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Transcript of Basic Energy Sciences New Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future George Crabtree Marc...
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
New Science for a Secure and
Sustainable Energy Future
George Crabtree
Marc KastnerCo-chairs, New Era
subcommittee
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html
Outline
• imported oil and carbon dioxide
• breakthroughs for next-generation sustainable energy
• new science: breakthroughs within reach
• recommendations
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
The New Era Subcommittee of BESAC
George Crabtree, Marc KastnerCo-chairs
Michelle Buchanan, Thomas Mallouk, John Sarrao,
Michael Klein, Arthur Nozik, Julia Phillips, Sue
Clark, Frank DiSalvo, Don DePaolo, Simon Bare, Wayne
Hendrickson, Wolfgang Eberhardt, Franz Himpsel,
Michael Norman, Andrea Cavalleri, Carl Lineberger,
Yet-Ming Chiang, Pat Looney
Technical Support: Roger Klaffky, Michael Casassa, Jim
Horwitz
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
The Problem: Dependence on Imported Oil
find alternatives to imported oil
biofuels, electricity, solar fuels
Unpredictable supply Threat of interruption
economy, lifestyle, national security
Cost to economy
$700 B/yr at recent peak prices
$200 B/yr at current prices
transferred to foreign oil producers
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/foreign_oil_dependence.cfm
25
20
15
10
5
01950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Mill
ion
barr
els
pe
r da
y consumption
production
US Oil
US EIA
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
The Problem: Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
2/3 of carbon dioxide emissions come from power
plants and autos
IPCC Fourth Assessment 2007http://www.ipcc.ch/graphics/gr-ar4-
syr.htm SPM1
Permanent changes in weather patterns, agricultural networks and
coastal geography
Cost of accommodation may be higher than preventive cost of reducing
emissions
0.5
- 0.5
0.0
50
0
- 50
-100
-150
4
0
- 4
mill
ion
km 2
°Cm
m
1850 1900 1950 2000
Northern hemisphere snow cover
Global average sea level
Global average surface temperature
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Driving our cars on imported oil
Unfettered emission of CO2
Pillars of decades-long economic success
Alternatives require fundamental changes
in business as usual more sustainable next-generation energy
technology
Oil and Carbon Dioxide: Woven into the Fabric
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Sustainable Next-Generation Energy Technologies
Sustainability Profile
lasts a long time
does no harm
leaves no change
Solar electricity: a fully sustainable energy chain breakthroughs needed
lower cost, higher efficiency photovoltaics
third generation materials and nanostructures
electricity storage
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
carbon
dioxide
Sustainability Profile
lasts a long time
does no harm
leaves no change
depletes coal resource
100s of years
Carbon Sequestration
~ 1000 years
breakthroughs neededchemical reactivity with rocks in extreme
environments migration through porous rocks
geologic monitoring and predictive modelingleakage routes to atmosphere
emissions
sequestration
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Nuclear Electricity
nuclear waste 100 000s yrs
Sustainability Profile
lasts a long time
does no harm
leaves no change
depletes uranium resource
100s of yrs
usgs
breakthroughs neededmaterials for extreme
environmentshigh temperature, high
radiation fluxhigh corrosivity
geologic monitoring and modeling
nuclear
waste
emissions
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Replace Conventional Oil
cellulosic biofuel: recycles carbon dioxidesolar fuel without biology: thermo- or photo-chemistryoil sands and shale, coal to liquid: 50% more carbon dioxide
more pollutants
recycles CO2
cellulosic biofuelsolar chemical fuel
lasts a long time
does no harm
leaves no change
oil sands and shalecoal to liquid
lasts a long time
does no harm
leaves no change
switchgrass ethanol plant
breakthroughs neededcellulosic breakdown to sugar or
fuelchemistry of carbon dioxide to
fuel
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Electrify TransportationSustainability Profile
lasts a long time
does no harm
leaves no change
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
e-
H2
H2O
O2 tesla motors
renewable electrici
ty productio
n
renewablehydrogen productio
n
breakthroughs needed x2-5 higher energy density in
batteriescatalysts, membranes and electrodes in
fuel cells
electric motorreplaces
gasoline engine
battery
fuel cellhydrogen storage
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Sustainable Energy Enabling Technologies: The Grid
breakthroughs neededlong distance reliable, efficient delivery of electricity
Wind
Demand
Sun
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Enabling Technologies: Storing Energy
breakthroughs needed x2-5 increase in battery energy density
x10-20 increase through chemical storage + fuel cells
Energy/weight
Energy/volume
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30 40
Energy Storage Density
gasoline
batteries
supercapacitor
s
• Store intermittent solar and wind electricity• Electrify transportation with plug-in hybrids and electric cars
batteries: 30-50x less energy
density than gasoline
beyond batteries: chemical storage +
fuel cells = electricity
impossible dream: x10 improvement
ethanol
combustion
electrical storage
methanolhydrogencompounds (target)
compressed hydrogen gas
chemical +
fuel cells= electricity
electro-chemical storage
chemical storage
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
gas CH4
oil CH2
coal CH0.8
heat useful work
combustioncommodity materials
disposable fuels
sustainable energy requires controlling complex, functional, high tech
materials and chemistry
traditional energy
sunlightwindwater
geothermal
biomass
electricity
biofuels
useful work
direct conversion
sustainable energy
Sustainable Energy is High Tech Materials and Chemistry
high tech materials and chemistry
e.g., photovoltaics, electrodes, superconductors,
catalysts
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
New Science: Mastering Complexity
nanoscience
computer modeling
complex materials
controlling materials and chemistries in ultra-small and ultra-fast
regimes
We are at the dawn of a new era • build materials with atom-by-atom chemical precision• predict behavior of materials that have not been made• design new materials and chemistries for specific tasks
breakthroughs to next-generation sustainable energy technologies are
within reach
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Perspective: Challenges and Opportunities
Weaning ourselves from imported oil and carbon dioxide emission requires structural change- not a refinement of business as usual
Next-generation sustainable energy technologies must operate at far higher performance
far more complex, functional, high tech materials
Developing these materials requires scientific breakthroughs
control materials performance and chemical change at atomic, molecular lengths scales and sub-femtosecond time scales
Scientific breakthroughs in materials and chemical change are key
replace the economic drain of imported oil with economic growth from exporting next-generation energy technologies
Next-generation energy technologies will
be born: will we be buying or selling
these new technologies?
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
The Energy and Science Grand Challenges
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html
BESAC and BES Reports
Secure Energy Future, 2002
Hydrogen Economy, 2003
Solar Energy Utilization, 2005
Superconductivity, 2006
Solid-state Lighting, 2006
Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems, 2006
Clean and Efficient Combustion of Fuels, 2006
Electrical Energy Storage, 2007
Geosciences: Facilitating 21st Century Energy Systems, 2007
Catalysis for Energy, 2007
Materials Under Extreme Environments, 2007
Directing Matter and Energy: Five Grand Challenges for Science and the Imagination,
2007
New Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future, 2008
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences
Recommendations
Dream Teams of the best scientists working with the best tools and focused on the most important problems are needed to achieve breakthroughs and transformational change.
The BES Energy Frontier Research Centers will launch these teams: an essential first step
BES must launch an aggressive program to recruit and train the best and the brightest students and early career scientists.
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/
reports/list.html
A massive and sustained investment in basic energy science is needed immediately, to achieve the breakthroughs in materials and chemical change needed for next-generation energy technologies.