Cell Cycle Week 16 Ch. 8.1-2 Pg. 195

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, regulating the water flow through the plasma membrane is an important

factor in maintaining homeostasis within the cell

Iso hyper hypo

same more, less, over under

Isotonic solution

• the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cells is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell

Hypertonic solution

• the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cells is the higher than the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell

Hypotonic solution

When the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cells

is lower

than the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell

Passive transport / active transport

the movement of particles across a membrane

Facilitated diffusion

• passive transport of materials across the membrane using transport proteins,

• does not require energy

Active Transport

• movement of materials

through a membrane against a concentration gradient

• using transport proteins,

• requires energy

Endo

IN

Enter

OUT

Exit

Exo

Endocytosis

• a process by which

a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment,

• requires energy

• a process by which

• a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment,

• requires energy

Exocytosis

Exocytosis

• the expulsion or secretion of materials out from a cell, such as wastes and hormones,

• requires energy

chromatin / DNA

for most of a cells lifetime, chromo_______ exist in long strands wrapped around proteins called histones

Chromosome / chromatin / DNA chroma =

• structures in the nucleus that seem to vanish soon after division of a cell, contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained, carriers of the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells

color

Cell cycle (3 phases)

Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

the sequence of growth and division of a cell

Interphase

• the majority of a cells life is spent in this phase, a growth phase

Cytokinesis

• when the cytoplasm divides, separating the two daughter cells

Mitosis isProphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

the period of nuclear division, the process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes

Mitosis -

• Prophase first and longest phase of mitosis, the long stringy chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes

Sister chromatids• two halves of

the doubled chromosome structure,

• contain exact copies of each other

• held together by structures

centromere

Centriole

• small dark cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and are located just outside of the nucleus,

• plays role in chromatid separation

as pairs of centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, another important structure begins to form

between them, • a football-shaped, cage-like

structure consisting of thin fibers made of microtubules (in plant cells, they form without centrioles),

• plays vital role in the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis

Spindle

Metaphase

• the second phase of mitosis, during which the double chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers by their centromere

Anaphase

• the separation of sister chromatids, the third phase of mitosis, the centromeres split apart and chromatid pairs from each chromosome separate from each other

Telophase

• the final phase of mitosis, begins as the chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell, chromosomes begin to unwind, spindle breaks down, nucleolus reappears, new nuclear envelope appears around each set of chromosomes

Cytokinesis

• following mitosis,

• when the cell's cytoplasm divides in animals, the plasma membrane pinches in forming two daughter cells in plants, a structure known as the cell plate is laid down across the cell's equator, forming two daughter cells

Thank you!