Basic Fire Fighting w

7/25/2019 Basic Fire Fighting w

1/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD 1

. BASIC FIRE PRINCIPLE

Introduction

Oxidation is a chemical pocess in !hich s"#stances com#ine !ith ox$%en& D"in%

this pocess ene%$ is %i'en o(() "s"all$ in the (om o( heat& Fie o com#"stion is

apid oxidation* the #"nin% s"#stance com#ines !ith ox$%en at a 'e$ hi%h ate&Ene%$ is %i'en o(( in the (om o( heat and (lames&

All mate exist in one o( the (ollo!in% thee states+

Solid

,i-"id

Gas o 'apo

All matte consists o( molec"les& In ode (o a s"#stance to oxides its molec"les

m"st #e pett$ !ell s"o"nded #$ ox$%en molec"les& The molec"les o( a 'apo ae

not pac.ed to%ethe at all* the$ ae (ee to mo'e a#o"t&

Th"s onl$ 'apo can #"n& Ho!e'e) !hen a solid o li-"id is heated its molec"les

mo'e a#o"t apidl$&

I( eno"%h heat is applied some o( the molec"les #ea. a!a$ (om the s"(ace to

(om a 'apo /"st a#o'e the s"(ace& This 'apo can no! mix !ith ox$%en& I( thee is

eno"%h ox$%en pesent the 'apo !ill oxidi0e apidl$ and it !ill stat to #"n&

The fire triangle

Fom the poceedin% it is o#'io"s that thee thin%s ae e-"ied (o com#"stion+

F"el

Ox$%en

Heat tempeat"e2

The (ie tian%le also ill"states t!o (acts o( impotance in pe'entin% and

extin%"ishin% (ies+

I( an$ side o( (ie tian%le is missin%) the (ie cannot stat&

I( an$ side o( (ie tian%le is emo'ed) the (ie !ill %o o"t&


2/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


Ta.in% a!a$ the ("el

B"nin% oil %"shes (om a lea.in% (lan%e

Close the 'al'e

Sta'in% the (ie

Stop ox$%en s"ppl$

C"t o(( ox$%en s"ppl$ !ith (oam

Replace ox$%en #$ steam) Ca#on Dioxide&

Smothein% the (ie

,o!e the tempeat"e

4ate

Coolin% do!n the (ie


3/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


2. CLASSES OF FIRE

SOLI F!ELS

Be(oe solid ("el !ill #"n it m"st #e chan%e to 'apo state& The pocess is .no!n

as piol$sis) !hich is %eneall$ de(ined as chemical decomposition #$ the action o(

heat& I( the 'apo mixes s"((icientl$ !ith ai and is heated to a hi%h eno"%h

tempeat"e com#"stions es"lts&

LI"!I F!ELS

Flamma#le li-"id elease 'apo in m"ch the same !a$ as solid ("els

,i-"id ("els can elease 'apo o'e a !ide tempeat"e an%e& The 'apo pod"ces

#$ (lamma#le li-"id is hea'ie than ai& This ma.es the 'apo 'e$ dan%eo"s)

#eca"se it !ill slo!l$&

#ASEO!S F!ELS

Gaseo"s ("els ae alead$ in the li-"id 'apo state& Onl$ the pope mixin% !ith the

ox$%en and s"((icient heat ae needed (o i%nition&

FIRE SPREA

I( a (ie is allo!ed to #"n "nchec.ed it can %eneate %eat amo"nts o( heat& One o

moe o( thee methods tans(es heat+

Cond"ction6 tans(e o( heat tho"%h a solid #od$&

Radiation6 tans(e o( heat (om a so"ce&

Con'ection6 tans(e o( heat tho"%h the motion o( heated matte

Class 7A8 Fies 6 In'ol'ed odina$ com#"sti#les li.e !ood) pape) cloth and

etc&

Class 7B8 Fies 6 In'ol'ed (lamma#le o com#"sti#le li-"ids) %eases and %ases&

Class 7C8 Fies 6 In'ol'ed ene%i0ed electical e-"ipment&

Class 7D8 (ies 6 In'ol'ed com#"sti#le metals s"ch as ma%nesi"m) potassi"m)0iconi"m sodi"m and titani"m&

Class 798 (ies 6 Coo.in% oil


4/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD :

E$TIN#!IS%IN# A#ENTS

&ater

4ate can #e an e((ecti'e a%ent (o contollin% oil (ies& Ho!e'e) as compaed !ith

the "se o( !ate on mateial (ies class 7A8 thee ae di((eences in the !a$ !ate

sho"ld #e "sed and in the e((ects it can accomplish) coect tactics and techni-"es

m"st #e o#se'ed& 4ate is cheap) "s"all$ competiti'el$ plenti("l) and it has the

hi%hest speci(ic heat capacit$ o( an$ .no!n s"#stances) !hich %i'es it ema.a#le

coolin% popeties& In the #"nin% o( moe s"#stances) the act"al com#"stion ta.es

place onl$ a(te the solid o li-"id ("el has #een e'apoated o decomposed #$ heat

to pod"ce a %as o 'apo& The 'isi#le (lame is the #"nin% %as&

r' Che(ical Po)der*

At pesent se'eal t$pes o( d$ chemical extin%"ishin% a%ents ae in "se& D$

chemical ma$ #e "sed in (ixed s$stem o pota#le extin%"ishes& D$ chemicals

extin%"ish (ie #$ shieldin% o( adiant heat and to the %eatest extent #$ #ea.in% o(

the com#"stion chain&

Class D d$ po!de is the onl$ extin%"ishin% media) !hich !ill s"ccess("ll$

extin%"ish metal t$pes o( (ies&

&ater a++lication

4ate ma$ #e "se in t!o pincipal (oms+

S+ra' or fog and *traight *trea(*

Each has it patic"la ad'anta%es) disad'anta%es and scope o( application& In

%eneal) the stai%ht steams has the %eatest an%e o( di'in% (oce) the !ide an%le

spa$ (o%2 has shot an%e and a((ods the maxim"m potection (o the (ie (i%hte*

and some in #et!een position) !hich com#ine the t!o) !ill in most cases #e the

most desia#le& The o#/ecti'e is to %et the !ate in the i%ht (om and on the place

!hee it !ill ha'e the most e((ect as a coolin% o extin%"ishin% a%ent&


5/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD ;

FOA,

Intod"ction

Fie extinction is nomall$ achie'ed #$ the "se o( (esh o salt !ate) #eca"se it8s

%ood coolin% chaacteistics& Ho!e'e) !ith oil) !hich has a lo!e speci(ic %a'it$

achie'ed #$ smothein% the #"nin% ("el !ith (oam) th"s c"ttin% o(( the ox$%en

(eedin% the (ie&

efinition*

Mechanical ai (oam < is li-"id (oam6 ma.in% chemical that !ill nomall$ #e one o(

t!o t$pes+

=otein Concentate < man"(act"ed (om nat"al o o%anic pod"cts&

S$nthetic Concentate < man"(act"ed (om dete%ent #ased mateial&

%o) foa( )or-*

As stated) (oam is commonl$ ac.no!led%ed as the #est (ie (i%htin% medi"m (o

li-"id (ies& This is #eca"se it extin%"ishes #$ a com#ination o( di((eent methods

e&%&+

S(othering co/ering

As the (oam #lan.et (oms o'e the ("el s"(ace) it excl"des ox$%en& This is one o(

its ma/o extin%"ishin% methods&

Production of fini*hed foa(

4e need six thin%s to pod"ced (inished (oam+

1& !ate

3& (oam concentate

5& ai

:& (oam ind"cto

;& hose

Most moden (oam concentates !ill !o. satis(actoil$ !ith had o so(t) (esh o

salt !ate& The !ate sho"ld #e deli'eed in s"ch -"antit$ and !ith s"((icient

pess"e to meet the optim"m pe(omance e-"iements o( the man"(act"e&


6/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD >

Porta0le etingui*her*

Since most (ies stat small) a (ie disco'eed eal$ and attac.ed -"ic.l$) "s"all$can #e extin%"ished easil$& Ideal means (o a (ast attac. ae pota#le (ieextin%"ishes& On each pota#le (ie extin%"ishe is indicated on !hich class o( (iesthe extin%"ishe ma$ #e "sed&

%o) to u*e a +orta0le etingui*her

4hen $o" disco'e a (ie) call o"t (o !anin%2) so"nd the (ie alam and

s"mmon help&

Ne'e pass the (ie to %et to an extin%"ishe

I( $o" m"st ente a oom o compatment to com#at the (ie .eep an escape

path open&

Ne'e let the (ie come #et!een $o" and the doo&

Close the doo to con(ine the (ie and pepae to (i%ht the (ie !hile !aitin%

(o pe'io"sl$ s"mmoned help& ?o" .no!led%e a#o"t the sit"ation isimpotant&

Fire *tation

A (ie station consists o(+

H$dant

Hose and no00le

Hose co"plin%

&ater *u++lie*

A h$dant consists o( a (lan%ed metal castin% (itted to the (ie !ate pipe6!o.& It8se-"ipped !ith a hand6!heel opeated contol 'al'e) allo!in% the o"tlet to #e

opened o closed as e-"ied&

Nole*

One impotant point in elations to handlin% po#lems associated !ith #anches is+

@et eactions6 !hen !ate is po/ected (om a no00le) a eaction opposite

and e-"al to the (oce o( the /et ta.e place) ca"sin% the #anch to ecoil andopposite diection to the (lo!&

Thee(oe the men o men holdin% the #anch m"st exet s"((icient e((ot too'ecome this&

#a* etingui*hing *'*te(*

Ca#on dioxide CO32

Extin%"ishes (ie #$ ed"cin% ox$%en contents o( ai

Non cond"cto&


7/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD

%o*e and reel e3ui+(ent

This %eneall$ consists o( a hose !o"nd onto a d"m) and connected to (ie !ate

pipe6!o.& This deli'es !ate to a hose eel #anch& In 'ie! o( the opeational

limitations o( hose eel e-"ipment it is mainl$ to #e (o"nd in accommodation aeas&

Practical con*ideration*

The (ollo!in% points ae (o $o" %"idance #$ !a$ o( %ood opeatin% pactices in

elation to !ate s"pplies&

Do not open h$dant 'al'e too -"ic.l$& Thin. o( the e((ect at the #anch /et

eaction2&

Do not sh"t o(( #anches (om h$dant 'al'es to apidl$& Thin. o( the e((ect

on hose and pipe6!o. !ate hamme2&

Do not da% the hose& This can es"lt in dama%e d"e to the a#asion&

Do not dop a cha%ed hose& This can dama%e) and possi#l$ #"st the hose&

Do not dop the co"plin%) this can lead to distotion&


8/20


9/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD

AN#ER OF S,O7E

&hat i* *(o-e8Smo.e is a mixt"e o( heated paticles and %ases& It is impossi#le to pedict the

exact composition o( smo.e pod"ced #$ a (ie& The pod"cts #ein% #"ned) the

tempeat"e o( the (ie) and the amo"nt o(ox$%ena'aila#le to the (ie all ma.e a

di((eence in the t$pe o( smo.e pod"ced&

S(o-e Inhalation Cau*e*

Smo.e inhalation dama%es the #od$ #$ simple asph$xiation lac. o( ox$%en2)

chemical iitation) chemical asph$xiation) o a com#ination o( these&

Si(+le a*+h'iant*

Com#"stion can simpl$ "se "p the ox$%en nea the (ie and lead to

death !hen thee is no ox$%en (o a peson to #eathe&

Smo.e itsel( can contain pod"cts that do not ca"se diect ham to a

peson) #"t the$ ta.e "p the space that is needed (o ox$%en& Ca#on

dioxideacts in this !a$&

Irritant co(+ound*

Com#"stion can es"lt in the (omation o( chemicals that ca"se

diectin/"$!hen the$ contact the s.in and m"co"smem#anes&

These s"#stances dis"pt the nomal linin% o( the espiato$tact&

This dis"ption can potentiall$ ca"se s!ellin%) ai!a$collapse) and

espiato$ distess&

Examples o( chemical iitants (o"nd in smo.e incl"de s"l("

dioxide)ammonia) h$do%enchloide)and chloine&

Che(ical a*+h'iant*

A (ie can pod"ce compo"nds that do dama%e #$ inte(ein% !ith the

#od$s ox$%en "se at a cell"la le'el&

Ca#on monoxide)h$do%en c$anide)and h$do%en s"l(ide ae all
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10/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


Ca#on monoxide poisonin%has #een (o"nd to #e the leadin% ca"se

o( death in smo.e inhalation&

S(o-e Inhalation S'(+to(*

N"meo"s si%ns and s$mptoms o( smo.e inhalation ma$ de'elop& S$mptoms ma$

incl"de co"%h) shotness o( #eath)hoaseness) headache) and ac"temental stat"s

chan%es&Si%ns s"ch as soot in the ai!a$ passa%es o chan%es in s.in coloma$ #e "se("l

in deteminin% the de%ee o( in/"$&

Cough

4hen the m"co"s mem#anes o( the espiato$ tact %et iitated) the$

secete moe m"c"s&

Bonchospasm and inceased m"c"s pod"ction lead toe(lexco"%hin%&

The m"c"s ma$ #e eithe clea o #lac. dependin% on the de%ee o(

#"ned paticles deposited in the l"n%sand tachea&

Shortne** of 0reath

This ma$ #e ca"sed #$ diect in/"$ to the espiato$ tact) leadin% to

deceased ox$%en deli'e$ to the #lood) the deceased a#ilit$ o(

#lood to ca$ ox$%en #eca"se o( chemicals in smo.e) o the ina#ilit$

o( the #od$s cells to "se ox$%en&

The patient ma$ ha'e apid#eathin%as the$ attempt to compensate

(o these in/"ies&

%oar*ene** or noi*' 0reathing

This ma$ #e a si%n that (l"ids ae collectin% in the "ppe ai!a$ and ma$

ca"se a #loc.a%e&

Iitant chemicals ma$ ca"se'ocal codspasm) s!ellin%) and constiction

o( the "ppe ai!a$s&
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11/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


S-in color

S.in colo ma$ an%e (om pale to #l"ish to che$ ed&

Soot

Soot in the nostils o thoatma$ %i'e a cl"e as to the de%ee o( smo.e

inhalation&

The nostils and nasalpassa%es ma$ #e s!ollen&

%eadache

In all (ies) people ae exposed to 'aio"s -"antities o( ca#on monoxide&

The patient ma$ ha'e no espiato$ po#lems) #"t ma$ still ha'e inhaled

ca#on monoxide&

Headache) na"sea) and 'omitin%ae s$mptoms o( ca#on monoxide

poisonin%&

Change* in (ental *tatu*

Chemical asph$xiants and lo! le'els o( ox$%en can lead to mental stat"s

chan%es&

Con("sion) (aintin%) sei0"es) and comaae all potential complications

(ollo!in% smo.e inhalation&
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12/20


13/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


Contingenc' +lan

S"ch plan sho!s the installations la$o"t in espect o( (o example (ie peca"tions

and (ie extinction& F"themoe the plan contains a lot o( in(omation needed (o (ie

(i%htin%&

INFOR,ATION :O! FIN ON T%E PLAN

=ositions o( !ateti%ht6doos&

Exits

Eme%enc$ exits

Eme%enc$ stop o( 'entilation& en%ine oom) accommodation) p"mp oom)

etc2

Fie p"mps

Eme%enc$ (ie p"mps Connections (o (ie hoses

=ositions and t$pes o( (ie extin%"ishe

=osition o( intenational shoe connection

,ocation o( alam appaat"s

,ocation o( the elease aan%ements (o the (ixed extin%"ishin% installation

,ocation o( (ieman8s o"t(it

M"ste points6(ie station h$dants&

&atertight door* and eit*

In cased o( (ie all doos m"st #e closed& This is o( "tmost impotance) #eca"se a

(ie al!a$s needs ox$%en) !hich can each the (ie 'ia the accesses&

E(ergenc' /entilation *'*te(*

Fo the same eason 'entilation has al!a$s to #e stopped& A(te stoppin% the

'entilation) the (laps m"st #e closed too o( co"se& The 'entilation (ans sho"ld ha'e

(acilit$ to #e stopped+

1& Nea the (an

3& At a place ma.ed on the (ie contol plan&


14/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD 1:

ETECTION

In considein% (ie sa(et$) one o( the main citeia is the capa#ilit$ to detect a

potential (ie sit"ation o (ie as soon as possi#le a(te i%nition& This allo!s speed$

coecti'e action to #e ta.en !hich po'ides a chance (o a possi#le speed$

extinction&

Detection consists o( t!o elements+

1& That o( meas"in% an atmosphee) !hich is capa#le o( i%nition) (o example

escapes o( %as&

3& That o( disco'ein% a (ie

In #oth cases thee is need (o an alam s$stem to %i'e ade-"ate !anin%& In the

case o( a %i'en explosi'e le'el to allo! the necessa$ actions s"ch as sh"ttin%

do!n e-"ipment and 'entilation and secondl$ to indicate that a (ie o pod"cts(om a (ie ha'e #een detected& The ad'anta%e is that on#oad a ship o plat(om a

(ie %eneall$ !ill #e detected at an eal$ sta%e smo.e detectos) (ie6o"nds)

spin.le s$stem2&

Man"al alam s$stem is also e-"ied to ena#le pesons to aise the alam i( a (ie

is disco'eed&

Fire )arning and detection

Depends on+

Const"ction o( the i% o ship

4hat .ind o( possi#le (ie so"ce

"antit$ o( people in an aea

4h$

To locate a (ie (ast

To (i%ht a (ie

To e'ac"ate people

To minimi0e dama%e

4hee

On all location !hee thee is a hi%h is. o( (ieexplosion


15/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD 1;

Alar(;

4hich o !hat

Not "ni(om

4hat to do

etector*;

Gas detection

Smo.e detection

Heat detection

Alar(*

4e can state se'eal alam conditions+

Alet condition anno"nce o'e =&A& station&

Geneal plat(om %as alam

Eme%enc$ sh"t do!n

A#andon plat(om condition

Ea(+le;

,i%ht and a"di#le s$stem

#reen;

Nomal stat"s&

Fla*hing 'ello);

Alet stat"s p"#lic anno"ncement&

Fla*hing red;

Ha0ado"s stat"s) a"di#le alam si%nal&

Fla*hing 0lue;

A#andon installation) a"di#le alam si%nal&


16/20

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

RANACO MARINE SDN BHD 1>

Self Contain* Breathing A++aratu*


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BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


Second *tage regulator

To ed"ce it e'en ("the to a le'el /"st a#o'e standad atmospheic

pess"e& This ai is then (ed to the mas. 'ia eithe a demand 'al'e

acti'atin% onl$ on inhalation2 o a contin"o"s positi'e pess"e 'al'e

po'idin% constant ai(lo! to the mas.2&

An open6cic"it esc"e o (ie(i%hte SCBA has a mas.) e%"lato) ai c$linde)

c$linde pess"e %a"%e) and a haness !ith ad/"sta#le sho"lde staps and !aist

#elt !hich lets it #e !on on the #ac.& The ai c$linde "s"all$ comes in one o( thee

standad si0es+ : lite) > lite) o >& lite& The d"ation o( the c$linde can #e

calc"lated to Si0e o( c$linde K =ess"e #$ : and then less 1 min"tes #eca"se

o( a sa(et$ ma%in& so a > lite c$linde) o( 5#a) is > K 5 : 6 1 L 5;min"tes

!o.in% d"ation The elati'e (itness) and especiall$ the le'el o( exetion o( the

!eae) o(ten es"lts in 'aiations o( the act"al "sa#le time that the SCBA can

po'ide ai) o(ten ed"cin% the !o.in% time #$ 3; to ;&

Po*iti/e +re**ure


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BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


penalt$ in po'idin% positi'e pess"e) the olde JNe%ati'e pess"eJ t$pe is)

in most cases) an o#solete con(i%"ation and is onl$ seen !ith olde e-"ipment&

Ho!e'e some "ses e("se to "se this technolo%$ as in case o( a dama%e o

loss o( the (ace piece the ai !ill #e eleased "ncontolled& The lea.a%e ate can

#e that hi%h that a ("ll$ cha%ed SCBA !ill #e dained in less than theemin"tes) a po#lem that does not happen !ith Jne%ati'e pess"eJ SCBA

s$stems&

onning SCBA u*ing the o/er > the > %ead ,ethod

1& Open the case and la$o"t the SCBA !ith the c$linde 'al'e a!a$

(om $o" and the sho"lde staps o"t to the sides&3& F"ll$ open the main c$linde 'al'e5& Bend do!n and %asp the SCBA #ac. plate !ith #oth hands& sin%

$o" head li(t SCBA o'e $o" head& Rotate the SCBA 1 de%ees

so that the !aist staps ae pointed to the %o"nd&:& Slide the SCBA do!n $o" #ac. !hile $o" ams slide into the

sho"lde staps& Ti%hten the sho"lde staps and sec"e the !aist

#elt&;& Don $o" (ace piece and chec. (o an ade-"ate seal& 4ea $o"

helmet and sec"e the chin stap&>& Acti'ate the ai (lo! #$ inhale (ist #eath

onning SCBA u*ing the Coat ,ethod

1& Open the case and la$o"t the SCBA !ith the c$linde 'al'e a!a$ (om $o"

and the sho"lde staps o"t to the sides& =lace $o" dominant hand on the

opposite sho"lde stap&3& ,i(t the SCBA and s!in% it on $o" dominant sho"lde&5& Slide $o" othe hand #et!een the SCBA c$linde and the coespondin%

sho"lde stap&:& Ti%hten the sho"lde staps&;& Attach the !aist #elt and ad/"st its ti%htness&>& Don $o" (ace piece and chec. (o an ade-"ate seal& 4ea $o" helmet and

sec"e the chin stap&& Acti'ate the ai (lo! #$ inhale (ist #eath&


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BASIC FIRE FIGHTING


offing the SCBA

1& Remo'e %lo'es and the e%"lato (om (ace piece o disconnect the lo!

pess"e ai s"ppl$ hose (om the e%"lato&3& Sh"t o(( the ai s"ppl$ 'al'e&5& Remo'e helmet and loosen the staps on $o" (ace piece&:& Remo'e $o" (ace piece&

;& Release $o" !aist #elt&>& ,oosen the sho"lde stap and emo'e the SCBA&& Sh"t o( the ai c$linde 'al'e&& Bleed the ai pess"e (om the e%"lato #$ openin% the p"%e 'al'e&& I( $o" ha'e an inte%ated =ASS de'ice) t"n it o((&1& =lace the SCBA in sa(e condition !hee it !ill not %et dit$ o dama%e&

Safet' Ti+*

Some po'en action to assist in sel(6esc"e ae+

I( $o" ha'e pota#le adio) "se it& Follo! the poced"es to initiatin% ma$da$

o !hate'e teminolo%$ "ses to ela$ the citical in(omation& Acti'ate the

eme%enc$ #"tton on the adio& Man"all$ acti'ate alam mode o( $o" pesonal alet sa(et$ s$stem =ASS2 T"n on $o" (lash li%ht) in da.ness it help esc"es to $o" location& Conse'e ai) emain as calm as possi#le) e%"late $o" ate o( #eathin%

and ta.e shallo! #eaths o s.ip #eaths i( possi#le& ,ocate a !indo! o a doo& =lace $o" sel( as close as possi#le !hee

esc"es ae li.el$ to ente& T$ to ma.e eas$ (o them to (ind $o"& I( possi#le close the doo in the oom $o" ae in #e(oe openin% o #ea.in%

the !indo!& Open o #ea. a !indo! to ma.e $o"sel( 'isi#le and to %et (esh ai& ,oo. (o a sa'e hea'en !hee $o" can !ait (o help&

The onl$ !a$ to let the othes .no! that $o" ae in to"#le is tell them& Call (o

assistance "ntil $o" eali0e that $o" ae in to"#le& Don8t !ait "ntil too late&


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BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

S!,,AR:

Re'ie! fi/e (a?or o0?ecti/e*@ #$ the no! paticipant sho"ld #e a#le to maste the

(ollo!in% o#/ecti'es*

1& Basic (ie pinciple

3& Classes o( (ie

5& ndestandin% o( (ie ha0ad at o((shoe:& Dan%e o( smo.e

;& F"nction o( sel( escape techni-"e

Basic Fire Fighting w

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