Away from the Borehole Filling the Gap Between …2016/07/08 · Single well imaging principles...
Transcript of Away from the Borehole Filling the Gap Between …2016/07/08 · Single well imaging principles...
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Away from the Borehole – Filling the
Gap Between Logs and Seismic.
Geoff Page, Region Petrophysics Advisor, Baker Hughes
London Petrophysical Society Sounds from the Ground:
Uses and applications of sub-surface acoustics Thursday 23rd June 2016
The Geological Society, Burlington House, London
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Agenda
The scale of the problem
Early developments
Single well imaging principles
Dipole Deep Shear Wave Imaging
Examples
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The Scale of the Problem
Wel
lbo
re S
eism
ic
(VSP
)
Spatial Resolution (m)
Ver
tica
l Res
olu
tio
n (
m)
10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Surface Seismic
CSEM (Electromagnetic)
Gravity
Cross Well
Res
isti
vity
Lo
gs
Logs (Horizontal Well)
Core
Image Logs Logs
(Vertical Well)
Extra Deep Azimuthal Resistivity
Acoustic Imaging
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Early Developments
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Early Developments
1980 – 1984 G.Page Logging engineer for "Dresser Atlas" in France
Ran a strange long flexible experimental Acoustic tool as a "Customer Instrument Service" developed by SNEAP (Societe National Elf Aquitaine Petroleum – Now part of Total)
EVA Tool (Evaluations des Vitesses et des Atténuations)
– 5 Transmitters, 12 receivers
– 1-13m T-R spacing, 25cm increments
1981
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The Log Analyst – May-June 1991
Reflection Imaging around a Well with the EVA Full-Waveform Tool J. P. Fortin: CGG Massy, France, N. Rehbinder: CGG Massy, France, P. Staron: Elf Aquitaine, Paris, France
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North Sea Experiments 1993
Horizontal wellbore
in S.N.Sea
1 Mhz
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CREWES Research Report Volume 14 (2002)
Consortium for Research in Elastic Wave Exploration Seismology University of Calgary
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Single Well Imaging Principles
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Acoustic Imaging of Near-well Structures - Operation Principle
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Reflection Imaging: General Processing Procedure
Acoustic
Data
Migration
Imaging
Wave
Separation
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Reflection Extraction: Reflection Moveout Analysis
Below bed
Above bed
Direct Z=13.5 ft Z=27 ft Z=70 ft
Direct Z=1 ft Z=13.5 ft Z=57 ft Distance T from bed
Distance T from bed
DTC DTS
DTST
Imaging Data
DTC DTS
DTST
Imaging Data
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Solution:
Z
z
Above bed
a
Common receiver
(Transmitter Array)
Data
grouping
Transmitter
positions
Reflection moveout in above-bed transmitter
array is exactly the same as that in below-bed
receiver array
→ Improved wave separation
Transmitter Array Gather for Above Bed Scenario
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Final Image
Separate up-going and down-going reflections
Process separately - Combine results for final image
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Acoustic Imaging of Near-well Structures - Result
300 ft
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Shear Wave Imaging
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Monopole Source in Borehole: Radiation Patterns Meredith (1990 MIT Ph.D thesis)
SV (Vertical polarised shear)
wave pattern
Borehole
P wave
Formation
Receiver
Compressional
Transmitter
Shear
P wave
Formation
Receiver
Compressional
Transmitter
Shear
Borehole
P wave pattern Acoustic propagation in borehole and radiation in formation
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Borehole
x y
z
SV
Dipole Source in Borehole: Radiation Patterns
SV radiation pattern
SH
SH
Borehole
x y
z P-wave radiation pattern SH
radiation pattern
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Shear-wave Radiation of a Dipole Source: Verification
Borehole
x y
z
SV
q
SH
SH
f
Rec
eiv
er l
ine
2
Rec
eiv
er l
ine
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0 Time (milliseconds) 7.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
-10
V
erti
cal
dis
tan
ce (
met
ers)
1
0
Line 2 - SH
0 Time (milliseconds) 7.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Line 1 - SV
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P,SV, and SH Wave Reception Patterns (Peng, 1993 MIT Ph.D thesis)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
SH
SV
Incident angle
Borehole
P
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SH and SV Reflection/Imaging for a Subparallel Reflector
High-angle
(80o) reflector
0 Radial depth (ft) 40
SH-wave imageAZ
Dep
th (
ft)
X250
X1
00
0 Radial depth (ft) 40
SV-wave image
De
pth
(ft
)
0 Radial depth (ft) 40
SH-wave imageAZ
Dep
th (
ft)
X250
X1
00
0 Radial depth (ft) 40
SV-wave image
De
pth
(ft
)
The acquisition of multi-component "Cross Dipole" data allows rotation of the data to N-S and E-W, High-Low and Cross wellbore in a Horizontal well, or any direction to maximise amplitudes.
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Examples
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Deep Shear Wave Imaging DSWI
A series of non intersecting fractures
were detected approximately 30 feet
from the wellbore
The primary strike direction of theses
reflectors was determined to be N55E
imaged from SH waves polarized on
the same azimuth direction.
Identification of geologic hazards or
fractures away from the wellbore can
provide valuable input into the
horizontal lateral well placement and
well stimulation or completion design.
Haynesville Shale
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Horizontal Well
Deep fracture imaging around the wellbore using dipole acoustic logging. SPE 146769
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Horizontal Well
P Wave Image Shear Wave Image
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Imaging of Probable Fault Over a Gas Show – Through Casing
Probable Fault
Fault cuts borehole at
centre of gas peak
Lower angle features – shale
bed?
Application of a Novel Through Casing Acoustic Imaging Technique to Identify Gas Migration Paths in a Salt Body T. Bradley, X. Tang, D. Patterson (Baker Hughes) J. Schaaf (Wintershall Noordzee B.V.), EAGE Barcelona 17th June 2010
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Imaging of Complex Structure over a Lithology Change – Through Casing
• Highlighted area shows many structural planes
• When enlarged, interval can be seen to be structurally complex
• Selected features have been picked showing that structurally complex intervals with multiple reflector angles can be imaged
Application of a Novel Through Casing Acoustic Imaging Technique to Identify Gas Migration Paths in a Salt Body T. Bradley, X. Tang, D. Patterson (Baker Hughes) J. Schaaf (Wintershall Noordzee B.V.), EAGE Barcelona 17th June 2010
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Deep Shear Wave Imaging
Extended Deep Shear Wave Imaging Shear Imaging in a
Salt Dome
Salt Dome Storage Design and Reality
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Integrated Fracture Evaluation
Stoneley Reflection and Fracture Permeability Fracture Orientation from Cross-dipole Anisotropy Fracture Connectivity from Shear-wave imaging
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Hydraulic Fracture Anisotropy Before Frac
Anisotropy After Frac
Perforated Zone
Where’sMy Fracture Gone? – Imaging a Hydraulic Fracture Away From a Cased Borehole Before and After Stimulation. Sadigova A., Page G., Baker Hughes Inc., Tyurin E., Ionnikoff Y., Ruspetro LLC,
SPWLA 57th Annual Logging Symposium, June 25-29, 2016
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Summary
Acoustic Imaging helps bridge the scale gap between Seismic and logs
– Allows structures to be imaged up to 100ft/30m from the wellbore
Data is acquired with standard instrument and no additional rig time
– Can even go back to historical archived data and re-process to extract images
Dipole shear imaging provides increased depth compared to P-wave due to low
frequencies and also directional measurements