henry, in Marsh 111 County, had a rate of increase m valuation thatwas low, but the per capita assessment figure started at a comparativelyhigh level ($2;1941 and has increased to $2,262.
In Oglesby in Lo.Salle County the per capita assessment rate ($4,085)remains more than doubly that of any community in Putnam County Withthe exception of McNabb which has an 3hnormally high figure ($3,482).
In Eureau County, Seatonville ($1,184) and Spring Valley ($2,310)per capita assessments are about the saw, as those found it, Putnam County,but the rater o: Depue ($2,420) and Ladd k$2,927) are somewhat higher.The rate in Princeton ($3,315) is about 50 percent higher than those ofPatnarn County communities. The most striking decline in per capitaassessment in the study area took place in Bureau ($2,552 to $1,932). Thedecline has occurred beause of more equal assessed evaluations per capitaamong the various incorporated place,' in Bureau County, while at thesame time there has been an overall rise in valuations in the county.
In the control area, with the exception of Woodland, the communitieshave established per capita valuations that are homogeneous. The range isfrom $2,347 in Crescent City to $3,043 in Iroquois. Again, there appearsto be a process of leveling of rates. The valuations have been on a levelcomparable to that Bureau County, but with less extreme adjustmentshaving been made since 1953.
The general trend then seems to be for incorporated places to utilize theassessment process more efficiently as the rars progress. Further, the largercommunities almost universal'', establish higher rates. Undoubtedly, this isa consequence if greater demands for governmental services.
Table 46 p,ovides data o.1 what has been interpreted as an indicator ofthe willingness of a community to invest in community improvement pro-grams through its governmental system, the level of bonded i, -lebtedness.Generally, it has been supposed that industrializing communities have ahigher level of indebtedness per capita than more ruril communities.Close examination of the data here does not seem to bear out this assump-tion. There does appear to be some rough correlation between size of com-munity and per capita levels of indebtedness, but it is not strong. Thus, itappears that community demands for various governmental expenditurescan lead to quite high levels of bonded indebtedness even in communitieswhich are not experiencing growth or industrialization.
8
84 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
However, the county levels of bonded indebtedness M Table 47 mightsupply sorna slight substantiation of the theory with Putnam and Marshallcounties reporting no indebtedness. The least industrialized counties havenot found it necessary to resort to bonds to provide funds for needed invest-ments. Also, without expanding government services demanded by unexpanding population, much of the fixed investment (for which indebted-ness is often needed) may already have been paid off.
In Putnam Ccunty, Granville has shown a tendency to take on higherbonded indebtedness per capita than any of the other communities. Theother communities have generally experienced some bonded indebtedness,but only at eery low per capita levels.
Communities in Bureau County apparently have been more willing totake on such indebtedness or have requirf d improvements needing moreindebtedness than in other areas. The per capita indebtedness in thosecommunities generally has been far above any incorporated area in othercounties in the experimental area.
'fable 46. Banded Indebtedness and Bonded Indebtedness per Capitaby Incorporated Ara." 1953, 1961, and 1965
Bureau County
1953 bondedindebtedness
1961 bondedindebtedness
1965 bondedindebtedness
Total Percapita aolTotal Per
capita TotalT Prcapita
Bureau 5 11,000 $ 22 $ 5,000 $ :3 5 1,000 $ 3Deput 4,000 2 23,000 14 534,800 315Ladd 36,000 30 70,000 67 90,000 86Princeton 1,036,000 180 1,165,000 185 795,000 126St stonville 0 0 0 0 0 0Spring Valley 344,000 69 776,000 144 624,000 116
LaSalli, CountyOglesby 350,000 94 255,000 61 65,000 15
Marshall CountyHenry 76,000 38 68,500 29 37,000 15
Putnam CountyGranville V.1,000 50 44,000 42 54,010 51Hennepin 0 0 11,000 18 4,000 1)McNabb 0 0 0 0 0 0Magnolia 0 0 11,000 37 6,000 241%.:ark 0 0 0 0 0 0Standard 6 0 11,000 39 6,000 21
Iroquois Countyresent City 0 0 0 0 0 0Iroquois 0 0 0 0 0 0Sheldon 12,000 11 6,000 5 0 0SVatseka Nk 0 725,000 139 595,0(Y) 114'Woodland 0 0 0 0 0 0
Source: U.s Census a Onneinments.
84
1969] BEFO Rs INDUSTRIALIZATION 85
In the control area, only Sheldon and Watseka have hau bonded in-debtedness at all since 1953, and Sheldon only at a very low per capita level($11.00).
If valuation and bonded indebtedness are tr serve as indicators of thepotential for and willingness to engage in high ',vets of government serviceto the community, then one would expect those communities with highassessed valuation and high bonded indebtedness to provide the most insuch services. On the whole, this prediction would seem to be substantiatedas data on various categories of governmental services indicate in Tables 48and 49.
Police and fire protection. In general, the larger the community, thelarger the per capita expenditure on police and fire protection (Tables 43and 49). There have been increases in per capita expenditures on theseservices in all but two communities. In the experimental area there hasbeen more of a tendency for communities to invest in this service on thecommunity level than there has been in the control area where onlyWatseka, and to a much lesser extent, Sheldon, have made significantexpenditure.
In terms of county expenditures on police and fire protection, all thecounties have shown a per capita increase since 1957. Putnam County hasjumped from next to lowest in per capita expenditure in 1957 to the high-est it 1962. One could expect larger expenditures from inflationary pres-sures in the national economy.
It would appear that the highest per capita expenditures on these typesof services in the governmental system do not necessarily come where indus-trialization has made significant progress. Because of fixed costs in certainservices, it is difficult to reduce per capita costs in areas of lov populationdensity. Generally, the larger communities within counties ti Ad to showthe highest r)er capita expenditures.
Highway repair and construction. On the community level, the percapita expenditure (Tables 50 and 51) on this service varies radically fromyear to year, but generally in the experimental area it has been higher inrural areas than in Oglesby and Henry (but, of course, not in absoluteexpenditures). Such expcnuitures have tended, also, to increase rapidly in
Table 47.-1957 bonded indebtedness, Amount and perfor Counties in the Study Area
Amount Per capita
Bureau County $936,000 5246.00LaSalle County .. . . 45,000 4.00htu-shall Coonty ... 0 0Putnam County.. 0 0Iroquois County 58,030 17.00
Source: U.S. Censor of Goverocleott.
8Z
86 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Table 48. Community Police and Fire Protection Expenditures,1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita
Bureau County
1960 1965
Amount Percapita Amount Per
capita
Bureau 8 2,457 $ 6.20 $ 3,745 $ 9.30Dcpue 8,911 4.70 10,042 5.30Ladd 714 .70 6,225 5.90Princeton 33,275 5.30 51,589 8.30Seatonville 0 0 2,132 5.90Spring Valley 25,096 4.70 12,528 2.30
LaSalle CountyOglesby 22,125 5.20 54,716 13.00
Iroquois CountyCr esent City 0 0 60 .20Iroquois 0 0 66 .30Sheldon 3,735 3,20 5,435 4,80Watseka 35,782 6.80 55,008 10.50Woodland 380 1.10 30 .90
Putnam CountyOrant,ille 1,528 1.50 3,747 3.60Hennepin NR NR 71 .20McNabb 0 0 0 0Magnolia 0 0 0 0Mark 242 .50 536 1.20Standard, 270 .90 120 .40
Marshall CountyHenry 6,305 2.80 9,280 4.10
Source. U.S. Census of Cosernments.
Table 49. County Police and Fire Protection Expenditures,1957 and 1962, Amount and per Capita
1957 1962
Amount Pcrcapita Amount Per
capita
Bureau County $ 56,000 515 $ 95,000 525LaSalle County. 189,000 19 339,000 30Marshall County 11,000 8 25,000 19Putnam County 5,000 11 17,000 38Iroquois County 54,000 17 90,00.7 2.,
Source: U.S. C.,OOO of Gar -ime tc.
86
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRI1LIZATION 87
Table 50. - Community Highway Repair and Construction Expenditures,1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita
Bureau County
1960 1965
Amount Percapita Amount Per
capita
Bureau $ 1,080 $ 2.70 $ 2,091 $ 5.20Iiepue 28,466 15.00 17,281 9.10Ladd 20,256 19.30 14,965 14.30Princeton 145,549 23.30 156,158 25.10Seatonville 1,109 3.10 9,630 26.80Spring Valley 27,646 5.20 19,944 3.70
Iroquois CountyCrescent City 994 2.50 14,668 36.70Iroquois 1,534 6.60 4,621 20.10Sheldon 5,934 5.20 12,303 10.80Watseka 33,08C 6.30 89,337 19.00Woodland. 216 .70 1,730 5.10
Putnam CountyGranville 19,081 18.20 46,698 43.50Hennepin.. HR. NR. 3,757 9.10McNabb NR NR 3,963 23.30Magnolia 1,916 7.70 1,398 5.60Mark 4,039 8.90 2,675 6.00Standard 421 1.50 3,226 11.80
LaSalle CountyOglesby. 53,707 12.70 45,328 10.80
Marshall CountyHenry 15,589 6.80 23,259 10.20
Source Ceram of Gov en_ le nu.
Table $1. - County Highway Repair and Construction Expenditures,1957 and 1962, Amount and per Capita
1957 1962
Amount Percapita Amount P
capiterPita
Bureau County $581,000 $153 $ 581,030 $154LaSalle County 44,000 4 1,W8,000 117Marshall Coul ty 110,000 85 157,000 120Putnam County 46,000 97 21,000 46Iroquois County 558,000 172 386,000 113
Seance: U.S. Census of Agriculture.
87
88 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
all communities. Although it is certain that inflation and increased demandhave both tended to raise highway expenditures, the trend is hard to docu-ment in Illinois except over long periods of time. The pattern of returningmotor fuel tax funds for expenditure at the county and local level and ofallowing such funds to accumulate for several years before they are usedfor a major investment gives the whole process an uneven look in morelimited periods of time. Annual expenditures would have to be averagedover several years to get an approximation of a realistic trend lire.
On the county level, highway repair and construction expenses have alsorisen in the experimental area, especially in LaSalle County.
In the control area a puzzling trend has emerged. Since 1960 per capitaexpenditure on this service has increased substantially for all the communi-ties, but has been declining for the county. A relative decline in rural resi-dences appears to be the reason for this change. Again, expenditures aremore evenly distributed among communities in the control are than in theexperimental area (Table 50).
Recreation. Historically, only the larger communities in the studyareas contributed anything to community or county recreation funds, butthat trend seems to have ended. In the 1960's some of the smallest com-munities have been contributing at least a nominal amount to recreation.However, the commitment to such a budget item is substantially related tothe size of the population center in both the control and experimental areas.Princeton, in Bureau County, is the one exception. On the county level,recreation expend:tures have been negligible (Table 52).
Public health and welfare. Three sources of expenditures on publichealth and welfare are anah-nd here: community, county, and state (Ta-bles 53, 54, and 55).
On the community level, there is traditional rural reluctance to becomeinvolved in governmental expenditure on public health and welfark service,along with a presumed smaller need for such service where more traditionalfamily aid is available. In the experimental area, with the exception ofOglesby, per capita expenditure on this service has been negligible. In thecontrol area, no expenditures on public health and welfare were recordedby communities in 1960. In 1956 a negligible amount per capita wasrecorded for Sheldon and Watseka.
Bureau County led the other counties in 1965 by a curiously largemargin in health and 'welfare expenditure per capita. LaSalle Countyranked second, Yv:th the more rural counties expending far less per capita.
State welfare expenditures are predictably mesh more evenly spreadthroughout the survey area. However, the number of persons receivingassistance per 1,000 persons in the population has been declining rathernoticeably for all counties except LaSp.11e. The amount of assistance re-ceived seems to vary little tccordin;.; to county. Only LaSalle may notreceive quite as much per capita assistance for persons on welfare as theothers.
88
1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 89
Those receiving assistance in the study areas are only about a third ofthe number receiving such assistance per thousand population in the stateas a whole. A shift toward the state pattern may follow greater industri-alization.
Two rather tangential sorts of data can be presented in the context ofthe health and welfare service of the governmental system. Both are con-cerned with mental health and though they do not present indications ofactivity on the part of the mental health subsystem, they do present ratherrough indicators of the general mental health of residents of the area andprobable demands for services in this field.
The overall trend is for patients of Illinois State Mental Hospitals to bedecreasing (Table 56). The number of admissions is also decreasing.This trend is not observed in the study area, howevtr. LaSalle Countyhas shown a constant increase in absolute number of admissions and admis-sion rates, although the number of persons in the state hospital from LaSalleCounty has dec'ined.
In the other counties, the number on the books in state mental hospitalshas been decreasing, While the number of admissions and admission rates
Table 52. Community Recreation Expenditures, 1960 and 1965, Amount and par Cupita
Bur-au County
1960 1965
Amount Percapita Amount Per
capita
Bureau. 0 0 0 0Dcpue 0 0 $ 3,695 $ 2.10Ladd 0 C 1,726 .20Princeton 0 C 0 0Scatonville 0 0 107 .50Spring Valley $ 8,936 1 1.50 NR NR
Iroquois CountyCrescent City 0 0 0 0Iroquois 664 2.80 437 1.C3Sheldon 0 0 0 0Watseka 9,601 1.80 12,235 2.30Woodland 0 0 34 .10
Putnam CountyGranville 474 .40 508 .50Hennepin 157 .40 175 .50McNabb 0 0 0 U
Magnolia 85 .40 0 0Mark 0 0 0 0Standard 0 0 0 0
LaSalle CountyOglesby 16,191 3.80 10,735 4.90
Marshall CountyHenry 3,156 1.40 18,200 7.90
Souza : U.S. Census of AViculturt
89
90 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Table 53. Community Public Health and Welfare Expenditures,1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita
Bureau CountyBureauDeoueLaddPrincetonSeatonvilleSpring Valley
Iroquois CountyCrescent Cityiroquo'sSheldon.WatsekaWoodland
Putnam CountyGranvilleHennepinMcNabbMagnoliaMarkStandard
LaSalle CountyOglesby
Marshall CountyHenry
1560 1965
Amount Percapita Amount capita
Per
5 3500
2,0450
1,075
00000
000000
34,457
0
$ .1000
.300
.40
00000
000000
$ 8.2r
0
5 168 5500
2,1370
7,341
00
1001,625
0
0430000
Nit
0
.40.3C
0.30
01.40
00
.01.30
0
0.10
0000
NC.
0
Source: U.S. Census of Governments.
Table 54. County Public Health and Welfare Expenditures,1957 and 1962, Amount and per Copit.
1962
Amount Pecapita Amount Per
capita
Bureau County $ 60,000 516 5676,000 $179LaSalle County 113,000 11 365,000 33Marshall County 20,000 15 34,000 26?utnam County 5,000 11 1,000 2Iroquois Counts 2,000 1 11,000 3
Source: U.S. Census of Governments.
90
Tab
le 5
5. -
Seal
eP
ublic
Wel
fare
Exp
endi
ture
s an
d C
ases
by C
ount
y, 1
945,
195
5, 1
960,
and
196
5
Tot
al a
ssis
tanc
eA
id to
dep
ende
nt c
hild
ren
1945
1935
1960
1965
1945
1955
1960
1965
Bur
eau
Cou
nty
Num
ber
973
623
570
425
147
255
88
133
Num
ber
per
1,00
0 po
pula
tion
NR
1714
12N
R3
NR
8
Am
ount
of
assi
stan
ce52
7,33
929
,535
30,7
1328
,517
2,98
61,
707
3,51
05,
249
LaS
alle
Cou
nty
Num
ber
1,8:
,91,
367
1,41
51,
545
250
189
304
587
Num
ber
per
1.00
0 po
pula
tion
NR
1413
14N
R5
NR
12A
mou
nt o
f as
sist
ance
546,
666
58,4
4162
,905
78,0
084,
879
5,71
911
,009
23,0
11
Mar
shal
l Cou
nty
CC
)N
umbe
r38
325
121
417
477
60
6463
1^"
Num
,..er
per
1,0
00 p
opul
atio
nN
R19
1613
NR
12N
R9
Arn
and
of a
ssis
tanc
e.:
510,
095
12,0
3711
,727
9,82
51,
351
1,89
52,
361
2,46
8Pu
tnam
Cou
nty
Num
ber
165
100
6750
3114
117
Num
ber
per
1,00
0 po
pula
tion.
...N
R21
1512
NR
7N
R3
Am
ount
of
assi
stan
ceS
4,78
35,
092
3,85
12,
371
708
376
359
271
Iroq
uois
Cou
nty
Num
ber.
972
672
503
362
212
173
145
145
Num
ber
per
1,00
0 po
pula
tion.
.,,
NR
2114
11N
R13
NR
9A
mou
nt o
f as
sist
ance
526,
969
35,1
2330
,783
26,8
684,
548
5,12
35,
141
6,01
3Il
linoi
sN
umbe
r (0
00)
216
277
368
412
4782
150
262
Num
ber
per
1.00
0 po
pula
tion
NR
3237
39N
R2:
:N
R59
Am
ount
of
assi
stan
ce (
000)
56,1
7812
,625
18,2
7123
,375
989
2,78
'.5,
820
11,7
37
Sou
rce:
Sta
te o
f Illi
nois
:D
erer
tusc
ut o
f Pu
blic
Aid
.
92 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,
Table 56.- Admissions to and Population on the Books of Illinois StateMental Hospitels, by County, 1955, 1969, and 1965
1955 1960 1965
Bureau CountyNumber on books 119 98 104Number of admissions. 36 49 38Admission rate" 95.8 130.3 101.1
LaSalle CountyNumber on books 302 279 263Number of admissions 76 95 128Admission rate' 68.6 85.7 115.5
Marshall CountyNumber on books 48 49 43Number of admissions 17 27 29Admission rate'. 127.5 202.- 212.5
Putnam CountyNiirber on books 15 11 16Number of admissions 10 7 6Admission rate' 218.8 15:'.2 131 . 3
Iroquois CountyNumber on books 110 97 r.6Number of admissions 40 46 50Admission rate' 119.2 137.1 149.0
IllinoisNumber on 1---oks 39,267 35,824 33,106Number of admissions. 19,890 15,650 12,993Admission rate" 128.7 153.3 194.7
Source: Illinois Department of Mental Itea;t1s.Somber of admisstons per 100,000 pupolacton.
Table 57.- Number and Rates of Suicide, by County, 1956, 1959,1952, and 1965
1962 196519591956
Num- Rate' ber Rate'Num Num Num-bet. bur Rate' bee Rate'
Bureau County 8 19.0 6 16.2 4 10.7 4 10.8LaSalle County 12 11.6 16 14.6 16 14.3 9 8.0Marshall County 1 6.9 2 15.0 2 15.2 1 7.8Putnam County 2 44.4 0 0 1 22.2 0 0Iroquois County 1 3.0 2 6.0 1 3.0 2 6.0Illinois 938 9.9 982 9.9 997 9.7 i 947 9.8
Source.. State of !Ilion's:. Vice: Statistics.Rate per 100,000 population.
has tended to vary widely from year to year. Impr-_,..ed drugs and treat-ment procedures have decreased the length of stay in mental hospitals andmade larger outpatient care possible.
The other data relating to mental health are on the numIN.er of suicides(Table 57). On the state level, rates have remained about constant since1956. 'I he aide change in rates on the county level, representing small
92
1969] BEFORE I tTDUSTRIALIZATiON 93
actual changes from year to year, makes it difficult to establish any trendsthere. On the whole, however, numbers of suicides remained constantfrom 1956 to 1962 and then dropped rather sharply in 1965 in the .:xperi-mental area. Primarily, a drop in LaSalle County was the carne, and laterdata will have to become available uefore it is known if this indicates a newtrend in that county.
Library service. No easy kind of summation of the data (Table 58)can be made, but the library at Henr' in Marshall County appears to havemade the greatest progress in number of h,rrowers, circulation, and bookstock since 1945. On the other hand, Bureau County libraries have thelargest number of books, lx.rrowers, and circulation, the highest assessedvaluation, and the highest operating expenditures. Constant expansion ofoperating vxpv tdittires and services rendered is the trend, except in LaSelieand Putnam counties, where circulation has declined somewhat. On thewhole, libraries appear only in the larger communities with the county li-brary in Hennepin being the exception. A certain amount of increase inlibrary services would be expected in the next iew years in spite of popula-tion or industrialization trends. The response to new conditions in thiskind of governmental service may be quit.; slow.
Postal services. The final kind of governmental service to be analyzedhere will Isz postal services. The indicator used is postal receipts (Table 59).
All counties have shown some significant increase in utilization of thiskind of governmental service since 1945, but the percentage increase varies.A ranking of the counties by the percentage of increase is as follows:
Iroquois 242.6Bureau 203.7Putnam 166.7Marshall 150.0LaSalle 137.5
The ranking appeals rather puzzling, sine., the most industrializedcounty has shown the least increase since 1945 and toe control county themost. Iroquois County has always been relatively prosperous, but its gainsfrom y'ar to year since 1945 have been consisteLtly larger in tenns of per-centages than those in other counties, and its prosperity has not been thatsignificantly diffel int. Based on these data, rural use of postal service on aper capita or income-increase basis may be higher than for ui ban users inthe study area-.
The governmental system a summary. Rising assessment valua-tions and bonded indebtedness in the experimental area indicate an in-creasing tendency for the governmental systen. to provide more communityservices. This 'rend tends to hold for small as well as large communitieswithin the study areas. With increasing industrialization, demands andpotential for providing community services by government will probaryincrease still more, irrespective of population changes.
94 '301..teriN No. 736 [December,
Table 51.- library Services by Porti of Count ,e, WithIn Study Area,1945,1955, Ad 1965, Wan Percent of Incrense
Bureau County.
1945 1955 1965Percent
increase,1945-1965
Registered borrowers 3,606 3,6.9 3,724 3Book stock 33,132 42,541 51,055 54Circulat' n 61,438 56,309 79,614 29Assessed valuation (000). 3 5,675 31,218 38,546 579Total operating expenditures $10,29: 24,560 33,498 225
LaSalle CountybRegistered borrrwers 2,259 2,395 3,500 55Book stock 9,195 12,668 16,409 78Circulation 34,449 27,847 34,204 -1Assessed valuation (000)...... .$ 2,573 12,118 17,221 569Tota' opereing expenditures... .$ 4,389 7,601 14,579 232
Mars:iall County*Registered bee..owers 553 727 984 78Book stock 3,192 6,986 11,019 225Circulation 9,744 10,480 24,!74 148Assessed valuation (000) $ 785 3,556 5,162 558Total operating expenditures.....$ 1,042 2,460 5,632 440
Putnam County4Registered borrowers..... ...... 1.695 1,706 2,000 18Book stock 6,"161 8,993 11,844 83Circulation 21,307 23,282 19,000 -11Ay..essscl valuation (000) 5 5,465 21,997 36,459 567Total operating exp,ndiluies $ 2,684 4,920 NA NA
Iroquois County.Registered borrowers 2,191 1,522 2,635 20Book stock 13,041 18,117 25,052 92Circulation 27,776 21,080 51,120 12Assessed valuation (000) $ 4,015 16,616 23,076 475Total operating expenditures $ 4,121 12,457 22,659 450
Sourv.: the Minn:. LibrarianBureau Count) includes data it libraries within the experimental area at Depot, Ladd,
Princeton, and Spring ValleyLaSalle County ineludes data for libraries rithin the experimental area at Oglely,Marshall County includes data for libraries tei thin the experiment...! area at Henry.Putnam County includes data for libraries within the experimental arta at Hennepin.Iroquois County includes data for libraries within the cot trol area at Sheldon Lad Watseka.
However, there will be differential effects of industrialization on govern-mental services. Police and fire protection seems to vary with the size ofcommunities more than Nvith their relative industlialization. -I bus thiskind of governmental scrl'ict: may increase significantly if the presence of
causes significant alterati ),15 in the population environment. 1losseser,if the immediate population environment is not significantly altered, thechanges this sector of the governmental system may be fairly small.
Expenditures in the governmental system on highway repair and con-struction vary so widely, it is hard to make predictions. Clearli highwayco.istraction expenditures should rise dramatically in tlic 17,-st few searsafter the installation of the J&I, plant. Wncther that rise will be signifi-
19691 E TOP.1 INDtST/t/nLJZATION 95
cantly greater than those found in areas without similar industrializationmay be questionable. Also, it may be difficult to assess all highway construe -''.'u, because in most new subdivisions, the streets are paid for by the
'oper and indirectly by the individual lot purdiaser. National andinterstate influences and transportation systems make it less recessary forthere to be local expenditures on 'highway constructio, especially in theexperimental area.
Changes in governmental expenditures on recreation facilities may bedifficult to relate directly to industrialization. If the changes in populationenvironment arc dramatic, then demands for increased recreation facilitiesmay be g.-eat, but if population changes are than dramatic, one mayfind no more expenditure in this area than in relatively prosperous ruralcommunities. Non-runA people often have more leisure time in our societythan rural people, and thel e be greater expencilture on recreation afterindustrialization. However, more of this expendituic may be on commer-cial-type recreation than natural recreational facilities which are often sup-ported by the government.
Changes in health and welfare expenditures in the governmental systemwill vary with the level of governmental operation. At the local level itappears that welfare expenditures increase v.ith industrialization and pop-ulation expansion, but not with the latter alone. Changes in local com-munity expenditures on this kind of service may be slow in coming, espe-cially without dramatic population changes.
County health and welfare expenditures are likely to respond morequickly to new conditions created by industrialization than are local expen-ditures. The fact that Bureau County unaccountably holds a great leadover the others in this category of expenditure would make it difficult toassocLte such expenditures with ineustriilivtion alone. Certainly, though,in the experimental area as a whole changes in provision for public healthand welfare 'sill be more dramatic than in the control area because of theAL plant's effects on the experimental area.
Tols:o S9. Poslol Receipts by Portion of Counties In Study Arm,945, /950, 1955,1960, end 1964, With Pe cent of Increase
Percent1945 1550 1935 !960 1964 increase,
1945-1964
Bureau County 109,478 153,275 169,176 205,742 331,428 203 7LaSalle Cuntyb.... 18,069 '9,369 23,031 24,5H 40,352 137.5eta shall County'. 16.,035 18,177 21,J35 25,158 40,415 150.0P.:*.nam County'. 21,613 26,391 42,588 38,127 57,384 166.7Iroquois County' 54,19; 66,681 104,856 114,061 185,034 242.6
Includes efficet at Bureau, Dalrell, Pepue, Ladd, Prir.ceion, and Seatonsille.b Induct. office at Bureau,
Include, office at Henry.a Includes °Meet Gransilk Hennepin. McNa' o. Iklatnolia, Mark, Putnam. and Surtdard.
Includet Owes at Crescent ttuy, Iroquoif. She don, Watscia, and Woodland.
7.'
96 BULLETIN No 736 (December,
Finally, state welfare expenditures in the area are likely to use in abso-lute terms with rising population figures. They may also rise in terms ofper capita expenditures after industrialization.
Library services will probably be slow to respond to the change, butchanges in population ci:aractefisJcs wilt be a determinant of eventualchange in this service
-.Ctras "le effects of a radical change in the economic system in theexperimental area may not be easily linked with changes in the govern-mental system without the intervening variable of change in the populationenvironment. On;.. may envision population changes small enough in theimmediate Henrepin are-% and scattered enough in ,-irrotincling areas tomake dramatic changes in governmental and educational services unlikely.This is especially possible if J&L is able to hold to its stated policy ccemploying primarily local people. The changes from a slow internal im-provement of the economic system may be felt in teems of reducing out-migration from the area, but several years would have to elapse before thatkind of trend could he substantiated.
On the other hand, the contingent population variable could showenough change to dramatically affect educationtd, govsirmnental, religious,and familial systems.
SUMMARY
In this publication an attempt has been made to present basic trends ofdevelopment iti the social system cc an ex2erimental and a control area,with special reference to the economic and governmental systems. It isanticipated that the components of the social system in the experimentalarea would be well enough integrated to cause some change in each sectorfollowing a dramatic change in the economic system because of ill,. locationof a J&L steel plant at Hennepin.
The conclusion has been reached that major, dramatic changes in theeducational and governmental systems may not differ between the experi-mental and control areas, unless industialization precipitates significantalterations in the population component of the environment of the socialsystem.
The greatest changes in 'he economic system itself are naturally to beexpected in the manufacturing sector. Putnam Count/ barely had such asector until recently and, with the exception of Oglesby in LaSalle County,the importance of the manufacturing sector in the economic system of thestudy areas has not been major. i airly immediate change also can beanticipated in the transportation and finan, ial sectors. In the matter ofa year or two after op, ning operation of JAL, changes in the contract-construction, trade, and service sectors can be expected.
The agricultural sector will remain relatively unchanged by industriali-zation except in the proportionate importance it has for the economicsystem as a whole. With higher labor costs, there will be more rapid sub-
9
/f691 BEFORE INDUSTR!ALIZATION 97
stitut;on of capital for labor in agriculture, resulting in an even greaterincrease in size of farm. The typo of farm enterprise found will also changefrom more labor-'ntensive enterprises such as dany and swine productionto less labor-intensive enterprises such as beef cows and grain production.
Data have been presented establishing trends in each of the above sec-tors and significant variation from the observed trends can be expected inthe near future.
How the change in the economic system will affect the remainder ofthe social system is more in question. Of major importance is the effect ofeconomic chant,e on the demographic environment, If population migra-tion into the experimental area becomes large in the next few years, theimpact of the economic dange will be magnified it the other major sys-tems. If not, the changes in the other systems cau,ed by industrializationwill be hard to distinguish from :hanges in relatively prosperous rural areasgenerally. Given significantly increasing population, the alterations in thetrends established here for the educational and governmental systems islikely to be highly visible.
Thus industrialization and changes in the economic system of a socialsystem may have negligible effects on other systems unless it can alter thedemographic and ecological environment which conditions develop-ment of the system as a whole.
The systems approach and basic data presented here will pr.., 'tie muchof the framework and some of the basic data supporting later rep_ 13 andanalyses of this project.
LIST OF TABLES1. Population in Study Counties and State, 1940, 1950, 1960,
and 1965, With Percent of Increase, 1910 to 1965 17
2. Population in Study Townships and St.tc, 1940, 1950, and1960, With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960 17
3. Population in Incorporated Places and UnincorporatedPlaces of 1,000 or More in the Study Areas, 1940, 1950, and 1960,With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960 18
4. Births and Deaths per 1,000 Population, Number and Ratesby County and Sate for 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965 19
5. Employed Persons and Percent of Total in Selected IndustryGroups by County, 1940, 1950, and 1960, With Change in Percent,1940 to 1960 21
6. Occupational Group of Employed Persons and Percent ofTotal for Counties and State, 1910, 1950, and 1960, With Changein Percent, 1940 to 1960 22-23
7. Personal Income Estimates y Source for Bureau County,1950, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 25
8. Personal Income Estimates by Source for LaSalle County,1950, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Pen Lent of Income, 1950to 1965 26
9. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Marshall County,1950, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 27
10. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Putnam County,195C, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 28
t. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Iroquois County,195J, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 29
12. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Illinois, 1950, 1960,and 1965, With Change in Percent e,f Income, 1950 to 1965 30
13. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inBureau County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 31
14. Business Establishments Covered by Itlinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employtes and Quarterly Wages by Ty-pc inLaSalle County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 32
15. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inMarshall County, 1947, 1955, and 1965
98
98
BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 99
16. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inPutnam County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 34
17. Busin ss Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inIroquois County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 35
18. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inIllinois, 1947, 1955, and 1965 36
19. Agricultural Trends by County and for Illinois, 1950, 1954,1959, 1964 38-39
20. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Bureau County 4021. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, LaSalle County 4022. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Marshall County 4123. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Putnam County 4124. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Iroquois County 4225. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Illinois 4226. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-
ees, Bureau County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4627. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-
ees, LaSalle County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4728. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-
ees, Marshall County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4829. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-
ees, Putnam County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4930. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-
ees, Iroquois County, 1947, 1954, 1963 5031. Manufacturing Establishments, Employees, Payroll, Value
Added, and Capital Expenditures by County, 1947, 1954 and 1963 5132. Saks-Tax Payers and Receipts by County and Incorporated
Area, 1950, 1955, 1960, and 1965, With Percent of Increase54.5733. Retail Trade Patterns, by County and 'type of Establish-
ment, 1948, 1954, 1958, and 1963, With Percent of Increase 58-6034. Sales Management Magazine Retail Sales Estimates by
County, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, With Percent of Increase 6135. Deposits, Re:ourccs, and Discounts in Millions of
Dollars of Banks in the Study Arca, by County, 1945.1966, WithPercent of Increase 64
36. Assets and Mortgage Loans of Savings and Loan Associa-tions in the Study Areas, 1945.19EA, With Percent of Increase 65
37. Motor Vehicle Registration by Type and County, 1946,1956, and 1966, With Percent of Increase 67
99
100 Nauru; No. 736
38. Kilowatt Hours of Electric Power Consumption by DirectConsumers of Illinois Power Company in Communities in the Ex-perimental Area 68
39. Number of Electric Power Consumer Accounts Supplied bythe Oglesby Municipal Power Company 69
40. Customers and Average Annual Use of Electric Power inKilowatt Hours in the Paxton Operating Group of the Central Illi-nois Public Service Company 69
41. Employment and Financial Expenditures for IndividualCounty Governments and Illinois, 1957 and 1962 71
42. 1962 Employment and Financial Statistics for Local Govern-ments by County Totals 72
43. Effective Buying Income by County, 1950-1965, With Per-cent of Increase by County and State 73
44. School Data, 1945, 1954, 1959, and 1963, With Percent ofChange, by County and State 79-80
45. Assessed Valuation and Assessed Valuation per Capita byIncorporated Place, 1953, 1961, 1963, 1965, With Percent of Increase...82
46. Bonded Indebtedness and Bonded Indebtedness per Capitaby Incorporated Areas, 1953, 1961, and 1965 24
47. 1957 Bonded Indebtedness, Amount and per Capita, forCounties in the Study Area 85
48. Community Police and Fire Protection Expenditures, 1960and 1965, Amount and per Capita 86
49. County Police and Fire Protection Expenditures, 1957 a. I
1962, Amount and per Capita 8650. Community Highway Repair and Construction Expendi-
tures, 1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita 8751. County Highway Repair and Construction Expenditures,
1957 and 1962, Amoun' and per Capita 8752. Community Recreation Expenditures, 1960 and 1965,
Amount and Per Capita 8953. Community PublIc Health and Welfare Expenditures. 1960
and 1965, Amount and per Capita 9054. County Public He: Ith and Welfare Expenditures, 1957 and
1962, Amount and per Capita 9055. State Public Welfare Expenditures ind Cases by County,
1915, 1955, 1960, and 1965 9156. Admissions to and Population OP the Books of Illinois State
Mental Hospitals, by County, 1955, 1960, and 1C35 9257. Number ar.d Rates of Suicide, by County, 1956, 1959,
1962, and 1965 9258. Library Services by Portion of Counti s in Study Area,
1915, 1955, 1965, With Percent of Incre Ise 9459. Postal Receipts by Study Portion of Counties in Study Area',
1915, 1950, 1955, 1960, and 1964, With Percent of Increase 95
5M-12-69 -11509,
100