BACTERIA

SIMPLE ONE-CELLED ANIMAL

COCCI

• ROUND OR SPHERICAL IN SHAPE

DIPLCOCCI

• COCCI OCCURS IN PAIRS

• DISEASES– GONORRHEA– MENINGITIS– PNEUMONIA

STREPTOCOCCI

• COCCI OCCURS IN A CHAIN

• DISEASES– SEVERE SORE THROAT– RHEUMATIC FEVER

STAPHYOLCOCCI

• COCCI OCCUR IN CLUSTERS OR GROUPS

• INFECTIONS– BOILS – WOUND INFECTIONS– TOXIC SHOCK

BACILLI

• ROD SHAPED

• SINGLES, PAIRS OR IN CHAINS

• FLAGELLA

• SPORES

• DISEASES– TB– TETANUS, DIPTHERIA AND TYPHOID

Anthracis Spores 1

Anthracis Vegetative cells in monkey spleen

Anthracis spore 2

Anthracis vegetative cells and spores

SPIRILLA

• SPIRAL OR CORKSCREW

• COMMA-SHAPED VIBRIO

• CORKSCREW SPIROCHETE

• Diseases– syphilis– cholera

PROTOZOA

ONE CELLED ANIMAL

PROTOZOA

• ONE CELLED ANIMAL

• FOUND IN DECAYED MATERIALS AND CONTAMINATED WATER

• SOME ARE PATHOGENIC AND CAUSE DISEASE

PROTOZOA DISEASE

• MALARIA,

• AMEBIC DYSENTERY

• TRICHOMONAS

• AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

FUNGI

RICKETTSIAE

VIRUSES

FACTORS REQUIRED FOR GROWTH

• WARM ENVIRONMENT

• DARKNESS

• SOURCE OF FOOD AND MOISTURE

• OXYGEN– AEROBIC ORGANISM

• REQUIRES OXYGEN TO LIVE

– ANEROBIC ORGANISM• LIVES AND REPRODUCES IN ABSENCE OF

OXYGEN

HOW DO PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS CAUSE INFECTION AND DISEASE

• Produce poisons called toxins– bacillus tetanus– toxin that damages the CNS

• allergic reaction– runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing

• attack and destroy living cells– protozoa - malaria– rbc rupture

CLASSIFICATONS OF DISEASES AND INFECTIONS

• Endogenous

• Exogenous

• Nosocomial

• Opportunistic

CHAIN OF INFECTION

• factors that must exist for disease to occur and spread

• CAUSATIVE AGENT

• RESERVOIR

• PORTAL OF EXIT

• MEANS OF TRANSMISSION

• PORTAL OF ENTRY

• SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

Means of transmission

ENDING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION

• If any part of the chain can be eliminated the spread of disease or infection will be stopped.

• Follow practices to break chain

• prevent transmission of disease

Aseptic Techniques

• Major way to break chain of infection

• Two main terms– Asepsis

• Absence of disease producing micro-organisms or pathogens

– Contaminated• Any object or area that may contain pathogens

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

• Maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing contamination

Common Aseptic Techniques

• Hand-washing

• Good personal hygiene

• Use disposable gloves when contacting body secretions or contaminated objects

• Proper cleaning of instruments and equipment

Levels of aseptic control

• Antisepsis– Prevent or inhibit the growth of pathogenic

organisms– Not effective against spores and viruses– Can usually be used on the skin

• Examples: – Alcohol and betadine

Disinfection

• Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms

• Not always effective against spores and viruses

• Boiling water and chemical disinfectants are used

• Can irritate or damage the skin and are used mainly on objects, not people

Sterilization

• Process that de4stroys all microorganisms– Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic– Includes spores and viruses

• Steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals can be used to sterilize

• Autoclave is most common equipment used

Summary

• Important for health care worker to know and use proper aseptic techniques

• Prevents spread and transmission of disease.