Bài giảng 4 - Mức ô nhiễm tối ưu

8/9/2019 Bi ging 4 - Mc nhim ti u

1/42

Kinh te Moi trngBai giang 4

Mc o nhiem toi u


2/42

A. Muc tieu cua kiem soat o nhiemB. Chi ph giam o nhiem bien (M AC)C. Chi ph thiet hai bien (MDC)D. Mc o nhiem toi uE.

Nhan to anh hng mc o nhiemtoi uF. Yngha ng dung trong kiem soat o

nhiem

e cng e ngh:Xac nh o nhiem toi u s dung congnghe giam o nhiem:

Phu luc: Xac nh o nhiem toi u khigia nh rang giam san lng la cachduy nhat giam o nhiem


3/42

X ly o nhiem tot hn lachang lam g ca, nhng

[ngan nga o nhiem la cachtot nhat e co mot hanh

tinh xanh.(Miller 1993: 15)


4/42

y Neu xem ngi toi a hoa li nhuancung la ngi toi hieu hoa chi ph th:

y

Khi bien quyet nh la san lng, thchi ph giam o nhiem bien = li nhuanbien b mat (gia nh la giam onhiem ch bang cach giam san

lng)y Khi bien quyet nh la chi ph, th M AC

chnh la chi ph giam o nhiem bien

vi phng phap toi thieu chi ph

LU Y:


5/42

X ac nh mc o nhiem toi

u khi s dung cong nghegiam o nhiem

(da vao M ACva MDC)


6/42

y Di goc o kinh te th van eo nhiem ch co y ngha khilng phat thai vt qua khanang hap thu cua moi trng

y

Co s anh oi gia chatlng moi trng va o nhiem,ngha la o nhiem moi trng

phai c coi la mot chi ph (li

A. Muc tieu cua kiem soato nhiem


7/42

y Muc tieu cua kiem soat o nhiem la toithieu hoa tong chi ph phat thai (Total WasteDisposal Cost) (sau ay se goi la chi ph o

nhiem), chi ph o nhiem gom 2 thanh phan:y Chi ph kiem soat (Control Cost)/giam

( Abatement Cost) o nhiem: Chi ph cho cacno lc kiem soat o nhiem ng vi mot

loai cong nghe nhat nhy Chi ph thiet hai do o nhiem (Damage Cost):

Chi ph thiet hai do thai chat thai cha quax ly ra moi trng

Chi ph o nhiem = Chi ph kiem soat + Chi ph



8/42

y an e kinh te quan tam la toi thieu chi ph o nhiem , vi yeu cauphai nhan biet ay u s anhdoi gia chi ph giam o nhiem vachi ph thiet hai. Theo quan iem kinhte, bat ky khoan au t cho congnghe kiem soat o nhiem se chco y ngha neu va ch neu xahoi c bu ap lai bang cac li

ch t viec tranh c cac thiet hai



9/42

P ha cung dch vu giam o nhiem (chi ph xahoi cua viec giam o nhiem )Chi ph giam o nhiem la cac khoan tienxa hoi chi trc tiep nham cai thien chatlng moi trng (k iem soat o nhiem) .Noi cach khac, o la cac khoan chi phe giam lng chat thai thai ra moi trnghay giam nong o chat thai: nh chi muathiet b x ly chat thai, ong khoi, tngcach am, chi ph thc thiChi ph xa hoi cua giam o nhiem bao gomhai phan:

Chi ph giam o nhiem cua cac chu the

B. Chi ph giam o nhiem


10/42

Chi ph kiem soat (giam) o nhiem bien(MCC, M AC: Marginal pollution Control Cost,Marginal pollutionAbatement Cost, va sau ayse thong nhat dung ky hieu M AC) tangtheo chat lng moi trng hay cac hoatong lam sach moi trng

V cac mc chat lng moi trng caohn oi hoi phai au t cho cac congnghe ton kem hn

P

han biet chi ph kiem soat o nhiem bienva ton chi h kiem soat o nhiem



11/42


12/42

o th (a) va (b) la hai cach khac nhau e thehien bang o th chi ph giam o nhiem bien .Mot so iem lu y:Hai o th truyen tai cung mot khai niem,nhng khac nhau n v tnh tren truc hoanh o th (a), chi ph bien cua n v th 20 = 0,so nay (20 ) the hien tong so n v chat thaiang c xem xet x ly.

Ca hai cung o lng chi ph bienChi ph la $200 khi so lng thai ra la 5Ngha la no o lng chi ph lam sach hay chiph kiem soat n v chat thai th 15

ca hai trng hp, M AC tang theo mc ocai thien chat lng moi trng (xem o th (b))



13/42

Chi ph giam o nhiem phu thuoc vaorat nhieu yeu to nh cong nghe kiemsoat o nhiem, kha nang chuyen oi

nhap lng, nguon phat thai, mc taiche, cong nghe san xuat, Lu y: oi vi moi nguon gay onhiem, khong co s khac biet gia chi

ph t nhan va chi ph xa hoiNhng khi xet tong hp, th tong chi phxa hoi cua viec giam o nhiem sebang tong chi ph giam o nhiem t

nhan + chi ph thc thi va giam satcua chnh phu



14/42

Mot so dang c ban

Lng phat thai

(a) (b)

Lng phat thai Lng phat thai

(c)$ $ $



15/42

2

1

Lng phat thai (tan/nam)0

M AC$

M AC

a

b

e

c 1

em

c 2

M AC1 { M AC2?

a, b?



16/42

Nguon A

L ng phat thai A L ng phat thai B Tong l ng phat thai

(tan/tuan) (tan/tuan)

Nguon B

Ham M ACca nhan M ACtong hp

M AC A M ACB M ACT

w ww

2 0105 2 01 25 4017 2816 7 10

Tong hp chi ph giam o nhiem bien(t cac M ACcua tng chu the gay o nhiem en M ACth trng)

(tan/tuan)



17/42

Cac chnh sach moi trngthng nham kiem soat s phatthai cua mot nhom cac nguongay o nhiem, ch khong chnhng nguon gay o nhiem nleTai moi mc ph, cong theo truchoanh cac ng chi ph giam o



18/42

P ha cau dch vu giam o nhiem (li ch xahoi cua viec giam o nhiem )

Chi ph thiet hai la tong gia tr bang tientat ca cac thiet hai do phat thai cacchat thai cha qua x ly ra moi trng.Chi ph thiet hai e cap en tat ca cactac ong bat li ma nhng ngi sdung moi trng phai ganh chu do onhiem

Thiet hai co the bieu hien di nhieu

cach khac nhau, nhng phan ln phu

C. Chi ph thiet hai


19/42

Nhan dang va c tnh chi ph thiet hai do onhiem se phc tap hn trong trng hp cacchat gay o nhiem co tnh lau ben nh cackim loai oc hai (ch va thuy ngan), chatphong xa, hp chat vo c (thuoc tr sau ), Chat gay o nhiem cang ton tai lauben, th cang kho anh gia thiet haiChi ph thiet hai c nhan dang cac khacanh nh thiet hai en cay coi, ong vat;my quan, xuong cap cac tai san va hatang c s; cac anh hng nguy hai ensc khoe,

c tnh chi ph thiet hai? (P hng phap

C. Chi ph thiet hai


20/42

Ham thiet hai cho biet moi quan hegia lng phat thai va thiet hai do doo nhiem => O nhiem cang nhieu, chiph thiet hai cang lnCo hai dang ham thiet hai:

Ham thiet hai theo ham lng onhiem

Ham thiet hai theo nong o onhiem

C. Chi ph thiet hai


21/42


22/42


23/42

G ia nh chi ph thiet hai la mot hamtang theo lng phat thai (xem o th a ).

o th (a) va (b) la hai cach the hienbang o th khac nhau cua chi ph thiethai bien (MDC), ch khac n v tnhtren truc hoanh

o th (a), ng chi ph thiet hai olng chi ph xa hoi bang tien cua thiethai moi trng do moi n v phat thaitang them gay ra . Chi ph nay tang khiln hat thai thai ra tan

C. Chi ph thiet hai


24/42

o th (b), ng chi ph thiet hai bienthe hien gia san long tra bien cua xahoi cho moi n v chat lng moi trng

c cai thienNhan to anh hng MDC co the la thayoi s thch ve chat lng moi trng, thayoi dan so, thay oi ban chat kha nanghap thu cua moi trng, phat hien phngphap mi trong viec x ly chat thai onhiem, Nen, thay oi mot trong so nhanto nay se lam dch chuyen ng MD CThiet hai do o nhiem la cac chi h n oai

C. Chi ph thiet hai


25/42

Lng phat thai (tan/nam)

28

0 e e2

b

12

1

$

a

C. Chi ph thiet haiMDC2

MDC1

MDC1 { MDC2?

Lng phat thai (tan/nam)

28

0 2

b

12

1

$

a


26/42

Mot lu y quan trong lien quan enviec kiem soat o nhiem la xemxet s anh oi gia chi ph bo rava li ch at c:

Chi ph: Tang/giam chi ph kiemsoat o nhiem do giam /tangthem mot n v lng phat thaiLi ch: G iam/tang chi ph thiethai do giam/tang them mot nv lng phat thai

D. Mc o nhiem toi u


27/42

e* la mc o nhiem toi uChi ph kiem soat o nhiem = e NEe*Chi ph thiet hai = OEe*Tong chi ph o nhiem = OEeN

Tai sau mc e* co tong chi ph o nhiemnho nhat?Mc phat thai toi u khi M AC = MDC Yeu cau: Lap bang so sanh gia cacphng an e = 0, e = e j, e = e*, e = ei, va e = e Ntheo ca 2 cach tiep can tong chi ph do o

D. Mc o nhiem toi u


28/42

Lng phat thai (tan/na

M AC MDC

a b

w

0 e* e N

E

e j e i

A D

B E

$

c

d

D. Mc o nhiem toi u


29/42

K et luan: Mc o nhiem toi

u at c khi chi ph kiemsoat o nhiem bien (M AC) =li ch kiem soat o nhiem

bien (tc giam chi ph thiethai): am bao nguyen taccan bang bien (EquimaginalP rinciple)

D. Mc o nhiem toi u


30/42


31/42

Emissions

$

(a) (b)

Emissions

$

0 e* 2 e*1 e*1e*2 0

abc

M AC1MDC2

MDC1M AC1

M AC 2

MDC1

e e

E. Nhan to anh hng mc o

nhiem toi u


32/42


33/42

Thay oi cong nghe trong kiem soat hayx ly mot loai chat thai nao o. o th(b) cho thay:

Dch chuyen ng M AC1 sang M AC2Mc phat thai toi u thay oi e*1 sange*2

Cai tien cong nghe lam giam mcphat thai va tang chat lng moitrng, vaQuan trong hn la lam giam tong chiph phat thai

E. Nhan to anh hng mc o

nhiem toi u


34/42

Thay oi cong nghe trongnganh y hoc (v du cong nghech a tr b enh ung th do mot loa i chat o nhiem nao ogay ra). o th (c) cho thay:

Dch chuyen ng MDC1

sang MDC2Mc phat thai toi u thayoi e*1 sang e*2 (tang)

=> Cai tien cong nghe trongtrng hp nay se lam

tang, thay v giam, mcphat thai hay giam chatlng moi trng, nhngngc lai:

=> Lam giam tong chi ph onhiem

(c)

Emissions

$

0 e* 1 e*2

M AC1MDC1 MDC

2

e N

E

G

Tom la i, cai tien cong nghe co the lam dch chuyen ca ng MAC v aMDC, v a k et qua la lam giam tong chi ph o nhiem. Khuyen cao rang cong nghe k hong phai luc nao cung cho ta quyet nh ro rang v e cac v an e moi tr ng. Noi cach k hac, tuy theo tr ng h p ch k hong thenoi cai tien cong nghe noi chung la tot

E. Nhan to anh hng mc onhiem toi u


35/42

Enforcement Costs

$M AC+ MCE

MDC

e 2 e 1

M AC

E. Nhan to anh hng mc onhiem toi u


36/42

Cau hoi thao luan:X ac nh mc phat thai toi u dungcho muc ch g?

Mc o nhiem hien tai tren thc te latoi u cha?Chnh phu co the lam g e at mco nhiem toi u?

Chung ta co the at c mc onhiem toi u thong qua c che thtrng khong?Chung ta co the at c mc onhiem toi u thong qua mac ca

F. Yngha ng dung trong kiem soat

o nhiem


37/42

PHU LU CX ac nh mc o nhiem toi u khigiam san lng la cach duy nhatgiam o nhiem

(da vao MNP

B, MEC va MNSB)


38/42

Li ch t nhan bien

San lng(tan)

P

$

QM

QM

MN PB

MC

MR

San lng (tan)


39/42

San lng toi u xa hoi

Lng phat thai(tan BOD)

MNPB MEC

San lng (tan)Q MQ A Q S

EMESEA

$


40/42

San lng toi u xa hoi

ES

MNPBMEC

Q MQ A Q S

EMEA

$

Li ch xhrong atc khi

chuyen tQM QS

P han giamli ch cuanha sanxuat khi

chuyen tQM QS

P han chi pho nhiem choxh giam khichuyen t

QM QS


41/42

G ia nh quan trong:G iam san lng la cach duy nhat egiam o nhiemMc phat thai ty le vi mc sanlngKhong co ngoai tac tch cc (MNP B =

MNSB)K et luan: Mc o nhiem toi u at ckhi chi ph giam o nhiem bien (MNP B, phait bo li ch t nhan) = li ch bien cuaviec giam o nhiem (tc giam chi ph thiet

Mc o nhiem toi u


42/42

S n l ng

L ng pht th i

Q0Q*

E MAXE *0

PMAC

b

e

MD

f

MCMC + MD

c

d

0

P a

Hnh 5.7: Lin k t ngMAC v i ho t ng t i a ha l i nhu n

Bài giảng 4 - Mức ô nhiễm tối ưu

Documents

Transcript of Bài giảng 4 - Mức ô nhiễm tối ưu