Basic Electronics1.ppt

Basic Electronics

*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University

ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University

Eloctronics in Industry*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


WireUsed as a conductor; usually copper, Sometimes aluminum. *ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


ResistorsSlows down or resists the flow of electrons. *ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Fixed ResistorsCan only handle a certain amount of current. Typically made from a resistance wire, which is wound around a ceramic core and covered with some insulating material. Carbon FilmMetal FilmMetal Oxide*Wirewound ResistorETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Carbon Resistor *Carbon Composition Resistor Made of carbon dust or graphite paste, low wattage values.

They are used in circuits where cost is a criterion rather than the performance.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Film Resistor*Film or Cermet Resistor Made from conductive metal oxide paste, very low wattage values.Either thick-film resistors or thin-film resistors

Metal Film Resistors are prefixed with a MFR notation (eg, MFR100k) and a CF for Carbon Film types.Carbon film resistors are used in applications where the operating voltage and temperature is high like laser and radar.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Thick Film Resistors*Thin film resistors are manufactured by depositing a resistive layer(Nichrome) on an insulating base like ceramic. The thickness of the resistive film is equal to or smaller than 0.1 micro meters.In thick film resistors, the thickness of resistive film is nearly 100 micro meters. Thick film resistors can be used in applications where less cost is important, high power is handles and high stability is important.Thin Film ResistorsETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Wirewound Resistor*Wire-wound Resistor Metallic bodies for heatsink mounting, very high wattage ratingsWire wound resistors are used in circuit breakers, transducers, temperature sensors and current sensors etc.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


SMD Resistors*Surface Mount Devices (SMD): Because of small size they are suitable for circuit boards. They have very little inductance and capacitance and can perform well at radio frequencies. ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


The Standard Resistor Colour Code Chart *ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


The Standard Resistor E12 Series at 10% Tolerance Resistors values in s1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2



Variable resistorsAlso known as rheostats, or potentiometersAllow you to regulate the amount of current flowing through the circuitResistors are non-polarized, which means there are no positive or negative ends*Trimpot1. Potentiometer, 2. Rheostat, 3. PresetETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


*Variable resistorsTrimpotHorizontal PresetPotentiometer5K6 LIN 5.6 kilo ohm with a linear track. 2M LOG 2 Mega ohm with a logarithmic track.RheostatETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)*Light dependent resistors are made of semiconductors with high resistance. In absence of light or in dark, the resistance of light dependent resistors is very high usually in the range of Mega Ohms (M). When light is incident on the surface of light dependent resistors, photons fall on the semiconductor material and the valence electrons of the semiconductor are excited to conduction band. For the valence electrons to jump to conduction band there should be enough energy in the photons. Therefore the light incident should exceed a certain frequency and the number of free electrons depends on frequency of light. The free electrons will conduct current and hence lowers the resistance. ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


*Based on the semiconductor material used, Light dependent resistors are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic Light dependent resistors use undoped or pure semiconductors like silicon. There should be enough energy in the photons to excite the entire band gap. Therefore intrinsic light dependent resistors are used for shorter wavelength or higher frequency photons. On the other hand, Extrinsic Light dependent resistors use semiconductor materials with impurities in them. These impurities are called dopants and generally boron or phosphorous are used. These impurities create an intermediate energy band which is closer to the conduction band. Hence the energy required to excite these electrons is less. Lower energy photons i.e. longer wavelength or lesser frequency like Infrared are suitable for extrinsic light dependent resistors.Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Network Resistors*Network resistors are single package resistors with two or more resistors. They generally come in Single in-line package or Dual in-line package.Resistor networks are used to reduce the board space, improve reliability, reduce solder connections and improve tolerance matching. Generally resistor networks are used in resistor ladders, bus terminators and small computer system interface terminators.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Varistor*Varistor is portmanteau of variable resistor. It is an electronic component with non-linear current voltage characteristics like diode. The resistance in varistor is changed according to the change in voltage across it. This makes it a voltage sensitive device hence it is also called Voltage Dependent Resistor. Generally varistors are made from semiconductor materials.The resistance of varistor is very high under normal operating conditions. But the resistance decreases dramatically when the voltage increases beyond the rated value of varistor.Metal oxide Varistors are most common type of varistors. Grains of Zinc oxide are used because it provides P-N diode characteristics. Hence it is used to protect electronic and electrical circuits from over voltage surges.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


CapacitorsBasic job is to store electron current until needed by the circuit Charge and discharge electrons as required by the circuit Made up of two or more plates (conductors), each separated by a dielectric (insulator)Ceramic capacitors and mica capacitors are non-polarizedElectrolytic capacitors are polarized, meaning one lead is positive and the other is negative, as marked*markings 103 in pico-farads =10,000 pF or 10nF.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


*CapacitorsCeramicFilm Capacitor

Metalised Polyester CapacitorAl ElectrolyticTantalumETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


A Silicon Atom Structure*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Periodic Table of Semiconductors *ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University

Elements Group 13Elements Group 14Elements Group 153-Electrons in Outer Shell (Positively Charged)4-Electrons in Outer Shell (Neutrally Charged)5-Electrons in Outer Shell (Negatively Charged)(5) Boron(B)(6) Carbon(C)(13) Aluminium(Al)(14) Silicon(Si)(15) Phosphorus(P)(31) Gallium(Ga)(32) Germanium(Ge)(33) Arsenic(As)(51) Antimony(Sb)


Antimony Atom and Doping*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Boron Atom and Doping*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


The PN junction*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Junction Diode Symbol and Static I-V Characteristics*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Zero Biased PN Junction Diode*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Forward Bias*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Reverse Bias*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


DiodesA solid state device designed to permit the flow of electrons in one direction and block the flow in the opposite directionMade from germanium or siliconA zener diode is used to regulate voltageA light emitting diode (LED) is a solid state component that emits a tiny bit of light when current passes through it*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Diodes*The power semiconductor diode, known simply as the Power Diode, has a much larger PN junction area compared to its smaller signal diode cousin, resulting in a high forward current capability of up to several hundred amps (KA) and a reverse blocking voltage of up to several thousand volts (KV).

Since the power diode has a large PN junction, it is not suitable for high frequency applications above 1MHz, but special and expensive high frequency, high current diodes are available. For high frequency rectifier applications Schottky Diodes are generally used because of their short reverse recovery time and low voltage drop in their forward bias condition.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Half Wave Rectifier Circuit*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Half-wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Full Wave Rectifier Circuit*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


The Diode Bridge Rectifier*2W10 Bridge RectifierETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Full-wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor*LM78xx, LM79xxETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Positive Clipping Circuits*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Negative Clipping Circuits*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Clipping of Both Half Cycles*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Other Applications of Diodes*The Freewheel diode is used to protect solid state switches such as power transistors and MOSFETs from damage by reverse battery protection as well as protection from highly inductive loads such as relay coils or motorsCPU Data Line ProtectionETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Zener Diode I-V Characteristics*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Zener Diode Regulator*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Signal Diodes*Generally, the PN junction of a small Signal Diode is encapsulated in glass to protect the PN junction, and usually have a red or black band at one end of their body to help identify which end is the cathode terminal. The most widely used of all the glass encapsulated signal diodes is the very common 1N4148 and its equivalent 1N914 signal diode.1. Germanium Signal Diodes These have a low reverse resistance value giving a lower forward volt drop across the junction, typically only about 0.2-0.3v, but have a higher forward resistance value because of their small junction area.2. Silicon Signal Diodes These have a very high value of reverse resistance and give a forward volt drop of about 0.6-0.7v across the junction. They have fairly low values of forward resistance giving them high peak values of forward current and reverse voltage.ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Light Emitting Diode*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


LED Circuits*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Multi Coloured LEDs*A Bicolour LEDA Multi or Tricoloured LEDETCE Dept., Jadavpur University

LED SelectedTerminal AAC+-LED 1ONOFFONLED 2OFFONONColour

Output ColourRedOrangeYellowGreenLED 1 Current05mA9.5mA15mALED 2 Current10mA6.5mA3.5mA0


Seven Segment LED Display*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Seven Segment LED Display(Common Cathode)*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Photo-diode and Photo-transistor Opto-couplers*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


TransistorsSolid-state device used for switching and/or amplifying the flow of electrons in a circuitTwo basic types of transistors are switching and amplifyingSwitching transistors are used in circuits, which are either on or offAmplifying transistors amply an electrical signal are used in places where the amount of signal is importantA phototransistor is a solid state component where the amount of light which passes through a lens controls the amount of current flow*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Cold Test of BJTETCE Dept., Jadavpur University*


Input Characteristics of BJTETCE Dept., Jadavpur University*


SwitchesA device which closes to complete an electrical circuit allowing electrons to flow through the circuit, or which opens or breaks a circuit, stopping the flowhttp://www.bedsiworld.com/wiki1-Switch *ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


MotorsA device used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.The flow of electrons passing through a motor can be used to produce motion by turning gears and other mechanical devices*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Stepper Motor* ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Servo Motor*ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


Integrated CircuitsThree common electronic components, which make up an integrated circuit, are resistors, transistors and capacitors. The main advantage of ICs is that so much electronic circuitry can be in such a small package. *ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University


IC PackagesETCE Dept., Jadavpur University*Dual RowDIP=Dual In-line PackageSOIC=Small Out-line Integrated CircuitMSOP=Mini Small Out-line PackageSSOP=Shrink Small Out-line PackageTSOP=Thin Small Out-line PackageQuad RowQFP=Quad Flat PackageQFN=quad Flat No-leadsCSP=Chip Scale PackageWLP=Wafer Level PackagePLCC=Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier


***

Basic Electronics1.ppt

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