Axel Drees, Stony Brook UniversityRHIC II workshop, BNL, November 19, 2004

Decadal Plan 2004-2013Decadal Plan 2004-2013Decadal Plan 2004-2013Decadal Plan 2004-2013

PHENIX Decadal PlanPHENIX Decadal Plan

Presented at open meeting and to PAC in Dec. 2003

www.phenix.bnl.gov/plans.html

Exploit investments and opportunities at RHIC

Detailed investigate of strongly interacting quark gluon matter

Start spin physics program

Start p-A program

Reach beyond current capabilities: Detailed PHENIX upgrades program

Axel Drees

PHENIX ExperimentPHENIX Experiment

2 central arms:

electrons, photons, hadronscharmonium J/, ’ ee

vector meson ee high pT

direct photonsopen charm hadron physics

2 muon arms: muons“onium” J/, ’, vector meson open charm

designed to measure rare probes: + high rate capability & granularity+ good mass resolution and particle ID- limited acceptanceAu-Au & p-p spin

Discovery potential of PHENIX demonstrated in Run’s 1-4

Axel Drees

Physics Beyond the Reach of Current PHENIX Physics Beyond the Reach of Current PHENIX

Comprehensive study of QCD at high T with heavy ion, p-nucleus, and pphigh pT phenomena (PID -,k,p- to pT ~10 GeV/c and -jet, jet-jet tomography) electron pair continuum (low masses to Drell-Yan)heavy flavor production (c- and b-physics)charmonium spectroscopy (J/, ’ , c and (1s),(2s),(3s))

Extended exploration of the spin structure of the nucleongluon spin structure (G/G) with heavy flavor and -jet correlationsquark spin structure (q/q) with W-productionTransversity

Dedicated p-nucleus program A-, pT-, x-dependence of the parton structure of nucleiInitial conditions for A-A: gluon saturation and the color glass condensate

Provide key measurements so far inaccessible at RHIC in three broad areas:

requires highestAA luminosity

Requires upgrades of PHENIX and of RHIC luminosity

requires highestpolarization and luminosity

Axel Drees

Central Magnet Region: -3.0 < Central Magnet Region: -3.0 < < 3.0 Spectrometer < 3.0 Spectrometer

endcap VTX 1.2 < < 2.7

barrel VTX | < 1.2

NCC 0.9 < < 3.0

TPC | < 0.7

Provides displaced vertex & jet measurement over 2

TPC/HBD

NCC

VTX

Displaced vertex:VTX: silicon vertex tracker

Jet measurement:NCC: nose cone calorimeter TPC: time projection chamber

Other detectors:HBD: hadron blind detector

Muon triggerPID in west arm

Axel Drees

RHIC Luminosity Increase Through e-Cooling RHIC Luminosity Increase Through e-Cooling

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

9020

02

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Peak Luminosity

Ave. Luminosity

Beam Current

ongoing luminosity development to L ~ 8 10 26 cm-2

Electron cooling to L ~ 8 10 27 cm-2

At constant beam intensity

L i

n 1

0 26 c

m-2

or

beam

in 1

010 io

ns

year

Integrated Au-Au luminosity recorded by PHENIX ~ 250 b-1 ~ 1.5 nb-1 ~30 nb-1

Increased luminosity will allow qualitatively new measurementsand significantly more efficient operation of RHIC

Luminosity increasethrough e-cooling:

AA factor 10 pp factor 2-4

Au-Au luminosity development

Axel Drees

PHENIX View of RHIC Upgrade PlansPHENIX View of RHIC Upgrade Plans

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

RHIC baseline program

Au-Au ~ 250 b-1 at 200 GeV Species scan at 200 GeV Au-Au energy scan Polarized protons 150 nb-

1

Full utilization of RHIC opportunities:

Studies of sQGP with rare probes: jet tomography, open flavor, J/, ’, c, (1s), (2s), (3s)

Complete spin physics programExploit p-A physics

Extended program with 1st detector upgrades:

Au-Au ~ 1.5 b-1 at 200 GeV Polarized p at 500 GeV (start p-A program)

Analysis of data on tape

Near term detector upgrades of PHENIX ToFW, HBD, VTX

Long term upgrades FVTX, TPC/GEM, NCC

PHENIX upgrades

40x design luminosity for Au-Au via electron cooling Commissioning

RHIC luminosity upgrade

Near term: Base line Long term: full detector and RHIC upgrades

Medium term: first upgrades

Axel Drees

Outline For the Rest of My Talk:Outline For the Rest of My Talk:

RHIC program and its running schedule

Heavy ion program:What have we learned so far?What do we have on tape?What can we achieve with near term upgrades?What are the long term future perspectives?

Spin physics program:Status of programExpectations for RHIC future

Future p-A program

Axel Drees

RHIC: The Worlds Prime QCD LaboratoryRHIC: The Worlds Prime QCD Laboratory

RHIC is a dedicated accelerator with large

flexibility.

RHIC provides unique opportunity to study QCD

in three broad areas !

Study of QCD at high T Heavy ion collisions with Au-Au at 200 GeV Energy (from 19.6 to 200 GeV) and species scansAccurate reference data from p-p and d-Au

Exploration of the spin structure of the nucleonPolarized proton beams at high luminosity

Dedicated p-nucleus program

Axel Drees

Extraordinary Successful Program Since 2000Extraordinary Successful Program Since 2000

Heavy Ion Physics: Discovery Phase nearly completedAu-Au production run 250 b-1 at 200 GeVp-p and d-Au comparison runs at 200 GeV Exploratory energy scan 19.6, 62.4, 130, 200 GeVSpecies scan Cu-Cu in run 5

Spin Physics: Developing luminosity and polarizationFirst production at 200 GeV in run 5

p-A program: Pilot run with d-Au at 200 GeV

24 b-1

Run 2: Au-Au & p-psnn = 200 GeV

(Aug 2001 – Feb 2002) 1 b-1

Run 1: Au-Ausnn = 130 GeV

(June – Sept 2000)

Run 3: d+Au & p+psnn = 200 GeV(Jan-May 2003)

Rapid increase of integrated Au-Au luminosity 250 b-1

Run 4:Au-Au snn = 62.4 and 200 GeV

p-p development run(Nov 2003 - May 2004)

Axel Drees

Projection into the “near” FutureProjection into the “near” Future27 cryo week scenario taken from PHENIX decadal plan

Cu-Cu (3 nb-1) p-p development

p-p at 200 GeV ( 150 pb-1) p-p (or d-Au) at 62.4 GeV

Au-Au at 200 GeV ( 2 nb-1)

p-p at 500 GeV ( 300 pb-1)

Constant effort running schedule taken from NSAC subcommittee report

LHC

Minimum program till 2012 well into LHC era

Axel Drees

Much Left to do after 2012Much Left to do after 2012

Two running campaigns till FY2008Only minimal program completed before LHC eraHeavy ion program: only new data Cu-CuSpin physics: minimum run at 200 GeV

significant 2-6 below expectationp-A program not started

Two additional running campaigns till FY 2012A-A precision data only at 200 GeV and only for Au-Aup-p at 500 GeV with significance 3-9 below original goalp-A program not startedNew options with EBIS, e.g. U-U, not exploredLong delay of spin physics program

Increase in RHIC luminosity will expedite progress significantly

Axel Drees

What have we Learned from A-A Collisions?What have we Learned from A-A Collisions?

Conclusions from first 4 years of RHIC running: Initial energy density 5-20 GeV/fm3 well above QCD phase transition Multiplicity and large y data consistent with initial-state gluon saturation (CGC)Comparison of data to hydrodynamic models suggest early thermalisation Jet quenching: strong medium effects observed with penetrating probes Intermediate pT particle production hints towards quark recombination

Little is known about this “strongly coupled plasma”:Hydrodynamic model fail to describe HBT source parametersNo consistent description of jet quenching, lack of precision dataKey observables not measured: dilepton continuum, thermal photons, charmonium states

We apparently have created an ideal fluid of strongly interacting quarks and gluons

RHIC needs to shift from discovery to exploration phase

Answers summarized in the PHENIX white paper

Axel Drees

Exploring the Strongly Interacting PlasmaExploring the Strongly Interacting Plasma

Basic plasma properties pressure, viscosity, equation of state, thermalization time & extent

determine from collective behavior

Other plasma propertiesradiation rate, collision frequency, conductivity, opacity, Debye screening length

what is interaction of q,g in the medium?need short wavelength strongly interacting probe

transmission probability jet quenching via RAA, angular correlations etc

Analog of hard x-ray probe of EM plasmaAnalog of hard x-ray probe of EM plasma

Use penetrating probes: hard scattering processes

electromagnetic radiation

RBRC workshop Dec. 16/17: Strongly coupled plasmas: Electromagnetic, Nuclear and Atomic

Axel Drees

On Tape: Thermal Photons On Tape: Thermal Photons

Access to temperature of the system

Experimental ChallengeExpected signal ~ 10%Systematic error limited

Prerequisites:High statisticsExcellent knowledge of hadron decay backgroundPrecise reference for prompt component from pp

thermal

prompt

Turbide, Rapp & Gale PRC (2004)

Expectation: Data on tape 250 b-1 from run 4 Au-Au 200 GeV

Establish method for future runs, e.g. Cu-Cu, Au-Au at lower s

Axel Drees15

Medium Term: Low-Mass Medium Term: Low-Mass eeeePairsPairs at RHIC at RHIC

Significant contribution from open charm

R. Rapp nucl-th/0204003R. Rapp nucl-th/0204003

Strong enhancement of low-mass pairs persists at RHIC

Only known channel sensitive to the chiral transition and thermal radiation

Effect of quasi particle statesin strongly interacting QGP

Possible mass threshold near 2 GeV

Shuryak, Zahed hep-ph/030726Shuryak, Zahed hep-ph/030726

Axel Drees

A Hadron Blind Detector (HBD) for PHENIXA Hadron Blind Detector (HBD) for PHENIXsignal electron

Cherenkov blobs

partner positronneeded for rejection e+

e-

pair opening angle

Dalitz rejection via opening angle Identify electrons in field free regionVeto signal electrons with partner

HBD concept: windowless CF4 Cherenkov detector 50 cm radiator lengthCsI reflective photocathode Triple GEM with pad readout

Construction/installation 2005/2006

e+ e -

e+ e -

S/B ~ 1/500

“combinatorial pairs”

total background

Irreducible charm backgroundall signal

charm signal

Need Dalitz rejection (HBD)& charm measurement (VTX)

Axel Drees

Medium and Long Term: Precise Charm Measurements Medium and Long Term: Precise Charm Measurements

Is there pre-thermal charm production? Does charm flow? Does charm suffer energy loss?

Charm out to pT > 4 GeV/cPrecision measurement

Charm measurement requires precise vertex trackingBeauty measurement requires also highest luminosity

Are there medium modifications for heavy quarks?

Axel Drees

Vertex Tracker with Barrel and EndcapsVertex Tracker with Barrel and Endcaps

Heavy flavor detection in PHENIX:• Beauty and low pT charm via displaced e and/or -2.7<<-1.2 ,|<0.35 , 2.7<<1.2 • Beauty through displaced J/ ee () -2.7<<-1.2 ,|<0.35 , 2.7<<1.2 • High pT charm through D K |<0.35

VTX barrel ||<1.2Barrel silicon detector

RIKEN: Hybrid pixel detectors developed at CERN for ALICE DOE: Strip detectors, sensors developed at BNL with FNAL’s SVX4 readout chip

Completion by 2008

Forward silicon detector: “mini” strips (~0.1 x 1 m2)R&D effort with FNAL initiated Expect ~1-2 year development

Pixel Detectors (50 m x 425 m) at R ~ 2.5 & 5 cm Strip Detectors (80 m x 3 cm) at R ~ 10 & 14 cm

FVTX endcaps1.2<||<2.7 mini strips

Axel Drees

On Tape: First J/On Tape: First J/ measurements measurements

Run 2 poor statistics

Run 3 reference data from p-p and d-Au

Run 4 higher Au-Au statisticsExpect total of ~6000 J/

Measurement will remain statistics limited

Coalescence model(Thews et al.)Absorption model(Grandchamp et al.)Statistical model(Andronic et al.)

Run 2 final result

Run 4 Au-Au

J/→ee min. bias (10% of statistics)

J/→ peripheral (>40%) (30% of statistics)

Axel Drees

Many Open Issues Concerning J/Many Open Issues Concerning J/ Production Production

Is J/ suppressed?Latest lattice results indicatecc screened only above 2 Tc

What is the screening length?

New production mechanisms?Large cc at RHIC Enhancement due to cc coalescence?

New backgrounds from B-decays

What is the baseline from p-p and p-A?Elementary production mechanismShadowing and “normal” nuclear absorption

Need accurate normalization to charm production

Need high statistics measurement of multiplecharmonium and bottonium states

Axel Drees

Near and Long Term: Quarkonium PhysicsNear and Long Term: Quarkonium Physics

Expected quarkonium statistics from Au-Au runs 2008 and 2013

RHIC (1.5 nb-1) RHIC II (30 nb-1)J/ ee 2800 56000’ ee 100 2000 ee 8 155 VTX

J/ (’) 38,000 (1400) 760,000 (28,000) 35 700 -trigger

Need measurements with similar pT or xT reach in p+p, d+A, lighter systems

Improved mass resolution with vertex tracker

→ee from 10 nb-1 Au-Auwith and without VTX

Full quarkonium program Requires electron cooling

Axel Drees

High pHigh pTT Phenomena in A-A Collisions at RHIC Phenomena in A-A Collisions at RHIC

Future progress require more detailed studies:extend K, , p identification

flavor tagging-jet tomography

Jet quenching: one of the most interesting discoveries at RHICBaryon enhancement: modification of jet fragmentation in medium

PHENIX

Axel Drees

What do we have on tape concening hard scattering?What do we have on tape concening hard scattering?

High statistics data from Au-Au run 4out to 20 GeV/c-h correlations out to 10 GeV/cp,p inclusive and h-correlation

to pT 5 GeV all vs reaction plane

Sufficient for next steps More jet PID measurementsFollow up new ideas

Most results from run 2

Expect significant new insight into

interesting and rapidly evolving field

E.Shuryak et al.

Jet particle composition

Axel Drees

Medium Term Upgrades: High pMedium Term Upgrades: High pTT Particle Identification Particle Identification

PID upgrade:

1st Aerogel detectors installed and commissioned in 2003

full detector completed

MRCP based TOF detector prototype will be installed

2004 construction & installation 2005/2006

Combination of three PID detectorsRICH with CO2 th ~ 34Aerogel Č, th ~ 8.5MRPC TOF < 100 ps

, K, p separation out to ~ 10 GeV/c

coverage ~ 4 m2 in west arm

3 - 7 GeV/c most important

PHENIX Au-Au 200 GeV

Axel Drees

Medium Term: Expectation for “Run 8” 1.5 nbMedium Term: Expectation for “Run 8” 1.5 nb-1-1 Au-Au Au-Au

Detector improvements:High pT particle identificationLarger jet acceptance in VTX

Plus ~ 10 times more statisticsInclusive proton spectra out to ~10 GeVp-h correlations out to 10 GeV-jet out to 10 GeVflavor tagging?vs reaction plane and centrality

First handle on in medium jet fragmentation

Data in modified and unmodified regionAccess to flavor dependence and q/g energy loss?Over limited kinematic region

Bourrely & Soffer

z z

Baryon fragmentation functions:

Axel Drees

Long Term: Rate Estimates for Long Term: Rate Estimates for -jet -jet TomographyTomography

Rapidly falling cross section with rapidity:

Assume ~ 1000 events required for statistical -jet correlationRHIC II luminosityPHENIX acceptance (TPC & NCC)

y max -pT (GeV)

0 231 212 153 8

with TPC onlyfor RHIC I

-jet tomography at RHIC requiresRHIC II luminosity

and jet reconstruction in central region(-2 < < 2)

Run 4

estimated pt reachfor RHIC II & TPC & NCC

Axel Drees

Future PHENIX Acceptance for Future PHENIX Acceptance for -jet Measurement -jet Measurement

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 rapidity

Prompt photons: central EMCal |y| < 0.35 forward NCC 0.9 < y < 3.0 (-3.0 < y <-0.9) Jet (charged): central TPC + VTX || < 1.2 forward silicon 1.2 < < 2.7 (-2.7 < <-1.2) Jet (energy): forward NCC 0.9 < < 3.0 (-3.0 < < -0.9)

cove

rage

2

Large acceptance for -jet tomography: expect measurements out to Ejet > 20 GeV

Large acceptance for flavor tagging Limited acceptance for p – meson separation

4 GeV

10GeV

Axel Drees

Status of Polarized Proton Program?Status of Polarized Proton Program?

First data: pQCD is a good reference data: PRL 91 (2003) 241803

Need continuous development of luminosity and polarization

4 weeks run 2: L~250 nb-1 p ~ 27% p4L ~ 1.3

4 days run 4:L~75 nb-1 p ~ 40% p4L ~ 1.9

ALL proof of principle: Significance factor 4 104 smaller than goal

Spin physics program just starting

Axel Drees

What Will It Take to Make This Program Successful?What Will It Take to Make This Program Successful?

A dedicated program of machine development

A commitment to increase RHIC running time A decade of only

27 weeks per year severely jeopardizes the spin program (the entire program)

Detector upgrades VTX and -tigger

Axel Drees

Medium Term: Spin and pA Physics with VTXMedium Term: Spin and pA Physics with VTX

Measurement of gluon polarization by heavy flavor production Extended acceptance for -jet

Extracting gluon structure function in nuclei, shadowing

gluon polarization gluon structure

Axel Drees

Probing Initial Conditions for A-A with p-AProbing Initial Conditions for A-A with p-A

How does the CGCthermalize so fast?

p-A collisions at forward rapidity

Forward detector upgrades:NCC → 0.9 < < 3.0FVTX → 1.2 < < 2.7

Axel Drees

Foundations of Future PHENIX Physics ProgramFoundations of Future PHENIX Physics Program

Initial conditions for QGP formation CGC: p-A collisions, forward physics, large -coverage

Properties of strongly interacting QGP EOS: Collective behavior → advanced hydro calcuationsTemperature: Thermal radiation → real and virtual photonsScreening length: J/, ’, (1s), (2s), (3s) → resolution and acceptanceTransport properties: -jet and jet-jet → large acceptance and PID to 10 GeV/c

Formation of Hadrons Creation of Hadrons: Hadronization → PID and correlations at moderate pT Origin of mass: Chiral Symmetry → Low mass dileptons

Spin structure of the nucleonG/G and transversity: 200 GeV pp running time & -jet, jet-jet, heavy flavorq/q: 500 GeV pp running time & W-trigger

Structure of the nucleusA-, pT-, x-dependence structure functions:

high statistics p-A running with different species

Axel Drees

PHENIX view of RHIC Upgrade PlansPHENIX view of RHIC Upgrade Plans

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

RHIC baseline program

Au-Au ~ 250 b-1 at 200 GeV Species scan at 200 GeV Au-Au energy scan Polarized protons 150 nb-

1

Full utilization of RHIC opportunities:

Studies of QGP with rare probes: jet tomography, open flavor, J/, ’, c, (1s), (2s), (3s)

Complete spin physics programp-A physics

Near term detector upgrades of PHENIX ToFW, HBD, VTX

40x design luminosity for Au-Au via electron cooling Commissioning

Long term upgrades FVTX, TPC/GEM, NCC

Extended program with 1st detector upgrades:

Au-Au ~ 1.5 b-1 at 200 GeV Polarized p at 500 GeV (start p-A program)

Analysis of data on tape

PHENIX upgrades RHIC luminosity upgrade

Near term: Base line Long term: full detector and RHIC upgrades

Medium term: first upgrades

Axel Drees

BACKUPBACKUP

Axel Drees

Model PredictionsModel Predictions

* compilation from the PHENIX Whitepaper

Axel Drees

What can we conclude?What can we conclude?

Fast local equilibration within time t=0.2-2.0 fm/c and density 15-25 GeV/fm3 !

Confidence about the latent heat is premature.The exact viscosity limit is still not constrained.

Softest point should increase HBT observed lifetime (not seen).

Axel Drees

Improved Muon Trigger Improved Muon Trigger

Enhanced first level muon trigger:

p-Cut: U-Tracker + D-TrackerTiming: D-Tracker

Project ScheduleRecently proposed to PHENIX collaboration Proposal to NSF in FY05Estimated cost $2 MConstruction 2005/2006Completed for first 500 GeV pp run

First level trigger for high luminosityIncreased background rejectionW production in p-p 500 GeV/cUpsilon production with RHIC II luminosity

pmuon

Muons from Ws

Muons from hadrons

U-Tracker

decays

Muon from W

D-Tracker

Axel Drees

Nosecone Calorimeter (NCC)Nosecone Calorimeter (NCC)

Forward physics with PHENIXLarge acceptance calorimeterEM calorimeter ~40 X/Xo

hadronic section (1.6)Tungsten with Silicon readout

Extended physics reach with NCCExtended A-A program

high pT phenomena: 0 and -jet

χc → J/ + Small x-physics in p-A

ScopeRecently proposed to PHENIX collaborationNew expert groups join R&D

(MSU, Triest, Prag)Construction FY08 – FY09

W-silicon samplingcalorimeter

20 cm

0.9 < < 3.0

More details in K. Barish’s talk