Biological Molecules. Life is carbon-based chemistry Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological...
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Transcript of Biological Molecules. Life is carbon-based chemistry Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological...
![Page 1: Biological Molecules. Life is carbon-based chemistry Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2b5503460f94c45774/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biological Molecules
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Biological Molecules
• Life is carbon-based chemistry
• Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological Molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
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Life is carbon-based chemistry
• Organic is used to describe molecules that have a carbon skeleton and some additional hydrogen atoms
• Life is composed of organic molecules
• Inorganic molecules include carbon dioxide, water and all other non-carbon molecules
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Life is carbon-based chemistry
• The tremendous diversity of organic molecules is due to the diverse functional groups that attach themselves to common carbon skeletons:
• Hydrogen (-H)• Hydroxyl (-OH)• Carboxyl (-COOH)
• Amino (-NH2)
• Phosphate (-H2PO4)
• Methyl (-CH3)
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Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological Molecules
• Small organic molecules are used as subunits to synthesize longer molecules
• The individual subunits are called monomers
• The longer molecules are called polymers
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Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological Molecules
• Monomers are linked to monomers in a chemical process called dehydration synthesis
• The –H group is removed from one monomer and the –OH group is removed from the second monomer
• The two monomers join by forming a covalent bond
• The –H group and –OH group bond to form a water molecule
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Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological Molecules
• Polymers are disassembled into monomers through a process called hydrolysis
• The polymer splits into monomers
• A water molecule splits and releases a –H group and a –OH group
• The –H group and –OH group bond to the monomers to complete their structure
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Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the constant ratio of 1:2:1
• Carbohydrates are “hydrates of carbon”
• C1H201 or CH20
• All carbohydrates are either small, simple sugars or polymers of these simple sugars
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides One sugar molecule
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides Two sugar molecules
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Polysaccharides Many sugar molecules
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
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Lipids
• Lipids contain large regions of H and C atoms joined by non-polar covalent bonds
• Non-polar regions are hydrophobic• Lipids are not soluble in water• Three major groups of lipids• (1) oils, fats and waxes• (2) phospholipids• (3) steroids
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Oils, Fat and Waxes
• Contain only C, H and O atoms
• Composed of one or more fatty acids subunits attached to a glycerol subunit
• Are straight chains: do not have ring structures
• Function as source of energy
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Oils, Fat and Waxes
• Fatty acid chains that have no C=C double bonds are said to be saturated with H atoms
• Fatty acid chains that have C=C double bonds are said to be unsaturated with H atoms
• Saturated fatty acid chains are straight
• Unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked
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Oils, Fat and Waxes
• Oils are liquid at room temperature because they are unsaturated → kinks
• Waxes are solid at room temperature because they are saturated → straight
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Phospholipids
• Similar to structure of fats, waxes and oils except one of the three fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate group containing a polar functional group
• The two fatty acid chains are hydrophobic • The phosphate head (being polar) is
hydrophilic• Function as basic component of
membranes
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Steroids
• Composed of four rings of carbon fused with various functional groups
• Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol
• Function as hormones and components of animal cell membranes
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Proteins
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid subunits• The bond between amino acid subunits is called
a peptide bond (formed by dehydration synthesis)
• Diversity of proteins is due to diversity of amino acids and the diverse ways amino acids arrange themselves
• Proteins function as enzymes, structural components, transport proteins, energy storage, cross-membrane transport, and hormones
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Proteins
• Amino acids are composed of a central C atom bonded to four different functional groups:
• (1) amino group (-NH2)
• (2) carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
• (3) hydrogen group (-H)
• (4) variable group (-R)
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Proteins
• The –R group creates the diversity of amino acids
• Some -R groups are small, others large
• Some –R groups are hydrophobic, others hydrophilic
• The type of –R group directly affects the structure of the protein
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Proteins
• Proteins have four levels of structure
• (1) Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids in the linear protein polymer
• (2) Secondary Structure: simple repeating pattern created by hydrogen bonding between amino acid subunits
• Secondary structure can be either a helix or pleated sheet
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Proteins
• (3) Tertiary Structure: complex 3 dimensional shape formed by folding over of secondary structure
• Tertiary structure is due to disulfide bridging between neighbouring cysteine amino acids; size of –R group; hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
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Proteins
• (4) Quaternary Structure: due to joining together of smaller proteins in order to form a larger protein complex
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Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotide subunits
• Nucleotides are composed of three components themselves:
• (1) a five C sugar (ribose/deoxyribose)
• (2) a phosphate group
• (3) a N containing base
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Nucleic Acids
• It is the diversity in N containing bases that creates diversity in nucleotides
• It is the diversity in sugars that adds to the diversity of nucleic acids
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Nucleotides
DNA
(deoxyribose sugar)
RNA
(ribose sugar)
Adenine Adenine
Thymine Uracil
Guanine Guanine
Cytosine Cytosine
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Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids function primarily as the molecules of heredity and the blueprint for protein synthesis (DNA and RNA)
• Nucleic acids also act as intracellular messengers (cAMP), coenzymes and energy carrier molecules (ATP)