Basic facts about HIV&AIDS
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Transcript of Basic facts about HIV&AIDS
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BASIC FACTS ABOUT HIV/AIDS
a presentation by
Global Health International
Definitions HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus The virus which causes AIDS
SIV – Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Retrovirus found in numerous strains in primates; the
specific strains infecting humans are HIV-1 & HIV-2
AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
A collection of symptoms & signs of illnesses due to immune depletion
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Relationship of HIV & AIDS
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The HIV virus
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Types of HIV
HIV Type 1 HIV Type 2- Most predominant world wide- More virulent- Has subtypes M, N, O and P (M is most predominant)- Subtype M has strains A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J and K
- Mainly in West Africa
- Less easily transmitted
- Longer period from initial infection and onset of illness
HIV origin: the theories Hunter theory:
Most accepted theory. That SIV was transferred to humans after chimps being killed & eaten or their blood getting into hunters’ cuts/wounds
Oral Polio vaccine theory: Congo, Ruanda & Burundi in the late 1950s.
That the vaccine was cultivated using kidney cells of local chimps infected with SIV
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HIV origin: the theories Conspiracy theory: -HIV manufactured as a biological warfare
programme, to wipe out black & homosexual people.
-HIV was developed by the US as a weapon of germ warfare
-Right wing American groups blamed the Soviets for the AIDS epidemic.
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HIV origin: the theories Colonialism theory: Locals were forced into
labour camps where SIV could have infected them. They were inoculated with unsterile needles against diseases e.g. smallpox. Many camps employed prostitutes to keep workers happy
Heavenly theory: HIV came from an angry God who was unhappy with gays, IVDUs & promiscuity. Others believed that HIV came as a cosmic debris as part of the tail of a comet
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Origin of HIV/AIDS HIV is a zoonotic infection-resembles SIV Genetic analysis indicates HIV introduced into humans ~
1931 1959 serum sample from Congo HIV+ Here chimpanzees are kept as pets and butchered for food HIV 1st discovered in 1980s by Luc Montagnier (Paris);
Later in 1980s by Robert Gallo (US)
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Origin of HIV/AIDS No. of people who developed AIDS before
the 1980s are unknown First cases of AIDS recognized in early
1980s In 1984, 1st AIDS (‘slim disease’) case in
Uganda was reported
Modes of HIV transmission Sexual intercourse (heterosexual & same
sex; commonest mode of transmission) Mother to Child transmission (pregnancy,
labour, birth, breast feeding) Occupational exposure Blood products infusion Donor organ and tissue transplantation (Intravenous) Injection drug use
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Phase 1 Rapid spread through urban sexual
networks along major highways from its origin in the Lake Victoria region
The fight against HIV began only after the civil war in 1986. ACP set up in 1987
By this time Urban areas had prevalence rates of up to 29% .
HIV/AIDS trend in Uganda
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Phase 1 cont’d CBOs came up targeting education, HIV
prevention(ABC) & stigma reduction TASO was one of the first
Philly Bongoley Lutaaya (19 October 1951 – 15 December 1989), a Ugandan musician spent his life writing songs about his battle with AIDS; toured many places spreading messages of prevention & hope.
HIV/AIDS trend in Uganda
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HIV/AIDS trend in Uganda
Phase 2: 1992 to 2000 HIV prevalence fell dramatically, from about
15% in 1991 in adults to about 5% in 2001 Reason: Gov’t. ABC prevention campaign & the
high numbers of AIDS-related deaths Prevention initiatives continued through the
nineties with high levels of funding from both the gov’t & international donors e.g. World Bank
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HIV/AIDS trend in Uganda
Phase 3: 2000 to 2005 The third phase saw the stabilization of
HIV prevalence at 6.4%
Free ARV drugs were introduced in 2004
Funders included World Bank, Global Health, PEPFAR, CDC
HIV/AIDS trend in Uganda WHO 2010 HIV epidemiology report & 2011 Uganda demographics report:
HIV prevalence rate 6.5% among adults HIV prevalence rate 0.7% among children 1.2 million people living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda 1.2 million children are orphans due to AIDS 130,000 new HIV infections occur annually 60,000 deaths occur annually 540,000 adults & children in need of ARVs 240,000 adults & children on ARVs
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Global distribution of HIV by sex & age (Source WHO & UNAIDS 2010)
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Urban-Rural HIV Infection Prevalence: (Source WHO & UNAIDS 2010)
10.2
12.8
6.7
1.4
5.7
6.5
4.8
0.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
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All Females Males Children <5yrs
Urban Rural Urban residents have a significantly higher risk of HIV infection
The urban-rural disparity stronger for women and children than for men.
So, What happens when HIV enters the Human body?
1. Window Period Time from initial infection with HIV to time antibodies
are detectable (usually 3-8 weeks) Period varies between individuals & depends on the
test used 95% of people develop antibodies within 3-4 months HIV antibody tests may give negative results in an
infected person during this period Very high Viral Load Victim highly infectious
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2. Seroconversion The change from non-detectable antibody test
(Negative test) to detectable antibody levels (Positive test) is referred to as seroconversion
Seroconversion marks end of the window period Presents with unspecific symptoms e.g. fever, flu,
headache, general weakness, poor appetite, etc Symptoms short lived; patient improves in 2-4
weeks
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So, What happens when HIV enters the Human body?
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3. Development of Symptoms & Signs i.e.
Stage I Asymptomatic stage of HIV infection There may only be enlarged lymph nodes
So, What happens when HIV enters the Human body?
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….when HIV enters the Human body
Stage IIMultiple symptoms and conditions e.g. Skin rash Herpes zoster Oral ulcers Fungal nail infections Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections
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….when HIV enters the Human body
Stage IIIMultiple symptoms & conditions e.g. TB of the lungs Diarrhoea > a month Oral thrush >10% unintended weight loss Persistent fevers (unexplained) for > a month
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….when HIV enters the Human body
Stage IVMultiple symptoms and conditions e.g. Cancers like Kaposi’s sarcoma Oesophageal candidiasis Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia Cryptococcal meningitis TB outside the lungs
AND HOW WILL A PERSON WITHHIV/AIDS PRESENT CLINICALLY?
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MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV/AIDS
1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
2. Manifestations due to HIV/AIDS Associated Cancers
3. Manifestations due to Drugs used in treatment of HIV/AIDS
4. Other HIV/AIDS related conditions
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Fungal skin infections
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Oral thrush
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Angular Cheilitis (Candidiasis)
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Mixed Infections
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Herpes simplex virus
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Extensive H.S. infection of lips & nose
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Molluscum contagiosum
1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Molluscum contagiosum
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Herpes zooster36
1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Generalised itchySkin rash
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
TB of the skin38
1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Herpes simplex genitalia
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
HPV40
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
HPV41
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1. Manifestations due to Opportunistic Infections
Vaginal Candidiasis42
MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV/AIDS
2. HIV/AIDS Associated Cancers
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2. HIV/AIDS Associated Cancers
Kaposi’s sarcoma: gum & legs affected
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2. HIV/AIDS Associated Cancers
Kaposi’s sarcoma: palate involvement
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2. HIV/AIDS Associated Cancers
Lymphoma
2. HIV/AIDS Associated Cancers
Squamous cell carcinoma of the eye
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2. HIV/AIDS Associated Cancers
Kaposi’s sarcoma
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MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV/AIDS
3. Manifestations due to Drugs used in HIV/AIDS Treatment
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3. Manifestations due to drugs
Nevirapine rash
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3. Manifestations due to drugs
Steven Johnson’sSyndrome
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3. Manifestations due to drugs
Nevirapine side effects
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3. Manifestations due to drugs
SevereAnaemia
of AZT
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3. Manifestations due to drugs
Fat maldistribution (Stavudine induced)
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3. Manifestations due to drugs
Loss of body fat(as with Protease
Inhibitors)
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MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV/AIDS
4. Other HIV/AIDS Associated Conditions
4. Other HIV/AIDS Associated conditions
Psoriasis
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4. Other HIV/AIDS Associated conditions
Eczema
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4. Other HIV/AIDS Associated conditions
HIV wasting syndrome
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May God have mercy upon
mankind