B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein Chapter 4, part B Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids Plasma Membrane Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents. Plasma Membrane Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane. Movement Across Membranes Figure 4.17 Osmosis Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. Osmotic pressure The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Movement Across Membranes Figure 4.18a Figure 4.18c-e Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP. Movement Across Membranes Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane Cytoplasm Figure 4.6a, b Nuclear area (nucleoid) Nuclear Area Figure 4.6a, b Ribosomes Figure 4.6a Ribosomes Figure 4.19 Metachromatic granules (volutin) Polysaccharide granules Lipid inclusions Sulfur granules Carboxysomes Gas vacuoles Magnetosomes Inclusions Phosphate reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5- diphosphate carboxylase for CO 2 fixation Protein covered cylinders Iron oxide (destroys H 2 O 2 ) Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals Bacillus, Clostridium Sporulation: Endospore formation Germination: Return to vegetative state Endospores Figure 4.21a Eukaryotic Cells Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Figure 4.22a Flagella and Cilia Figure 4.23a, b Microtubules Tubulin 9 pairs + 2 arrangements Figure 4.23c Cell wall Plants, algae, fungi Carbohydrates Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan Glycocalyx Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane Cell Wall Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins Sterols Glycocalyx carbohydrates Plasma Membrane Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Simple diffusion Facilitative diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances Plasma Membrane CytoplasmSubstance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus CytosolFluid portion of cytoplasm CytoskeletonMicrofilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules Cytoplasmic streamingMovement of cytoplasm throughout cells Eukaryotic Cell Membrane-bound: NucleusContains chromosomes ERTransport network Golgi complexMembrane formation and secretion LysosomeDigestive enzymes VacuoleBrings food into cells and provides support MitochondrionCellular respiration ChloroplastPhotosynthesis PeroxisomeOxidation of fatty acids; destroys H 2 O 2 Organelles Not membrane-bound: RibosomeProtein synthesis CentrosomeConsists of protein fibers and centrioles CentrioleMitotic spindle formation Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus Figure 4.24 Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 4.25 80S Membrane-boundAttached to ER FreeIn cytoplasm 70S In chloroplasts and mitochondria Ribosomes Golgi Complex Figure 4.26 Lysosomes Figure 4.22b Vacuoles Figure 4.22b Mitochondrion Figure 4.27 Chloroplast Figure 4.28 Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 10.2