BANK & LEMBAGA BANK & LEMBAGA KEUANGAN NON BANK 1KEUANGAN NON BANK 1

Provided byProvided byAri RaharjoAri Raharjo

Asal Muasal

• Transaksi keuangan: Barter (penjual & pembeli bertemu langsung)

• Berkembang: muncul perantara (penjual & pembeli tdk bertemu langsung)

• Muncul “uang” sbg alat pembayaran• Perantara “uang” adl lembaga

keuangan

Sejarah• Sdh ada pd jaman babylonia (2000

thn sblm masehi)• Bank modern: Inggris, Belanda &

Belgia (abad 16), masih berupa emas & perak sbg alat p’byran

Bank vs non bank Penghimpunan dana

• Langsung mrpk simpanan masy

• Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyertaan/pinjaman

• Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyertaan/pinjaman

Bank vs non bank Penyaluran dana

• Utk modal kerja, investasi, konsumsi

• Utk badan usaha dan individu

• Utk jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang

• Terutama utk investasi

• Terutama utk badan usaha

• Terutama utk jangka menengah & panjang

Jenis Lemb KeuPerbankan (UU no. 10,

1998:Jenis:• Bank Umum• BPRPrinsip Usaha:• Konvensional• Syariah

Non Bank:• Leasing• Asuransi• Modal ventura• Anjak Piutang• Pegadaian• Dana pensiun• Kartu kredit• Pasar modal

Klasifikasi uangNarrow Money (M1):• Uang kartal (uang

kertas, koin)• Uang Giral/demand

deposite (giro)

• Broad Money:• M2 = M1 + Saving

deposite (tabungan) + Time deposite (deposito)

• M3 = M2 + simpanan dana di LKBB

Tingkat likuiditas:

•Kartal > giral > tabungan > deposito > Dana LKBB

•M1 > M2 > M3

Fungsi Bank1. Agent of Trust2. Agent of Development (pemberian

kredit utk pembangunan3. Agent of services (jasa transfer,

save deposite box, jaminan bank)

Financial Intermediaries

UnitDefisit

Borrowers

Unit Surplus

Lenders

Bank&

Non Bank

Fund Fund

Income Income

Otoritas MoneterUU no. 23, 1999 tentang Bank Sentral BITugas BI:• Menetapkan & melaksanakan kebijakan moneter:

laju inflasi, operasi pasar uang, menentukan tk diskonto, cadangan wajib minimum, kredit, kebijakan nilai tukar, cadangan devisa

• Mengatur & menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran

• Mengatur & mengawasi bank

Kesehatan Bank• BMPK (batas Maks Pemberian kredit/Legal

Lending Limit)• Likuiditas Wajib Minimum/cadangan wajib

minimum/reserve requirement• Posisi devisa netto (Net open position):

selisih aktiva & pasiva dlm valas• Rasio kecukupan modal (Capital Adequacy

Ratio): Penyediaan modal minimum thd Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko)

Kesehatan Bank• Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR): kredit

berbanding dana pihak ketiga• Return on Asset & Return on Equity

RegulasiSebelum thn 1980• Belum ada peraturan yg jelas tentang perbankan• Kredit likuiditas BI hy utk bank2 tertentu (bank

pemerintah)• Bank menanggung program pemerintah• Baru ada Surat Berharga Pasar Uang (SBPU)• Bank swasta relatif sedikit• Bank Pemerintah: BRI 1951, BEII 1968, BBD 1968,

BDN 1960, BTN 1963, BNI 1946, Bapindo 1960

RegulasiSejak 1980 – 1990• Paket 1 Juni 1983: Penghapusan pagu kredit,

pengurangan KLBI, kebebasan penetapan suku bunga

• 1984: BI menerbitkan SBI• Paket 27 Okt 1988: Kemudahan membuka kantor

bank, kemudahan pendirian bank swasta, boleh menyelenggarakan tabungan. Likuiditas min turun mjd 2%, tdk ada batas maks pinjaman, Penambahan modal BLBB dpt melalui pasar modal

Regulasi• Paket 20 Des 1988: Penyelenggaraan

bursa efek oleh swasta, leasing, anjak piutang, modal ventura, kartu kredit, pembiayaan konsumen

• Paket 29 Mei 1993: penyempurnaan aturan kesehatan bank (CAR, LLL, KUK, LDR)

Regulasi• Dampak:• Adanya kepastian hukum• Bank swasta bertambah• Tingkat persaingan bank naik• SBI & SBPU semakin populer• Mobilisasi dana melalui bank naik

RegulasiSejak Krisis Ekonomi 1997• Tingkat kepercayaan masy turun• Sebagian besar bank tdk sehat• Terjadi negatif spread (suku bunga

tab/dep > kredit)• Muncul peraturan2 baru: UU no. 23 1999,

UU no. 10 1998 dst• Jumlah bank menurun (237 bank sblm

krisis mjd 89 bank)

Jenis BankMenurut Kegiatan Usaha:• Bank Umum• Bank Perkreditan Rakyat

Bank Umum• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya

secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan memberikan jasa dlm lalu lintas pembayaran

• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana dari masy (giro, deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito, tabungan), kredit, surat pengakuan hutan, transfer, save deposit box, dll

BPR• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya

secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan tidak memberikan jasa lalu lintas pembayaran

• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana masy (deposito berjangka, tabungan), kredit

MFIs

MICROFINANCE IN INDONESIA

Bank

Non Bank

Rural Banks (BPR/BPRS)

Act = The Banking Act No.7/1992 as amended by the Act No.10/1998License = Bank Indonesia, the Central BankSupervision = The Central Bank Act No.23/1999

BRI Unit

Act = The Banking Act No.10/1998License = Bank Indonesia, the Central BankSupervision = * BRI Branches

* Bank Indonesia for BRI as a Whole (Commercial Bank)

Village Credit Agency (Badan Kredit Desa/BKD) Act = Banking Act No.10/1998License = Based on Decree of Ministry of FinanceSupervision = BRI on behalf of Bank Indonesia

Cooperatives (KOSIPA)Act = Cooperative Act No.25/1992License = State Ministry of cooperative & SMESupervision = State Ministry of cooperative & SME

Non Formal

Formal

LDKP (Village Fund and Credit Institutions) Act = ---------License = Governor of each

ProvinceSupervision = Local Government

Level I• Non Government Organization (NGO) • Self Help Group • BMT (microfinance based on syariah/Islamic principles)

Pawnshop:Owned by the government Supervision : Ministry of Finance

42,199

1,756

1,756

970

Na

970

Na

39,473

460

6,707

30,090

No. Depositors

(thousand)

47,743

549

549

4,286

2,789

966

531

42,908

237

20,434

27,789

Total Loan

( Billion Rp)

8,89756,18374,05517,564TOTAL

1,680567Na3,043 SUB TOTAL

1,680 567Na3,043Cooperatives under Syariah Principles (BMT) (Sept-04)

B. NON FORMAL

9721,2024,9963,243 SUB TOTAL

NaNa3,474850Pawnshop (Dec-04)

3171,1171,4371,296Village Credit Institution in Bali (LPD) (Dec-04)

65585851,097Saving and Loan Coop. (Apr-00)

A. FORMAL

NON BANK

6,24554,41469,05911,278 SUB TOTAL

383 713725,345 BKD (Aug--07)

2,578 17,69026,0801.823 Rural Bank (BPR) (Sep-07)

3,443 44,38948,5354, 229 BRI Unit (Mar-07)

BANK

No. of Debtors

(thousand)

Total Saving

(Billion Rp )

Total Asset

( Billion Rp )

No. of Unit

Institution

I. MICROFINANCE PROFILEI. MICROFINANCE PROFILE

*) Not including BPR under Syariah principles

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS

1. 19th Century under the colonial period BPR (Rural Banks) were recognized as Bank Kredit Desa (Village Credit Bank), Lumbung Desa (Paddy Bank), Bank Desa (Village Bank), and Badan Kredit Desa (Village Credit Agency)

2. Bank Indonesia Deregulation Package, October 1988 : BPR could be established by a minimum capital requirements of 50 millions rupiahs

3. Rural Bank was legalized by the Banking Act No.7 of 1992. This Banking Act recognizes 2 type of banks : commercial banks and rural banks

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS

The Banking Act No. 7 of 1992• Rural bank is established to extend financial services to low

income level community especially in rural areas.• Non bank financial institutions had been granted licenses from

ministry of finance might transform their businesses into banks max in 1 (one) year

• Other non bank financial institutions could get license as rural banks by fulfilling requirement stipulated by government regulation No. 71 of 1992 with the deadline to fulfill the requirement was October 31, 1997.

III. RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES .(in billion Rp)

6.5%

9.9%

14.3%

69.3%

2.96%

87,37%

6.83

9.73%

509

365

11,190

6,555

4,581

15,771

2,471

16,948

23,045

1,880

2006

4,8%

11,2%

14,4%

69.6%

2.62%

84.26%

5.06%

8.49%

513

371

12,315

6,336

5,375

17,690

2,578

20,434

26,080

1,823

Sep 2007

10%

9%

16%

65%

3.72%

77%

5.9

8.7%

338

438

4,124

4,891

2,002

6,126

1,825

6,683

9,080

2,141

2002

7%8%8%- Unsound

9%8%8%- Less sound

13%16%17%- Fairly sound

71%68%67%- Sound

Rural Bank Soundness10

3.0%3.2%3.4%Return on Asset (RoA)8

82%80.7%74.5%Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)8

5.85.35.6Non Performing Loan (NPL) Net7

7.98%7.59%8,0%Non Performing Loan (NPL) Gross6

604539429Current year profit/ loss5

332322489 - No. of accounts (in thousands)

9,4217,8606,251 - Total

b. Time Deposit

5,6725,4395,046 - No. of accounts (in thousands)

3,7573,3012,617 - Total

a. Saving Deposit

13,17811,1618,868Third party fund4

2,4782,1671,993- no. of accounts (in thousands)

14,65412,1498,985- total

Loan:

3

20,39316,70712,635Total Asset2

2,009 2,158 2,141 No. of Rural Banks1

200520042003AccountsNo.

RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES

, , Tre nd o f Rura l Bank To ta l Asse t Lo an and Th ird Party De po sit2001 - 2007Se p

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Total Asset

Total Loan

Total Third PartyDeposit

RURAL BANK CHARACTERISTICS

1. LOCATIONa. Close to its community

b. Located primarily in rural areas2. ORGANIZATION

a. Community banking system within provinceb. Can be owned only by Indonesia citizen either individual or corporation

3. OPERATION a. Can only take deposits and provide loans

b. Can not access to payment systemc. Can not deal with foreign exchange

4. PROCEDURES - BPR implements simple and fast procedures in providing services to its customers (2- 3

days) - Loan analysis is done in one or two sheet evaluation form - BPR staff approach the customers for direct transaction (deposit, credit installment)

5. PRODUCTSa. Loan : - short term (weekly and monthly)

- mostly for working capitalb. Deposit : saving and time deposit

6. CUSTOMERSa. Micro, small enterprises and low level income people in villages, rural, urban and city

b. Economic sectors : agriculture; small and home industry;trading, restaurant, hostel; services; and others

RURAL BANK CREDIT BASED ON ECONOMIC SECTORS - Sep 2007

6.4%

38.7%

10.2%

43.2%1.6%

Agriculture

Small and HomeIndustryTrade, Restaurant, andHostelServices

Others

Jenis BankMenurut Bentuk Badan Usaha• PT• Koperasi• Perusahaan Daerah

Menurut target pasar:• Retail bank

• Corporate bank• Retail-corporate bank

Aktiva BankGiro (checking account): simpanan yg

penarikannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2 dg cek atau bilyet giro.

• Cek: perintah membyr kpd bank pd saat penyerahan. Tidak dpt dibatalkan

• Bilyet giro: perintah pemindahbukuan pd tgl tertentu dan pihak yg tercantum dlm bilyet. Dapat dibatalkan

Aktiva Bank• Deposito Berjangka: Simpanan pihak

III yg pengambilannya berdasarkan waktu tertentu sesuai perjanjian

• Tabungan: Simpanan pihak III yg pengambilannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2.

Aktiva Bank• Sertifikat Deposito: Simpanan pihak

III yang pencairannya pd waktu tertentu dan bunganya dibayar didepan serta dpt diperjual belikan

• Deposit on call: Penarikannya hy dpt dilakukan dg pemberitahuan terlebih dahulu

Aktiva Bank• Rekening Giro terkait Tabungan:

menjaga saldo giro minimal• Call Money: pinjaman jk pendek yg

bisa diperoleh bank dr interbank call money market (kalah kliring / rush)

• Pinjaman antar bank: utk jk pendek & menengah

Aktiva bank• KLBI: digunakan utk membantu bank

yg kalah kliring / rush• Setoran Jaminan: digunakan utk LC

atau Bank Garansi• Jasa Transfer• SBPU

Aktiva bankSumber lain:2. Setoran jaminan (Storjam)

Biasanya utk LC atau bank garansi3. Dana Transfer

Dana transfer dr masy yg belum dikeluarkan oleh bank

4. SBPUBeli dg harga discount dan dpt

diperjualbelikan pd saat bank kurang likuid

Jenis Kredit• Kredit Modal Kerja• Kredit Investasi• Kredit Konsumsi

Jasa-jasa Bank• Bank Garansi• Letter of Credit

(LC)• Pengiriman uang• Kliring & inkaso• Kartu plastik• Money changer

• Telebanking• Custodian• Wali amanat• Safe deposite box• Traveller check

Mekanisme LC

Bank di Indonesia Bank Asing

PT Ekspor PT Asing1

2 2

3

4 5

5

56 6

• Kontrak jual beli• Buka LC• Klarifikasi antar bank• Info LC sdh dibuka• Kirim brg & dok• Pembayaran

Kliring:• Adl pertukaran warkat atau data

keuangan elektronik antar bank baik atas nama bank maupun nasabah yang perhitungannya diselesaikan pada waktu tertentu

• Warkat / data keuangan bukan uang tunai

Bank Umum Syariah

• Dasar hukum: UU no. 10 thn 1998• Pengertian: Bank yg dlm aktifitasnya

baik penghimpunan dana maupun penyaluran dana memberikan imbalan atas dasar syariah yaitu jual beli dan bagi hasil.

Prinsip Kegiatan usaha

Hiwalah:• Akad pemindahan piutang nasabah

(muhil) kpd bank (muhal’alaih) dari nasabah lain (muhal)

Ijarah:• Akad sewa menyewa barang antar

bank (muaajir) dg penyewa (mustajir).

Istisha:• Akad jual beli brg antara pemesan dg

penerima pesananKafalah:• Akad pemberian jaminan yg diberikan

satu pihak kpd pihak lain sbg pemberi jaminan bertanggungjawab atas pembayaran kembali suatu hutang

Mudharabah:• Akad antara pemilik modal dg

pengelola utk memperoleh keuntungan.

Murabahah:• Akad jual beli antara bank dg nasabahMusyarakah:• Akad kerjasama usaha patungan

Qardh• Akad pinjaman dari bank kpd pihak

tertentu yg wajib dikembalikan dg jml yg sama sesuai pinjaman

Al Rahn• Akad penyerahan brg harta dr

nasabah kpd bank sbg jaminanSharf• Akad jual beli suatu valuta dg valuta

lain

Wadi’ah• Akad penitipan brg/uang antara pihak

yg memp brg dg pihak yg diberi kepercayaan utk menjaga keselamatan/keamanan/keutuhan brg

Wakalah• Akad pemberian kuasa dari pemberi

kuasa kpd penerima kuasa

• Modal disetor Rp. 3 trilyun