basic of plcs.pdf

7/26/2019 basic of plcs.pdf

1/81

www.plcgoods.net

p://youtu.be/dqKeHD5WNcc

p://youtu.be/0ADfFPOzIUE

p://youtu.be/51oqLRxXcHk

p://youtu.be/mJfT4z1oCeo
http://www.plcgoods.net/http://youtu.be/dqKeHD5WNcchttp://youtu.be/dqKeHD5WNcchttp://www.plcgoods.net/


2/81

PLC

www.plcgoods.com/net

www.plc-doc.com2

1-

2-

Basic PLC operation

3-ationBasic PLC oper

4-3wired control-Hard

5-(Advantages of PLCs )

6-300/400-Siemens SIMATIC S7

Decimal and Binary-Number systems-7

8-011Logic 0, Logic

9-1)Sensors ~(

10-

)Actuators ~2(

((Discrete Inputs-11

Analog Inputs-12

((Discrete Outputs-13

14-(Analog outputs)

((CPU-15

16- )(Reading Ladder Logic Diagrams

17-

18-

Function Block Diagrams

19-scan)(PLC

((Programming software-20

21-)(Hardware

22-)(Memory Size

23-(ROM or Read only memory)

EPROM()(Erasable programmable Read only memory-24

Firmware-25

26-

200-S7

-27

28-)(Programming Devices

29-)(software

30-)(Cables


3/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com3

31-Micro PLC-S7

.32-200-S7

33-200-S7

34-200 Features-S7

35-

(optional cartridge)

))Expansion modules/-36

.37- ((Available Expansion

38-)(Status indicators

39-)(Installation

40-)(External Power supply

)(I/O numbering/-41

Inputs-42

43-

Input Simulator

44-Outputs

Optional connector-45

46-Removable Terminal Strip

47-Super Capacitor

48- Reference Manual

TD200-49

50-Freeport mode

51-

Printer

52-interconnection

Micro/WIN32-7STEP-53

54-Instructions

55-Contact Symbols

56-()(coils and boxes)

57-(Entering Elements)

58-"" AND

59-

"

"

Boolean AND

an ORBoole""-60

61-testing and debugging programs

Status function/-62

forcing/-63


4/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com4

Ladder Elements/-64

65-65Lamp

Sequence-66

67-

wired motor starter-Hard68-

Motor starter with PLC

69-75

Program instruction

70-76

Expanding the previous application

71-77

Ladder Logic Diagram

-72

Adding a limit switch

73-78

Limit switch ladder diagram

74-80

Further Expansion

/-75

Introduction to Analog I/O

76-

Application expansion

77-

Analog outputs78-

Introduction to Timers

79-

)wired Timing circuit-Hard)

80-

200-S7

81-

N)Delay timer (TO-ON

82-

Delay timer (TON)-ON83-

Delay (TONR-Retentive On

84-

TONRDelay (TONR)-Retentive On

85-Delay (TOF)-Off

86-200 PLC-S7


5/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com5

87-

88-Counters

89-

Ladder Logic

90-

(CTU)91-

Down Counter

-92

200 Up / Down Counter)-(S7

93-

Counter application example

94-

Example Ladder Logic

95-

speed instructions and scan time-High

96-ntersspeed Cou-high

-97

Shaft encoder and positioning actuator

98-

Interrupts / PPO

-99 PWM / Transmit

100-

Introduction to network communications

101-

DP-PROFIBUS

102-I-AS

103-I-AS

More information about some field devices in English

1-What is a sensor?

2- What is an actuator?3-What is a transducer?


6/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com6

1-

.

.

.

.

2-Basic PLC operation

.

(( Input modules-1

.CPU

2-CPU

.


7/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com7

3-(Output modules)CPU

(Output modules).

.

4-(programming devices)

.

(operator interface)

.

2000

.

.

.

3-

Basic PLC operation

.

.

3

.


8/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com8

4-3 Hard-wired control

......

,

.

.,

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

4

.


9/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com9

5-

((Advantages of PLCs

.

.

""diagnostic

.

.

.

.

5.

.


10/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com10

SIMATIC S7 S7-300, S7-400 ,

S7-200.S7-200

CPU

.,

....

.6

6-

Siemens SIMATIC S7-300/400

.S7-200400S7-300

S7-300/400.S7-200

.

.

7. 300400.

.


11/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com11

7-Number systems- Decimal and Binary

.

1

.

(

10)

.

.

1-

2-

3-

.

10

.

:

90,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8:

:10

:1,10,100,1000

:

01:

:2

:1,2,4,81632.....

8-01 Logic 0, Logic 1

CPU

.

.

OFF,ON.

.

1

.

8

9

.


12/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com12

9

8(

)

9(

)

8

OFF.ON

.

9-(Sensors ~ 1)

.

.

..

.

.

.10.


13/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com13

10-(Actuators ~2)

Actuators22~ !

.,

.,

11.

,

.

.11.,

((Discrete Inputs-11

(OFF or 0)

(OFF or1).

.

(Toggle switches),(Limit switches)

(Proximity switches),

(ON or High)(OFF or Low or 0)

.

12

.


14/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com14

(

)

""

.

(Normally OpenPushbutton).

.Normally Open,13

1 .24

()1.

,(OFF = Low = 0 ).

1.124

(ON = High = 1).14.


15/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com15

Analog Inputs-12

20.

10

VDC

.

.15.,

.

.

50.

10

.

.15

(level Transmitter).

I


16/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com16

13-(DiscreteOutputs)

(0 or 1).

.

.16

.


17/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com17

14-(Analog outputs)

.

10

.

.

.17

.

.

((CPU-15

5)

8055)

.

,

.

CPU

,

,

..18,


18/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com18

(Programming / Ladder Logic)

Ladder Logic

..""

1-.

(Ladder Logic)2-(Statement lists)3-

(Function block).

.19.


19/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com19

16- ((Reading Ladder Logic Diagrams

(power conductor).

.

(Ladder Logic diagram)

,19.

rung().

(network).

.((networks""

19

.

17-

(Ladder Logic and Statement list)

21I0.1, I0.0Q0.0

.ANDI0.0I0.1Q0.0

Q0.0 = 1.

I0.4

I0.5

= 1Q0.1.OR

.

.21

I0.0


20/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com20

(1or 0).

I0.1ANDAND

Q0.0.(ON= 1),

(Q0.0 = 1ON).,

..

,OR,AND1

.

18-

Function Block Diagrams

.""

"

"

.

2221"""",

22"""".

"""".

19-

(PLC scan)(scan)""

.23""

(Input status).

.,


21/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com21

""ON)(Read Inputs.

(Execute Program).

(Diagnostics and communications).

,

.""

"",,

(ON= 1).,

.

"

"

(cycle time)

.

.

""

.""

20-(Programming software)

.

(Operating

system.)24.


22/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com22

.

21-(Hardware)

(Programming device)

(Connecting cables)

..25

22-(Memory Size)

,

1024.""1000.

,""

1024=10

2.

1024

(

8

)

(word16.)

,"".26.


23/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com23

RAM / ROM / EPROM / Firmware

(RAM):

.

(random access memory).

,

(RAM)

.

23-(ROM or Read only memory)

,

..

(ROM),

,

.

(EPROM((Erasable programmableRead only memory-24

..

Firmware-25

EPROM.

.27.


24/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com24

26-S7-200

..1-

(program space)2-(data space)3-

( configurable space).(program space)

.2

.

,

1

.

(

2)

. /

.

3

.

,

.

28

.


25/81


26/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com26

28-(Programming Devices)

PC(PG)

,.PC,

Siemens SiMATIC S7.

30. .

"

"

Micro/WIN32

.

.


27/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com27

29-(software)

PCstep 7-micro/Win32

.

PG 720 and PG 740

.

.

.

PC.

30-(Cables)

PC/PPI

.

9COM1PC

.32

,

.

.PC,

.

.32.


28/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com28

31-S7-Micro PLC

.S7-200

33CPU,

/.,

.

,

.

.(programmingport)

""

.

.


29/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com29

32-S7-200

CPUS7-200

.S7-226, S7-224, S7-222, S7-221

,ACDC.

34.

.DC

24.DC

34.24

.DC/DC/DCS7-222

20.4-28.8 VDC1410DC

.

33-S7-200

S7-200 Features

35

.

USER DATA= 2 kB4CPU 222

./8 inputs / 6 outputs

Max Analog I/O with/

Expansion = 8 in / 2 out or 0 in / 4 out..


30/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com30

34-(Mode switch and Analog Adjustment)

RUN

,

,STOP.""

. "TERM",

RUNSTOP.

(Analog Adjustment), .

,

.

.36.


31/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com31

35-(optional cartridge)

.

.

.

,

.""

200((RAM,

.

.

.37 .

((Expansion modules/-36

Siemens S7-200/

"".

.

.

"expansion modules."

,,


32/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com32

"".38

.,

.

37- ((Available Expansion

39""

CPU. 46221

CPU 226.((No Expansion

71624

Up to 7 Expansion Modules.,/

.

"" .

.


33/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com33

38-(Status indicators)

"RUN"

.

LED.

LED,

.

.

,

.40.

39-(Installation)

.1-S7-200

DIN rail

(

).2-

.

41.


34/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com34

40-(External Power supply)

S7-200.

S7-222 DC/DC/DC

24

.

42

.

.

.

.

43

120 AC

.


35/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com35

((I/O numbering/-41

/

InputI.44,

.I0.0.

44.07

I0.7I0.0.I0.7, I0.6, I0.5.I0.08

I1.0.

1.6I1.51

.1+ 08+614.

Q.8

8+210.120

10

.

..45

Inputs-42

.45.


36/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com36

Input Simulator-43

.

.

10Q0.5I1.2

.

.

.

,.

RUN.,

.

,

...46.


37/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com37

44-Outputs

.

.

.47

.

45-

Optional connector

48

.


38/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com38

,

.

..

46-Removable Terminal Strip

.S7-224S7-226

..49

Super Capacitor-47

.RAM

.50


39/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com39

RAM.,

.DC

50.50

,

.50.

48-

Reference Manual

.

.

.

51

.


40/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com40

TD200-49

.

,

.

.

.

.TD200

,

52.

,

.

50-Freeport mode

Freeport mode,

.

.

.


41/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com41

51-

Printer

54

serial

parallel

.

52-interconnection

5531

(repeater)

.


42/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com42

Micro/WIN32-STEP 7-53

(

)

.

3--2-1.

54-Instructions

.

,((counters(timers),

(math and logical),(increment/ decrement / invert)

. (Block instructions)

word

(16)(manipulate data).shifttable,find,conversion,

for/ next and real-time instructions.


43/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com43

(cycle time)

.,

(cycle time).

(high-speed counters)(interrupts)

Micro/WIN32.((output, and transmit instruction

""On-line.""Off-line.

,,On-line

.

"""""".

55-

Contact Symbols

.

(normally

(closed (NC) contact) (normally open (NO) contact .(

.

."""".57ON

56-()(coils and boxes)

(coil)"".

""

.

"".

"".""

(timers)(counters) .


44/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com44

57-(Entering Elements)

"

drag"

"rung"

.""""

"".59. I0.0

I0.1Q0.0.""I0.2

.

58-"" AND

"""".60

60AND.

ON,ONI0.1I0.0


45/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com45

.Network1""

.

"Function block""".

Function Block.

Boolean AND""-59

AND

(Boolean logic diagram).

.

.61(AND gate)

.

truth table().

ON= 1OFF= 0,

OFF= 0

.


46/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com46

60-

"

"

Boolean OR

62OR.

=Q0.1,I0.3I0.2

ON (High)= 1.

Function Block.

6362.63

OR.INPUT

34,OUTPUT 2= ON=1 or HIGH.


47/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com47

61-

Testing and debugging programs

,

,.

.""debugging

S7-200.

.

RUN.64.

62-/4

Status function

"

"

,

STEP 7-micro/WIN32

.,

.

,.


48/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com48

65

.Toggle switch

65.,

"",

.66.CPU

""

.

,.

forcing/-63

/

.67

66.Toggle

"".forcing,

I0.0ON = 1.68

.forcing

.


49/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com49

64-

/

Ladder Elements

/forcing

,/

ON = 1 = High()OFF = 0 = Low()(set)

."

,""(data space)

,

.

Status bit.69.

Status bit = ON = 1 = High,

Status bit = OFF = low,

.forcing

.Status bit,

,"""""".

69"",

Status bit."".""

."")( Status bit = 1 = ON

.""

.


50/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com50

65-65Lamp

7065.

,

..

..

66-Sequence

71.

,


51/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com51

.(scan).1-

,status bit = 0.CPUstatus bit

output status bit = 0

.,status bit = 1

""CPU

"",

.

71.,

.

67-

Hard-wired motor starter

72 .

.Ma

" ""72."

,

,

.


52/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com52

73Start,

,

.

74

start,

.

start,,

.""


53/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com53

68-motor starter with PLC

.

.75

..

69-

75program instruction

76/.

,normally open start pushbuttonI0.0

I0.1normally closed stop pushbutton

normally closed overload contacts


54/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com54

.I0.2

76AND,

.Q0.0

OR

.76

.""

Q0.0 = 0 = OFF.

76""

Q0.0 = 1 = ON.

70-

76Expanding the previous application

76.

,

"Run indicator

..78Stop indicator


55/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com55

71-78Ladder Logic Diagram

NOQ0.1 RUN.

.,Q0.0

.

Q0.2NC

Q0.0,.


56/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com56

72-

Adding a limit switch

80

.

NO.I0.3.

.((normally open contact

73-78limit switch ladder diagram

80

NC,NO


57/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com57

AND

.80,I0.3

.Q0.2

81

I0.3 = ON = 1I0.0

.


58/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com58

74-81Further Expansion

81.

.

.

.(proximity switch).

.

.NO

,NC.81

/,

.

.

Introduction to Analog I/O/-75

,

,

,

. .

..

,

,.50


59/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com59

4010.

20.

.

.

.1216

.

RTD12.82

.

Application expansion-76

83.,(load

cell).

.

.

.83.

50 Lbs

1

VDC

.

.VDC10,500 Lbs

12

,

. .


60/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com60

,.84

.

84

.

.

.4.

,4.

"".

Analog outputs-77

.

.

.....

.

,transducer ). )


61/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com61

85

..

.

transducer.

.

78-Introduction to Timers))

.

.86.

79-

Hard-wired Timing circuit))

.87, S1TR15

,ON delay timer.


62/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com62

,

(TR1).

885, S1

5

.

PL1,TR1

.

80-S7-200

.

"

")( enable signal,

(preset time)."PT"

= Low,""

OFF = 0

"

"

,

High = ON = 1.S7-200

256TOF, TONR, TON

(4),(16)100(236)

. 1-On-Delay (TON), 2-


63/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com63

Retentive On-Delay(TONR),3- Off-Delay (TOF)..TONR

TONTONIN = 1= ON

TON ,TONR

=1IN = 1= ONTOF.

ON"PT",.89

.

81-

(ON-Delay timer (TON

On-Delay (TON),:(IN = 1= ON)

,"PT"

.,( (IN = 0.

90.

82- (ON-Delay timer (TON

91,input I0.3output Q0.1

.,I0.31

T37."Resolution100preset time

(PT)50.50100


64/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com64

5Q0.1.5

.

Q0.1NC,92T37NO

5

.

,

.

83-Retentive On-Delay (TONR)

TONRTONTONIN = 1= ON

TONTONR

, ( RESET (R

instruction,

,

.


65/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com65

84- TONR

RetentiveOn-Delay (TONR)

94I0.3,T5.

.,

2,

5 ,.

2

,Pushbutton.53

.resetI0.2

switch2switch,2

""2.

85-

(Off-Delay (TOF

.

,


66/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com66

PT..5

.

.,,

86-

S7-200 PLC

,S7-200256

.

96

.

87-

9712

.3.

,Q0.01I0.0

5 .5 .23

2

.

(Mixer motor

Q0.2)6012.

.

(drain valve Q0.3)3

.8((Pump 3 Q0.4


67/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com67

I0.1

.

.

88-Counters

.

"

"

.,"""

(preset value)

,.98

.6

.


68/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com68

89-Ladder Logic

.

.""CU(Count up)

.""(Count Down) CD

,01

(count input transitions from a logic 0 to a logic 1.)

:.Siemens S7-200

-down counters (CTD)3"Up counters (CTU)2-"

256up/down counters (CTUD)..

.C0C255

.:

+/- 32767.

99

.

((CTU-90

CU ""

""PV(preset value).

CU,"

"current value".RRESET

,PV.""

"".""""

,

output bit (Q)

0

1

.

100

.


69/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com69

Down Counter-91

PV = 12 , CD

(transitions from a logic 0 to a logic 1),PV""

(PV = 121 = 11).

PV

,12

,

output bit (Q). LD,

.".101"PV

( (S7-200 Up / Down counter-92

CUPV

"

"

.

CD

,

,PV."PV"

,"".""

QDoutput QD turns on.""

PV,QUoutput QU turns on.


70/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com70

""PV,,((LD

.R(reset input),

."" PV

.QDQU102

.

93-Counter application example

103

,.""

.""""

.

""

150

,

150

.

"""".

. .


71/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com71

-94

Example Ladder Logic

.C48

. Input I0.0

""

150.input I0.1

(Output 2 (Q0.1"".PV = 150

,.

I0.0,.

.I0.1.""150

,

Q0.1

.

,

.I0.2.Q0.1150

104.


72/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com72

95-

high-speed instructions and scan time

"scan time" ,/

.

""

."".

"high-speed instructions" .

CPU.

,.

,.

CPU.

. .

.

96-high-speed Counters

.S7-221S7-222

HSC0, HSC3, HSC4, HSC5.CPU 224CPU 226

6HSC0-HSC5.

.


73/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com73

system manual.105

Dedicated inputs for clocks,Direction control,resetstart

(.)

1030mode.

97-

Shaft encoder and positioning actuator

Z, Y, X

CNC.106

.

,.

.16

.3606001000

.21

165000360.

600=3000000.5000

.


74/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com74

98-

Interrupts / PPO

""scan cycle

.

.

..

."".

.1-2-

.3-/

PPO

stepper motor driver.PTO

50

(50% duty cycle)

4294967295.

from 1 to 4,294,967,295.""

500107. 500

4.500(1(

1000.

.

99- PWM / Transmit


75/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com75

duty(PWM)-pulse width modulation

cycle.108PWMduty cycle(

interrupt,duty)9010

cycle50.50150

.PWM""

..

.Transmit

PC.

.

100-

Introduction to network communications

,,,

local area

network (LAN).

,

.

.

.

.PROFIBUS-DP

(AS-i)Actuator sensor interface

.

opennetworks.

.


76/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com76

S7-200 CPUPROFIBUS-DP EM 277 module

.

S7-200 CPU(slave).

PROFIBUS-DP.

AS-ICPU 243-2

.S7-200

.

109 .

101-

PROFIBUS-DP

PROFIBUS-DP

110

,

.

PROFIBUS-DP

"

Power meters,

Motor protectors,

Circuit breakers

Lighting controls .PROFIBUS-DP

S7-200

.


77/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com77

.

AS-I-102

AS-I

Actuator sensor interface (AS-I or AS-interface),

,

.

,

.,

.111,AS-I

.111,

AS-I.


78/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com78

AS-I-103

112AS-I.

,.

Operator panel

.

1- What is a Sensor?

A Sensor is a device, which responds to an input quantity by generating a functionally

related output usually in the form of an electrical or optical signal.


79/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com79

During the past two decades, there has been an unprecedented growth in the number of

products and services, which utilize information gained by monitoring and measuring

using different types of sensors. The development of sensors to meet the need is referred

to as sensor technology and is applicable in a very broad domain including theenvironment, medicine, commerce and industry. Governments and policy makers

throughout the work are realizing the potential benefits of encouraging the growth insensor technology not only as a result of new technological trends, and hence newproducts, for the indigenous industry to effect improved product quality and efficiency by

broadening the level of control over their processes, but also in support of the

implementation and enforcement of government legislation on environmental and safetyissues. Such awareness has been copiously demonstrated in the recent UK national

Technology Foresight exercise conducted to examine potential opportunities and to

promote wealth creation and enhance quality. Through the 15 independent Technology

Foresight panels, covering a wide range of industrial sectors, the worldwide need forsensor technology was reinforced. In 13 out of 15 panels, sensor technology was seen as

an integral element in the overall development of products and services. In fact it

emerged as the key technology to support a wide variety of research and industrialapplications

2- What is an actuator?

An actuator is a transducer that accepts a signal and converts it to a physical action. In

other words, an actuator causes an action to occur relating to the data that was sent to it.Data written to an actuator is held in an input register until the trigger is received.

An actuator can also describe itself to the network, making it easier for automatic system

configuration. It does this by the use ofTEDS.The TEDS can be uploaded to the system

upon power up or request. It also serves as documentation.What is a TEDS?

A Transducer Electronic Data Sheet is known as a TEDS. It is a set of electronic data in a

standardized format stored in a chip that is attached to a transducer, therefore allowingthe transducer to identify and describe itself to the network, thereby easing automatic

system configuration. This self-identification capability for the transducer is needed for

maintenance, diagnostics, and to determine mean-time between failure characteristics.

The chip stores information such as manufacturer name, identification number, type ofdevice, serial number, as well as calibration data. The TEDS can be uploaded to the

system upon power up or request. It also serves as documentation for the transducer.

3-What is a transducer?

A transducer basically converts a kind of energy or some kind of incoming energy into

some kind of electrical signal. Now the energy might be something like a movement orsound or light, those are the kinds of energies we're talking about. Obviously the most

common ones which are used nowadays are the light sensitive components like photo

diodes, photocells. These directly convert the incident light into an electrical signal whichcan be used to well for example detect how bright light is. You'll have one of these in
http://ieee1451.nist.gov/tedsact.htmlhttp://ieee1451.nist.gov/tedsact.htmlhttp://ieee1451.nist.gov/tedsact.html


80/81

PLC


www.plc-doc.com80

your camera of course to detect how bright it is so that the camera's automatically set.

You also have sound sensing devices, these sound devices are often used again in for

example an automatic camera, an automatic recorder so that as the sound gets louder, it

reduces the amplification so that it doesn't make the sound particularly difficult to listento. Movement sensors obviously with many experiments in laboratories we like to detect

movement and movement can be detected either physically by using a sensor andphysically measuring the distance, it could be a distance sensor or it could be somethingsensing that there is a movement and give you a signal accordingly. For example we have

a lot of movement sensors now which are installed in houses or in factories to see if

somebody is there and you will experience these particularly when you go around housesand so forth and on come the lights, it's a movement sensor. Piezo crystals are devices

which sense pressure and these are very useful, the pressure sensitivity devices which can

be used to detect changes of shape in building for example. So basically that is what

transducers are.

SIMATIC ET 200S

DescriptionSIMATIC ET 200S is the multifunctional, highly modular I/Osystem with IP20 degree

of protection that can be exactly tailored to the automation task.

Interface modules with integrated CPU and PROFINET/ PROFIBUS connection are

available both in standard and safety-oriented designs. The bit-modular ET 200S offersa comprehensive module range, it comprises power modules, digital or analog input and

output modules, technology modules, an IO-Link Master as well as motor starters,

frequency converters or a pneumatic interface. Thanks to its rugged construction, the ET200S can also be used under conditions of high mechanical stress.

For cramped space conditions there is the ET 200S COMPACT a small block I/O which

can be expanded. The ET 200S is also available in SIPLUS variants for extended

temperature range.

Area of applicationThe wide range of modules makes the ET 200S the ideal I/O system for applications in

nearly every industry, especially when a bit modular design and a great variety offunctions is required.

With powerful internal data transport capabilities and isochronous mode operation, the

ET 200S is also eminently suitable for time-critical applications.

For more info, please check the following website

https://www.automation.siemens.com/mcms/distributed-io/en/Pages/Default.aspx

Light-emitting diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is asemiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator

lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for otherlighting.Introduced as apractical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but

modern versions are available across thevisible,ultraviolet,andinfrared wavelengths,

with very high brightness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor


81/81

PLC

When a light-emittingdiode is forward-biased (switched on),electrons are able to

recombine withelectron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form ofphotons.

This effect is calledelectroluminescence and thecolor of the light (corresponding to the

energy of the photon) is determined by theenergy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs areoften small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to

shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present manyadvantages over incandescent lightsources includinglower energy consumption,longerlifetime,improved robustness,smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively

expensive and require more precise current andheat management than compact

fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements foraviation

lighting,automotive lighting (in particular brake lamps, turn signals, andindicators)as

well as intraffic signals.LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be

developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communicationstechnology. Infrared LEDs are also used in theremote control units of many commercial

products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_high-power_LEDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Light_emitting_diodes_.28LED.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Indicators_and_signshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Indicators_and_signshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Light_emitting_diodes_.28LED.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_high-power_LEDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diode

basic of plcs.pdf

Documents

Transcript of basic of plcs.pdf