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Transcript of Baselines-zones and boundaries - · PDF file• Territorial Sea Baseline • Normal...
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ABLOS 2005ABLOS 2005FUNDAMENTALS OF UNCLOS ARTICLE 76FUNDAMENTALS OF UNCLOS ARTICLE 76
SESSION 3SESSION 3
Territorial Sea Baselines, Maritime Zones and Maritime Boundaries
Chris Carleton
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MARITIME ZONESMARITIME ZONES
• Internal Waters (UNCLOS Art 8)• Territorial Sea – Max 12M (UNCLOS Art 3)• Contiguous Zone – Max 24M (UNCLOS Art 33)• Exclusive Economic Zone – Max 200M (UNCLOS
PART V)• Continental Shelf (UNCLOS PART VI)• High Seas (UNCLOS PART VII)
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DELIMITATION OF MARITIME ZONESDELIMITATION OF MARITIME ZONES
• Territorial Sea Baseline• Normal Baseline (UNCLOS Art 5)• The low water line as depicted on large scale charts
recognised by the coastal State.
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Low-water line as depicted on an Admiralty chart
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OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE NORMAL OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE NORMAL BASELINEBASELINE
• Bay Closing Lines (UNCLOS Art 10)
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Baselines: Bays
<24M
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Bay closing lines
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• River Closing Lines (UNCLOS Art 9)
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Further RulesFurther RulesHistoric Bays (UNCLOS Art 10.6)Historic Bays (UNCLOS Art 10.6)
The foregoing provisions do not apply to soThe foregoing provisions do not apply to so --called called ““ historichistoric ”” bays, or in any case where the system of bays, or in any case where the system of straight baselines provided for in article 7 is app lied. straight baselines provided for in article 7 is app lied.
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Gulf of Sirte, Libya
300M
24M
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LowLow --Tide Elevations (Art 13)Tide Elevations (Art 13)
• Naturally formed;• Above water at low-tide but submerged at high tide;• Can not be used as basepoint if >12M from mainland
or island.
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Low-tide elevations
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Straight Baselines (Art 7)Straight Baselines (Art 7)
• Where coastline is deeply indented, or fringe of islands; – or highly unstable delta coasts;
• Must follow the general direction of the coast;• Can’t use low-tide elevations, unless lighthouses o r
similar installations have been built on them;• No limit on length of line segments.
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Baltic
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Ru
Russia
Denmark
StraightBaseline
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Straight Baseline Detail
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Australia
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Bangladesh
StraightBaseline
(10 fathom)
TS limitFrom
coastline
0 50M
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BangladeshSatellite imagery
BangladeshSatellite imagery
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BangladeshSatellite imagery
BangladeshSatellite imagery
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Chart – Satellite data comparison
+ +
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Mauritania
StraightBaseline
Territorial Sea Limit
TS limitfrom normal
baseline
Mauritania
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Iran
StraightBaseline
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Black Sea Baselines
UKRAINE
UKRAINE
ROMANIA
MOLDOVA
CrimeanPeninsula
B L A C K S E A
StraightBaselines
Territorial SeaLimit
12M fromcoastline
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Archipelagic BaselinesArchipelagic Baselines
• State constituted wholly by one or more archipelagos;
• Baselines < 100M (3% < 125M);• LTEs not allowed unless lighthouse built on it or
within 12M of island;• Land:Sea ratio between 1:1 and 1:9
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SE Asia Overview
Australia
New Guinea
Philippines
Indonesia
Malaysia
Vietnam
E Timor
Indonesian ArchipelagoArchipelagic BaselineArchipelagic WatersArchipelagic Sea LanesArchipelagic Sea Lanes
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12M radius
LTE
Calculation of 12M buffer
N.B. All zones drawn on spheroid
Envelope of arcs
LTE
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Select contributing base points
LTE
12M radius Basepoints
Basepoint
Selecting basepoints:12M
LTE
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LTE
Basepoints
200M radius
Contributing basepoints: 200M
LTE
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Thames Estuary: Limits
Territorial Sea Limit
Bay Closing Line
Low Water Line
Enviromnmentaland Fisheries
Legislation
12M
6M
3M
1M
LTEsNot allowed
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Maritime JurisdictionMaritime Jurisdiction
• Territorial Sea 12M• Contiguous Zone 24M• Exclusive Economic Zone 200M• Extended Continental Shelf 350M*• High seas/“Area” outside national jurisdiction
• *depending on criteria in UNCLOS Article 76
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The Territorial SeaThe Territorial SeaUNCLOS Part IIUNCLOS Part II
• UNCLOS Article 3• Maximum Breadth 12M• Coastal State has sovereignty over the territorial sea• All vessels enjoy the right of innocent passage
through the territorial sea, UNCLOS Article 17.
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Contiguous ZoneContiguous Zone
• Up to 24M from baselines• In the Contiguous Zone a coastal State may exercise
control necessary to– a) prevent infringements of its customs, fiscal,
immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;
– b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or terri torial sea.
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Exclusive Economic ZoneExclusive Economic Zone
• 200M from baselines• Sovereign rights for exploitation of all resources
(fish, oil, gas, minerals, energy)• Jurisdiction regarding:
– artificial islands etc– marine scientific research– Environment
• All states enjoy freedoms of navigation, overflight , laying of pipelines and cables.
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Exclusive Economic Zones (200M )
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Outer Continental ShelfOuter Continental Shelf
• Beyond 200M (subject to Art 76 provisions)• Resources of seabed and subsoil only
– Sedentary species– Oil, gas, minerals
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World
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The The ““ AreaArea ””
• “Unclaimed” sea-bed;• Developed for the benefit of mankind;• Administered by the International Seabed Authority.
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The Delimitation of Maritime BoundariesThe Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries
• UNCLOS Art 15, Art 74 and Art 83
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Published in Navy News October 1987
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Principles of DelimitationPrinciples of Delimitation
• Achieve an equitable result (UNCLOS)• Pre-UNCLOS favoured equidistance• Territorial Sea – median line (unless historical/spe cial circumstances)• Geographical circumstances
– Coastal length (relevant coast)– Economic (oil practice)– Weighting of islands– Use of low tide elevations
• Geology/geomorphology do not count (within 200M)
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Wales-Ireland coastline
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Wales-Ireland opposite coasts calculated median line
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• Adjacent States• Equidistance Line
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EARLY MARITIME DELIMITATION
• Maritime boundary delimitation is a relatively modern phenomena
• Prior to the 1958 Geneva Conventions very few boundaries were delimited beyond the territorial se a
• Territorial sea limits were narrow – 3 or 4 nautical miles
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1958 GENEVA CONVENTIONS ON THE TERRITORIAL 1958 GENEVA CONVENTIONS ON THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE AND THE SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE AND THE
CONTINENTAL SHELFCONTINENTAL SHELF
• Both Conventions favoured the median line except in cases of historic title or other special circumstan ces
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EARLY UK MARITIME DELIMITATIONEARLY UK MARITIME DELIMITATION
• The 1960s – Median line solutions derived graphically using specially prepared equal area projections
• 1965 – UK/Norway• 1966 – UK/Netherlands• The 1970s – Still generally median lines but derived using
computers
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THE CHANGE TO EQUITABLE PRINCIPLESTHE CHANGE TO EQUITABLE PRINCIPLES
The JurisprudenceThe Jurisprudence
• The North Sea Continental Shelf Case – 1969• The subsequent delimitations – 1971• The UK/France Channel arbitration – 1977• Canada/USA (Gulf of Maine) – 1984• Malta/Libya – 1985• Denmark(Greenland)/Norway(Jan Mayen) - 1993
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Are we moving back to the median line?Are we moving back to the median line?
Three examples of recent judgements that may suggest that we are:
Eritrea/Yemen – 1999Bahrain/Qatar – 2001
Nigeria/Cameroon - 2002
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Yemen-Eritraea 1999 Arbitration
Eritraea
Yemen
Judgment
Median Line
Territorial Sea Limit
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
• Early maritime boundaries were generally median lines• Boundaries in the 1970s to 1990s relied upon equitable principles• Modern trends appear to be moving back towards a median line
based solution taking account of geographical inequality
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Questions?