Basic Fire Fighting Training Course Report 3

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BASIC FIRE FIGHTING TRAINING COURSE REPORT

SUBMITTED TO

GROUP LEARNING DEPARTMENT NNPC TOWERS ABUJA

BY

SALAWU ISAAC ITOPA (ID NO: 20277)

HEALHT SAFETY AND ENVIROMENT (HSE)

JUNE-SEPT, 2011


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Glory, honour and majesty are unto God through Jesus Christ forthe success he granted me throughout the course of my study in

basic firefighting training at federal fire service in Lagos.

I wish to express my profound gratitude to the NNPC, Group

Learning Dept. HSE Dept. Instructors of the Federal Fire Service,

who has imparted into me.

I also express my sincere gratitude to my colleagues in the office

both senior and junior staff for their best wishes throughout the

period of my training


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ABSTRACT

This report is aim to express the experience acquired over the

period of JUNE-SEPTEMBER at The Federal Fire Service Training

School, Suru-lere Lagos, on basic professional firefighting.The

summary of the training is as follows:

Morning section between the hours of 7am -8:30 am

Squad drill: It is a fire service exercise in which men are move inorderly manner in response to an order

Between the hours of 8:30-9:00am break time

Class activities from 9am -12noon

Afternoon section

Fire drill: Fire drill is a fire service exercise and established

firefighting method which must be done with speed and accuracy

without endangering yourself.

Daily Lectures includes:

Squad drill

Fire drill

Basic fire fighting

First aid


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Knots tying

Pump and primers

Ropes and lines.

Breathing apparatus (BA)

TABLE OF CONTENT

2.0 Discipline5

62.1 Chemistry of

combustion..6

2.2

Fire

..6----8

2.3 Fire

protection.9

2.4 Glossary of

appliance.9---11

2.5

Ladder

12

2.6

Chemistry...12

2.7 Building

construction..12---

13


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2.8 Means of

escape.13---

14

2.9 Firstaid

14

3.0 Foam and foam

making..15

3.1 Portable fire

extinguisher16---17

3.2 Knottying..

18---19

3.3

Pump

.19---20

3.4 Rope and

line20---21

3.5 Inspection and

Treatment21

3.6 Knowledge

acquired.22

3.7

Conclusion

.22


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CHAPTER TWO

BASIC PROFESSIONAL FIRE FIGHTING

2.0 DISCILINE

Discipline is an act training which affects the behavior of every

individual to obey instruction and order of the constituent

authority without fear or favor. A house divided against oneself

cannot stand; therefore, start from home. Good home training is

the beginnings of discipline. There are three type of discipline:

1. Self-discipline: it is an act of training oneself on good

behavior towards fellow citizen.

2. Group discipline: it is where people are bounded together,

work together, and achieve good result for the benefits of

their town or country.

3. Leadership discipline: it is as essential as self or individual

discipline. The self-discipline of a leader will make him

understand his group, and work together towards a betterresult.

Offences committed in fire service

Disobedience: this means disobedience or failure without

sufficient excuse to carry out any lawful order without

written or verbal.

Neglect of duty: failure without sufficient cause to attend orcarry out duty promptly and diligently; or carelessness to

cause any loss, damage or injury to occur to any person or

property; or leaving the station or place of duty without

permission or sufficient cause; or failure to make an entry


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2.2 Fire

Fire is a product that results from the rapid combination of two or

more substances in the presence of oxygen with the production of

heat and light. It is a product of combustion.

Fire starts when a flammable and/ or a combustible material with

an adequate supply of oxygen or another oxidizer are subjected

to enough heat and is able to sustain a chain reaction. This is

commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all

of these elements being in place, it can be extinguished by

removing any one of the element of the fire tetrahedron.

Elements of fire

Fire is made up of three (3) elements namely:

1. Oxygen

2. Heat

3. Fuel

These element forms the triangle of fire

HEAT FUEL

OXYGEN


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HEAT

Heat is a form of energy which is radiated from a source, hence is

the element that energizes fire. Oxygen or oxidizing agent

Oxygen is one of the constituent of air. It is an element that

accelerates and support combustion, while oxidizing agent are

materials that yield oxygen or other oxidizing gases during the

cause of chemical reaction.

FUEL (or reducing agent):

Fuel is any free combustible material which could either be in

solid, liquid, or gaseous .fuel is the material or substance being

oxidized or burned in combustion process .in scientific term, the

fuel in a combustion reaction is known as the reducing agent.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE:

These are class of fire that involves ordinary combustible solid

materials such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, plastic, nylon, etc.

The most effective extinguishing agent suitable for class A fire is

generally WATER in form of spray or jet.

CLASS B FIRE:

These are fire that involves flammable liquid of liquefiable solid.

For for the purpose of choosing effective extinguishing agent DRY

CHEMICAL POWDER OR FOAM COMPOND.

CLASS C FIRE:These are fire involving flammable gases or liquefied gases in

form of liquid spillage e.g. methane, ethane, propane, acetylene

gas etc. the best extinguishing agent is CO2 (carbon dioxide),

WATER in form of spray.


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CLASS D FIRE:

These are fire that involves metallic materials e.g. sodium, iron,

copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, etc. The most effective extinguishing

agent are DRY CHEMICAL POWDER (DCP), CARBON DIOXIDE.

Causes of fire

Carelessness

Willful act

Accident

2.3 FIRE PROTECTION:Fire protection can be defined as the actual provision,

installation and good arrangement of first aid firefighting

equipment in building or premises. These include:

Extinguisher of various kind

Hose reel

Automatic sprinklers

Fire hydrant

Rising main

Fire blanket etc.

FIRE PREVENTION:

Fire prevention is the act of educating /creating awareness to the

public of ways of preventing the occurrence of the fire outbreak in

our homes, offices, work places through hint like:

Do not smoke in areas designated NO SMOKING


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Do not be in a place designated DANGER KEEP OFF

Do not over load electrical circuit

Do not carry naked flame to a place designated HIGHLY

FLAMMABLE

Dispose used matches, ashes, and cigarette stub in ash trays

or trash cans.

2.4 GLOSSARY OF APPLIANCE

The ward glossary of appliance is a technical ward under which,

firefighting appliance are group or classified. These are

equipment usually carried in fire appliance and they are usedto facilitate such task of their profession. They include:

1. Breaking in tools: these are equipment used in breaking part

of the building to effect entry e.g. axes, hammer, crowbars

and various kinds of door breakers.

2. Cutting away tools: these are types of equipment use for

cutting e.g. cut-lasses, knifes, axes of various kind, various

type of saws.

3. Rescue gears: these equipment that are used for rescue

operation e.g. rubber hand gloves, rugger sandals shoe,

flood light, breathing apparatus.

4. Light of various kind: they are usually, used along with

breathing apparatus e.g. the gas light, carbide light, touch

light, search light

5. Turn over tools: they are equipment use for turning over

particles after an outbreak of fire had been subdued.e.g.

Ceiling hook, spade, small axe and cutlass.

6. Transport tools: these are equipment use for minor repairs

on vehicles or appliances.E.g.A bag which contain spanner


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box, tiers, jacks, oil filters, pliers, screws drivers, batteries

etc.

7. Miscellaneous and special equipment: this are various items

or equipment of small gears carried out in appliance e.g.wire set, telephone sets, hose ramps, hose beckets,

extinguishers of various kind breathing apparatus.

ADAPTOS

Adaptors are fittings used for the purpose of connecting hose or

suction coupling of different sizes together. They are divided in to

four:

Delivery hose adaptors

Suction hose adaptors

Hydrant adaptors

First aid or hose reel adaptors.

BRANCH

A branch is a tempering fitting employed or used at the deliveryend of a line of hose in order to increase the velocity of water as it

approaches the nozzle, there by producing an effective

firefighting jet. Branch is divided in to three:

Diffuser branch

Hand control branch

Foam making branch.

STRIANERS

Strainers are equipment use for prevention of dirt or debris from

entering in to the pump casing. This is an equipment that is use

to prevent pump damage. They are four types:


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Low level strainer

Conical strainer

Basket strainer

Metal strainer

HOSE

A hose is a flexible tube or tubing made up of either rubber or

canvas which is use to convey water from place to another for

fighting fire purpose. They are two

Types of hose:

Suction hose

Delivery hose

SUCTION HOSE: A suction hose convey water from the dam or

an open water to feed the pump (feeder).it is used at the pump

inlet or suction side of a pump where water is passing through it,

is a pressure either below or above that of the atmosphere. It is

specially designed or constructed to with stand external

pressure .it has a length of about 8ft, 10ft and 12ft.suction is

divided in two:

Partially embedded

Smooth bore

DELLIVERY HOSE: Is use at the deliver side of a pump where

water is passing through it, is a pressure above that of the


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atmosphere. It is specially design or constructed to withstand

both internal and external pressure. It has a length of about 75ft

long. They are two types:

Lined

Unlined type

2.5 LADDER

Ladder is an equipment use to gain access to an upper floor; roofs

of building and also lower in to the basement. Ladders are very

useful to fire service in carrying their duties and functions. Ladderis divided in to two:

Common ladder

Special ladder

2.6 CHEMISTRYChemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of

matter, it also has to deal with composition, properties and the

uses matter.

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY TO A FIRE MAN:

It helps the fire man to know the reaction of water and the

material on fire e.g. In the case of metals and other

materials that react with water violently.

It also helps the fire man to check the spread of fire by

knowing chemistry of the material that is burning.

It helps the fire man to know the extinction method to be

applied.


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It helps the fire man know the presence of poisonous

element when water is applied.

2.7 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Building construction was introduced in to federal fire service

because a large percentage of fire occurs in a building. It is

therefore necessary that afire man should have a good knowledge

of the element of the structure and the behavior of all the

materials involved when there is a fire outbreak.

Some material weaken in heat, some remove from the joint, some

fall without warning when water jet are applied to them in high

pressure. Therefore to enable the fire man knows the dangerous

development in the building.

AIMS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

To check the spread of fire.

To help the fire man on duty to extinguish the fire

To enable him know the area and where it is safe to position

his men to work

To enable him detect dangerous development in the building

Help in discovering the seat of fire

Enable the fire man know the easiest entrance to a building

CAUSES OF COLLAPSE


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Burning away of floor and cross walls leaving high walls with

no support.

Expansion of steel beams build in to the walls pushing the

walls outwards and so throwing it out of perpendicular.

Disintegration of joint.

Swelling of certain commodities due to water absorption.

Wrong application of water jet on the walls in high pressure.

2.8 MEANS OF ESCAPE

Means of escape is defined as a structural means where by asafety rule is provided for a person to escape in case of fire from

any part of the building to a place of safety without any external

assistance.

There three rule governing means of escape in a building

It must be close to each other.

It must not be expose to fire

It must be free

Factors required when designing a means of escape in

a building:

Time of evacuation.

Travel distance

Number of occupants

Calculation of Exit Widths

Calculation of minimum Number of Exits.


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2.9FIRST AID

First aid treatment as a course is important to firemenbecause they the first line of help or call during any need for

rescue. In any fire accident, firemen, they are the one going

into the scene to bring out any trapped person & admit first

aid before the arrival of an expert.

Note: nobody does until the air way (from nose-lung &

lung-nose) is block. Hence, in lot and never allow the tongue

of a patient drops or his/her drops down.

Aims and objective of first of first aids

To save life

To promote quick recovery

To prevent condition from been worse.


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3.0 Foam and foam making

Foam can be defined as an aqueous solution of a substance,

which has been converted into mass of bubbles by

vigorously mixing air.

FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED TO WHEN FOAM IS PRODUCED

1. Expansion: volume of air mixed with each volume of foam

concentrates.

2. CONCENTRATION: The quantity of foam concentrates

added.

3. SIZE-BUBBLE: This is determined only by specialized

photographic.

Functions

Foam is a heavy organic or chemical latherwhich when

correctly applied to the surface of a burning flammable

liquid will extinguish the fire by:

1. Cooling the temperature of burning fuel

2. Isolation of the fuel from oxygen of the air

3. Dilution of the air with water from evaporation foam

Types of foam compound

There are five (5) types of foam compound:


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Protein foam compound (PF)

Fluoro chemical compound (PF)

Fluoro protein compound (FP)

Synthetic compound

Alcohol resistant foam compound.

3.1 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Extinguishers are first aid firefighting equipment used to fight or

attack fire at the initial or early stage. There are divided into two

categories:

The hand or portable extinguisher and the bigger one which are

larger models they are called Trolley unit or chemical engine

extinguisher.

OPERATION

All extinguishers are operated by one or two methods:

1. By pumping eg. Carbon tetra chloride (ctc)

2. By air or gas pressure

Under gas we have Nitrogen (N) and carbon dioxide (co2), they

are both used as expellant.

GROUP OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER


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Fire extinguishers are grouped under four (4) main heading

according to their suitability for use on types of fire.

Group A Water

Group B Foam

Group C Vapouring liquid e.g. co2

Group D Dry chemical powder (DCP)

Group A. Water type Extinguishers

This simply means, those that expel or dilute chemical solution

under water type, we have the compressed gas water and stored

air pressure water types.

Group B: Foam Extinguishers

These are the extinguishers that expel foam. There are two types

of foam extinguishers namely:

Chemical foam or turn-over extinguishers

Mechanical foam or air foam extinguisher. This is a foam

making branch (FMB). They are both for class B fires.

Group c: vaporing liquid extinguisher


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These are the one that expel vapor foaming liquid or gases. They

change from liquid to gaseous form when in operation such as:

BCF- Boron-chloride (content-liquefied (BCF)

MB- methyl-bromide (content-liquefied MB)

Co2- Carbon-dioxide (content-liquefied co2)

Group D: Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers

These are the types that expel powder and they are of two types:

Stored pressure nor pressurize type.

Co2 Gas cartridge type.

Types of powders in use

Sodium bicarbonate powder (commonest)

Talc powder

Graphite powder

Asbestor powder

Tenary Eutectic chloride (T.E.C) Powder

Monex powder

Sawdust stearate powder

3.1Knot Tying

What is knot? A knot is a twisted portion of a line used for a

particular purpose


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Qualities of a good knot

It must be easy to tie

It must be easy to untie

It must not damage the line

It must carry out the purpose for which it is employed.

Types of knot

1. Securing knot

2. Stop knot

3. Rescue knot

4. Joining knot

Securing e.g.

Half hitch: is the basis of number of knot used extensively

in conjunction with other knot for securing suction,

hoisting up a branch etc.

Glove hitch : it is used to secure a line to any round object

Stop knot e.g.

Stop knot are divided into two parts e.g. Overhand knot

and figure of eight knot.


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Overhand knot: sometime known as a thumb knot, used as

simple stopper and tied at each end in length of burst hose

when laid out

Figure of eight knot: used as a stopper e.g. to prevent a

linerunning through a sheave.

Rescue knot e.g.

Chair knot: used as a sling to lower insensible person from

the upper floor.

Parachute knot: also known as baluster knot used as a

sling to lower sensible person into a basement or well

Joining knote.g.

Reel knot: is used to join line of equal thickness or sizes

Double sheet bend: it is the more secure version of single

thickness or sizes.

3.2A pumpis a machine driven by eternal power for

transmitting energy to fluid or water. The first types of

manually operated pumps are hand and stirrup although, there

are types of pumps, but one particular one has come to

regarded as the best for fire service work which is centrifugalpumps . The pump is the type most widely used for

firefighting and has been adopted as standard by the fire

service all over the word.


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Types of pump

Positive displacement pump

Ejector pump

Centrifugal pump

Positive displacement pumps, as already described, are

capable of pumping both gas and liquids. Hence, before a

centrifugal pump can be got to work from open water the air in

the suction hose and pump casting must expelled so the

atmospherics pressure will force the water up into the pump.

This process is called priming.

3.3 ROPE AND LINES

Rope: It is a manufacturing product normally made in length

not exceeding 120 fathoms or 720 feet or219 meters, 51mm

(2inch). It consists of six or more strands i.e. not less than two

yarn are taken and twisted together to form a

Strained strand, and of these three or are taken and laid

together to form a rope.

LINE: It is a term applied to cordage cut to specific length for a

particular purpose e.g. lowering line, belt line etc.

USES OF LINE IN FIRE SERVICE: cordage forms an essential

part of fire service equipment. There is hardly an operation in

firefighting whether it is affecting a rescue, getting a length of


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hose up a building, strengthen a ladder, or making fast the

suction when working from open water, which does not call for

the use of a rope or line. The line mention below will be found

in general used.

1. RESCUES LINES: These are special extra-long lines, use for

effecting rescue work with turntable ladders.

2. Lowering line: A high quality line used for rescue work the

length of this line varies in different qualities, but usually

specified as not less than 30ft.

3. Long line: these are general purpose line of 100ft in length

and 21inch in circumference. They are used for variety of

purpose and the most common being use to haul a length of

hose aloft, roping off street or areas on the fire ground to

hold back spectators.

4. Escape line: an escape line is a line between 15ft in length

secured to the top round of an extension ladder by means of

a running eye. The fire end of which is taken into the

building to assist men to find their way back to window from

smoke laden room.

3.4 INSPECTION AND TREAMENT OF ROPES

a. Ropes and treated monthly, b. after use at fire and other

incident

Wash dirty ropes


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Do not store on the floor

keep dry when not in use

store in cool, dry place

No heavy weight should be placed on them.

KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED

How to fight fire with use of firefighting equipment

Know how to generate foam compound and how to

use various types of extinguishers.

Knowing the various types of equipment used in

fighting and its function.

The uses of ladder, including climbing, descending

and rescuing from upper floor

Jumping from first upper floor, without injure

yourself.

How to rescue victim from danger with safety rules &

regulation applied

The duties and qualities of fireman, as well as

responsibilities of team leader

How to relate with people especially in public when it

comes to enquiring the cause of the incident etc.


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3.5 CONCLUSION

Federal fire service training school is an arm of federal fire servicecommissioned in 1980 which has the sole responsibility of training

personal on basic and advanced professional course for different

government organization. For all l have learned so far, l will

concluded by saying, if these technique are consistently applied

the incident of fire, loss of lives and properties will be drastically

reduced and prevention will be excellent.

PPMC

INTERNAL MEMORANDUM

To: DEPOT MANAGER SULEJA Ref: PPMC/SUL/HSE/018

From: HSE O. C Date: 10th October, 2011

REPORT ON ACCIDENTED TANKER TRUCK

On the 2nd Oct, 2011 about 10:00am a tanker with Reg No.

had an accident near Federal Government Academic College along Maje- Dikko

road, Suleja Niger State.

The truck is loaded with PMS of 33000 litres. The report about the incident got to

us in safety office and immediately the safety officers on duty rushed to the scene
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with three (3) drums of foam compound to blanket the spills and also to be on

standby as well as to determine the direction of flow of product.

One and a half drums of foam compound were used and the remaining one and half

were returned back to the depot together with the empty drums.

No injury or death was observed. Attached herewith are photographs of the

incident.

Galadima H.

HSE OFFICER

PPMCINTERNAL MEMORANDUM

To: DEPOT MANAGER SULEJA Ref: PPMC/SUL/HSE/19961

From: HSE STAFF SULEJA DEPOT Date: 10th October, 2011

AUTHORITY TO TRAVEL

Kindly approve authority to travel to Corporate Headquarters, Group

Learning Department from 12th to 13th October, 2011 to submit Basic

Fire Training Report.


29/29

IBRAHIM, H.

Basic Fire Fighting Training Course Report 3

Documents

Transcript of Basic Fire Fighting Training Course Report 3