Basic Chemistry and Biological Molecules Chapter 2.
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Transcript of Basic Chemistry and Biological Molecules Chapter 2.
![Page 1: Basic Chemistry and Biological Molecules Chapter 2.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5697c0231a28abf838cd41ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Basic Chemistry and Biological Molecules
Chapter 2
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Atoms and Ions
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Atoms are the smallest unit of matter with definitive properties.
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Even atoms have substructure.
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Hydrogen
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ProtonMass = 1 amuCharge = +1
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NeutronMass = 1 amuCharge = 0
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ElectronMass = O*Charge = -1
* Not quite zero, but close enough for government work
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Atomic Number = Number of protons
Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons
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Hydrogen
Also Hydrogen
Isotopes
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Number of Electrons = Number of Protons, if the atom is neutral.
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Neutrons removed for clarity
Lithium+1Ions
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Bonding
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Bonding is governed by Electronegativity*
*Among other things, but we don’t need to go there right now.
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Ionic Bonds = Large Differences in Electronegativity.
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Covalent Bonds = No to Moderate differences in Electronegativity
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Polar vs. Nonpolar
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Polymers
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Biological Molecules
are Organic
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Functional Groups, subunits of structure
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Hydroxyl (-OH)
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Carboxyl (-COOH)
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Amino (-NH2)
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Sulfhydryl (-SH)
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Phosphate (PO4)
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Methyl (-CH3)
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Together these groups give organic molecules their functions
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How do we go from small molecules to large polymers?
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Dehydration Reaction
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HHO HO H
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How do we break them back apart?
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Hydrolysis
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HO H
HHO
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Carbohydrates, the Sugars
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Carbohydrates are polymers of Simple Sugars
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Carbohydrates have two functions
![Page 46: Basic Chemistry and Biological Molecules Chapter 2.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012919/5697c0231a28abf838cd41ce/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Structural
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Energy Storage
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Function comes from Structure
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Structure comes from the arrangement of monomers
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New Arrangement = New Function
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Nucleic Acids, Information
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Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides
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Nucleic Acids have two functions
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Heredity
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Energy Transfer
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Function is determined bythe order of nucleotides
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Proteins, Diverse Functions
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Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids
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Amino Acids have an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group
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There are twenty natural amino acids.
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In essence, they are a chemistry tool kit.
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Amino Acids bind together by peptide bonds
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Proteins are extremely varied in Function
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Function is derived from Structure
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Structure is an emergent property.
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There are four levels of structure.
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Now pull them together…
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Evolution likes to reuse what works.
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A protein’s function is destroyed if the structure is destroyed (denatured).
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Lipids, Diverse Structures
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Lipids are polymers composed of the monomer acetyl-CoA
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Very diverse structures can be formed.
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Trigylceride
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Phospholipid
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Sterols/Steroids
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Lipids have three functions
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Structural
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Long-Term Energy Storage
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Signaling