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B I O L O G Y
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Basic Information Teacher: Mary Ann Meinecke Zbranek E-mail: [email protected]
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UNIT 1 EXPLORING LIFE SCIENCES
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Exploring Life Science
Bios = life Logos = study
The goal of science is to understand the world around us.
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Biologists study living things, their parts, actions and environment.
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The Scientific Method
1. Observing.2. Stating the problem.3. Gathering information.4. Forming a hypothesis.5. Experimenting.6. Analyzing data.7. Stating a conclusion.
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The Metric SystemThe basic units in the metric system are:
The kilogram
The liter
The meter
The Celsius degree
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Tools of a Biologist
Compound Light Microscope
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Electron Microscope
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Safety in the Laboratory When working in the
laboratory, it is important to follow all necessary safety precautions.
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UNIT 2 :ORIGIN OF LIFE
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The Origin of Life
Substances that make up living things could have formed on Earth about 4 billion years ago.
The first living things to evolve on Earth were single-celled organisms.
Video; Origin of Life = 6 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H0RXDrfyZc
VIDEO History of the Earth: 9 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4gMQ189NGM&feature=PlayList&p=100500E4C9404405&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=3
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Early cells were consumers, feeding off the chemicals in which they floated.
Later, cells that could perform photosynthesis evolved.
Over time, cells developed the ability to use oxygen in their metabolic pathway.
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Theories of the Origin of Life
Evolution life began in the water in the presence of molecules needed for the basic structure of a cell.
Panspermia a meteorite full of life came to earth and from that event life evolved.
Directed Panspermia extraterrestrials came and sowed life on earth.
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Characteristics of Living Things
1. Made up of cells living things are made up of 1 or more cells.
2. Need nutrients and energy Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions essential for life.
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3. Response to the environment changes in the environment causes reactions or responses.
4. Reproduction process by which organisms produce offspring.
Characteristics of Living Things
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Needs of Living Things The primary source of energy is the sun. Energy is required for metabolism. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions inside
an organism.
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Oxygen in the air or dissolved in the water is used by organisms during respiration.
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Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to keep a stable environment inside its body.
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Chemistry of Living Things
Organic compounds contain carbon. Inorganic compounds don’t.
Organic compounds needed for life:
1. Carbohydrates (sugars)2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids
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1. Carbohydrates (sugars)Main source of energy.
2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)Used to store energy.
3. ProteinsMade up of aminoacids.
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)Store and transmit genetic information.
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UNIT 3 CELLS
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The Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. Cells come from other cells.
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Prokaryote without nuclei Bacteria cells.
Eukaryote with nuclei Plant and animal cells.
Types of Cells
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PROKARYOTE (bacteria)
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EUKARYOTE (animal)
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EUKARYOTE (plant)
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Structure and Function of Cells
Cell wall protection and support to the plant cell.
Chloroplasts capture energy from the sun and use it to make food during photosynthesis.
Vacuoles store food, water and wastes.
Cell membrane regulates the movement of material into and out of the cell.
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Nucleus controls the functions of the cell.
Chromosomes DNA inside the nucleus; control the production of proteins and functions of the cell.
Mitochondria provides the energy that the cell need to function.
Endoplasmic reticulum manufacture and transport of proteins.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. Cell Biology Video = 17 minutes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zufaN_aetZI
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Types of Reproduction Asexual
Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent.
1 cell or organism reproduces itself It is very common in plants; less so in
animals.
1. Binary Fission (prokaryotes)2. Mitosis (eukaryotes)
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Binary Fission (prokaryotes)
1 & 2.DNA replication. 3. Cell grows larger and DNA is
pulled apart. DNA attaches to the cell membrane.
4. The cell elongates, causing the two DNA to separate.
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Mitosis (Asexual Reproduction) The process of mitosis is divided into 6
stages. 1. Interphase (start with one cell)2. Prophase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase6. Cytokinasis (Now there are 2 identical
cells)
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Mitosis (Asexual Reproduction)
1. Interphase DNA has replicated, but has not formed the condensed structure of chromosome. They remain as loosely coiled chromatin. The nuclear membrane is still intact to protect the DNA molecules from undergoing mutation.
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Mitosis2. Prophase The DNA molecules
progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus are no longer visible. The spindle apparatus has migrate to opposite poles of the cell..
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Mitosis3. Metaphase The spindle fibres attach
themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.
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Mitosis4. Anaphase The spindle fibres shorten and
the centromere splits, separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres.
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Mitosis5. Telophase The chromosomes reach the
poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate.
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Mitosis6. Cytokinasis: This is the last stage of
mitosis. It is the process of splitting the identical daughter cells apart.
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Types of Reproduction
Sexual2 cells from different parents unite to
produce 1 new single cell Fertilization (sperm and egg). The cell reproduction for sexual reproduction is called
Meiosis (eukaryotes)
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Meiosis It involves two divisions to produce four
non-identical daughter cells each containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Genetic Variation. Meiosis provides opportunities for new combinations of genes to occur.
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Mitosis Meiosis (eukaryotes)
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Cell Reproduction Video Activity = 1.5 minutes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq1Oo1a-Bv4
Mitosis = 1.5 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0
Meiosis = 1.5 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0&NR
=1
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Cell Specialization
The levels of organization (from smallest to largest) are:
1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Cell4. Tissue5. Organ6. System of organs
7. Organism
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UNIT 4 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
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Classification Taxonomy discipline of classifying organisms and
assigning each one an universally accepted name.
Carolus Linnaeus invented the Binomial Nomenclature.
Each organism is given an unique 2 part name: the genus and the specie.
This is known as the scientific name.
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Examples Human = Homo sapiensDog = Canis familiarisCat = Felis domesticusBlack bear = Ursus horribilis
White shark = Carcharodon carcharias
The scientific name is used and understood all over the world.
It avoids confusions caused by regional names.
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The taxonomic categories (from largest to smallest) are:
1. Kingdom2. Phylum3. Class4. Order5. Family6. Genus7. Specie
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo
EXAMPLE
Scientific name:
Panthera leo
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LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: sapiens
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Autotrophs can make their own food from the energy of the sun.-Plants, some bacteria and protists.
Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, they need to consume other organisms.-Fungi and animals.
Types of Organisms
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UNIT 5 KINGDOM MONERA
Viruses, monerans (bacteria)
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Viruses
Viruses are noncellular particles that infect living cells. What diseases do viruses cause?
A typical virus is composed of a core of genetic material
(DNA or RNA) surrounded by a
protein coat.Genetic material
Protein coat
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Different Virus Shapes
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The development of the electron microscope made it possible to see viruses.
Virus
Host cell
DNA
1. The virus gets its genetic material into
the host cell.
2. Inside the host cell are made more copies of
the virus.
3. The host cell breaks and the virus infect
other cells.
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Virus Replication – 8 STAGES1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. DNA expression 5. DNA Replication 6. Assembly 7. Maturation 8. ReleaseVideo on virus replication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEdcXQvwxk4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYaSht_sccc&feature=related
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Monerans
Monerans are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus (Prokaryotes).
Monerans = Bacteria
Bacteria are the oldest forms of life on Earth.
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Bacteria has 3 basic shapes:
Bacilli Cocci Spirillum
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Most bacteria live in colonies.
Some bacteria are autotrophs and produce oxygen.
Some are heterotophs and consume other bacteria.
Bacteria live almost everywhere. Some live in extreme environments, such as acidic water and human intestines.
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Bacteria Discussion Activity1. Where do beneficial bacteria live in our
bodies? 2. What role(s) do they play in our bodies? 3. What impact do antibiotics have on the
beneficial bacteria that live in our bodies? 4. What are some examples of how we use
bacteria for commercial purposes? 5. Antimicrobial agents are added to a wide
variety of commercial products (soaps, plastics, etc.). When might that be especially useful?
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Common Bacteria Uses Yoghurt is a dairy product produced by
bacterial fermentation of milk.
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UNIT 6 PROTISTA
2 minute video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oddMUHIj0wI
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Protists
Protists are microscopic unicellular organisms that have a nucleus (Eukaryotes).
Protists are grouped in 3 categories: Animallike, Plantlike and Funguslike protists.
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Animallike Protists
Heterotrophs. Have movility. Don’t have cell wall.
Are divided into 4 main groups: Sarcodines, Ciliates, Zooflagellates and Sporozoans.
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1. Sarcodines with pseudopods (Amoebas)
2. Ciliates with cillia (Paramecium)
3. Zooflagellates with flagella (Giardia)
4. Sporozoans are parasites(Plasmodium)
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Plantlike Protists
Autotrophs. Have cell wall. Have chlorophyll.
There are 2 main groups:1. Unicellular algae2. Red, brown and green algae
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About 70% of the Earth’s supply of
oxygen is produced by plantlike protists
(algae).
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Funguslike Protists
Heterotrophs. Have centrioles (true fungi don’t). Lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi.
There are 2 main groups:1. Slime molds.2. Water molds.
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1. Slime molds.
2. Water molds.
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UNIT 7 KINGDOM FUNGI
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Fungi
Release chemicals that digest the substance on which they are growing and then absorb the digested food Heterotrophs.
Some are unicellular, but most of them are multicellular.
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The cell walls of fungi are made up of chitin, a complex carbohydrate.
Fungi are composed by tiny filaments called hyphae. Many hyphae are tangled together into a mass called mycelium.
The reproductive structure that develops from a mycelium is the fruiting body.
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The fruiting body produces spores. The spores are the reproductive cells of fungi.
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1. Mushrooms
2. Yeasts
3. Molds
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Fungi cause a number of diseases in plants, animals and humans.
Wheat rust Corn smut Athlete’s foot
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Making Bread Yeast is used in making bread.
Yeast is a fungus. yeast
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Making wine Wine is fermented grape juice. The
microorganism that converts the sugars in the juice to alcohol, and at the same time produces the desired flavors, is yeast.
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Some fungi form associations with plants.
Lichens are produced by a symbiosis between a fungus and an algae.