Protons + Neutrons = Nucleus Electrons “orbit” at various distances from nucleus
Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds. Atoms : smallest unit of matter Protons: + charge, in nucleus...
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Transcript of Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds. Atoms : smallest unit of matter Protons: + charge, in nucleus...
Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds
Atoms: smallest unit of matter
• Protons: + charge, in nucleus• Neutrons: 0 charge, in nucleus• Electrons: - charge, in electron cloud
Compounds/Molecules: two or more atoms “stuck” together
• 1. Covalent Bonds: atoms share electrons
• 2. Ionic Bonds: atoms “steal” electrons
– Ion: a charged particle (Na+ or Cl-
Chemical formula: a written representation of a compound
•C6H12O6 = glucose
•H2O = water
•CO2 = carbon dioxide
Structural formula: shows how atoms are bonded together
Acids, Bases, and pH
Acids: any compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water
• Examples: – Lemons– Stomach acid– Sulfuric acid (battery acid)
Bases: produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
• Examples:– Ammonia– Draino– Soap
pH scale: a scale from 1-14 measuring the amount of H+ ions in a substance
Neutralization reaction
• Acid + Base Water + Salt
• HCl + NaOH H20 + NaCl
Indicators: change colors in response to a particular chemical
• Red and blue litmus paper
• Phenolphthalein
• pH paper
How do pH levels affect life?
• Soil pH• Water pH• Stomach pH• Blood pH
Elements of Life
The four most abundant elements in living things are…
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen
•CHON
Other elements present in living things…
• Iron• Potassium• Sodium• Chlorine• Sulfur• Calcium• ….
Organic Compounds: compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen
• C6H12O6 = glucose
• CH4 = methane
• C3H8 = propane
Inorganic compounds: anything that is not organic
• NaCl = salt
• CO2 = carbon dioxide
• H2O = water
Carbon will bond to four other elements.
Carbohydrates: compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Used as an energy source in your body.
• Simple sugars : fruit, candy
• Complex carbohydrates: pasta, potatoes
Monosaccharides:
• Mono = 1• Saccharide = sugar
• Also known as simple sugars: the building blocks of carbohydrates
Simple sugars
• Glucose• Fructose• Glacatose
Disaccharaides:
• Di = 2• Saccharide = sugar• Examples: Sucrose, Lactose,
Maltose
Polysaccharides:
• Poly = many• Saccharaide = sugar• Examples:
– Starch: in plants (potatoes, corn)– Glycogen: in animals (in liver)– Cellulose: in plants (wood, lettuce, celery)– Chitin: in fungus and insects
(exoskeleton)
Making polymers:
• Dehydration synthesis– Dehydration =
lacking water– Synthesis = to
make
Breaking down polymers
• Hydrolysis– Hydro = water– Lysis = to split
Lipids: fats, oils, waxes
• Made of C, H, O• Used as stored energy in body
Lipids are made of…
• A glycerol molecule
• 3 fatty acid chains
Examples of lipids:
• Oil• Ear wax• Cholesterol• Estrogen and testosterone• fat
• Saturated fats:– All carbons have single bonds. – Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats:– Some carbons have double or triple
bonds– Liquid at room temperature
• Saturated Fats * Unsaturated Fats
Proteins
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON)
• The building block of proteins are amino acids
Examples of proteins in your body:
• Muscles• Hair• Fingernails• Bones• Hormones
Structure of amino acids
• Amino acid
• Dipeptide
Proteins are made of
• Polypeptides– Or a chain/polymer of amino acids.– There are 20 different kinds of amino
acids– Their order and length of the chain
makes each protein different.
Protein shape is very important!
• Amino acid chains will coil and fold into a specific shape
Nucleic acids:• Made of C, H, O, N, and Phosphorous
• Examples are DNA and RNA
• Building blocks are – Sugar– Phosphate– Nitrogen Base
Enzymes:
• A protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
• Enzymes are shape specific.
Enzymes are shape specific
Catalyst:• A molecule that speeds up a
reaction without being changed during the reaction.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• Active site: the part of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate.
• Substrate: the substance the enzyme is altering.
Lock and Key Model
• The substrate only fits onto a particular enzyme like a key in a lock.
Induced-fit Model
• The enzyme changes shape slightly after it connects with the substrate.
Factors that affect enzyme action• Temperature
– Enzymes have an optimal temperature
– If enzymes become too hot, they will denature which changes their shape.
Factors that affect enzyme action
• pH– Enzymes have an optimal pH.
Concentration of enzyme and substrate• The more substrate there is, the
faster the reaction is.
Co-enzymes
• A molecule such as a vitamin that completes the shape of the enzyme.
Uses of Enzymes
• Baking: enzymes in yeast break starches into sugar and carbon dioxide which raises the dough.
• The enzyme trypsin is used to predigest baby foods.
Meat tenderizers
• Enzymes in the tenderizer starts to break down the proteins in the meat making it softer.
Paper industry:
• Enzymes are used to whiten paper, soften the fibers, and promote ink removal from recycled paper
Detergents:
• Enzymes can be added to detergents which will help remove stains.
Jeans:
• Enzymes are used to make jeans look worn and feel softer.