Aversive Control Punishment Negative Reinforcement –Escape Learning –Avoidance.
Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance
description
Transcript of Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance
![Page 1: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Aversive Control of Behavior:
Punishment & Avoidance
Lesson 16
![Page 2: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Life: The School of Hard Knocks Learning with aversive stimuli
pain sickness
Positive Punishment B aversive outcome
Negative RFT escape & avoidance
Classical conditioning pair neutral stimulus w/ shock ~
![Page 3: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
B aversive SR
What type of punishment? Positive punishment
Difficult to do human, ethics but some human evidence Mostly animal research ~
![Page 4: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Factors that influence efficacy
Punishment is associative process Trials effect
punished B aversive SR
greater suppression Intensity (magnitude)
greater intensity greater efficacy Delay of punishment
longer delay less effective ~
![Page 5: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Factors that influence efficacy
History of punishment start w/ weak ineffective punishment more intense punishment less effective Habituation occurs
Alternate routes of reinforcement Provide alternate responses to gain reward
after punishment increases effectiveness ~
![Page 6: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Human Case Study
NOT an experiment 9 month old boy w/ chronic vomiting
near death before treatment Recorded precise muscle activity
identified muscle activity that preceded vomiting ~
![Page 7: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Procedure
Vomiting muscle activity observed Punished w/ shock
produced startle response but not crying
Results Vomiting eliminated after 5 trials
over 3 days BUT… ~
![Page 8: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Potential Side Effects
Unintended & undesirable Response generalization
other responses to aversive stimuli anger/fear/aggression avoidance
Global effects can be worse than behavior punished ~
![Page 9: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Monkey Study
Learn to push button to get food opens a door
Put toy snake in food dish quit pushing button after a few trials
Side effects lost interest in eating lost social status
lower in hierarchy ~
![Page 10: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Painful Stimuli & Aggression
College women 1 teaches another words
1 group of teachers hand in warm water Other while hand in ice water
Results Ice water group verbally aggressive ~
![Page 11: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Alternatives to Positive Punishment
Time-out Remove opportunities for RFT
Response cost Fines, loss of privileges
Differential RFT of … Other Behaviors (DRO) Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) ~
![Page 12: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Escape & Avoidance:Negative Reinforcement
![Page 13: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Escape / Avoidance
Shuttle Box 2 compartments Can jump over
barrier Electrified grid Speaker/light
emits signal ~
![Page 14: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Shuttlebox
speaker
Tone on
![Page 15: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Shuttlebox
speaker
Shock on
![Page 16: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Shuttlebox
speaker
Jumps barrier
![Page 17: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Shuttlebox
speaker
What is outcome?
![Page 18: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Shuttlebox
Jumping over barrier terminates shock More trials responds more quickly learns to avoid shock ~
![Page 19: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Shuttlebox
speaker
Tone on
![Page 20: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Shuttlebox
speaker
Jumps barrier before shock on
![Page 21: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Shuttlebox
speaker
What is outcome?
![Page 22: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Shuttlebox Results
Early trials: escapes shock After may trials: avoidance
Shift from escape avoidance Why? ~
![Page 23: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mowerer’s 2 Process Theory (1947)
2 processes involved in escape/avoidance Operant & Classical Conditioning
Early trials escape (operant)
shock (SD) jumping (B) escape (SR) Later trials avoidance (CC involved)
Tone (CS) evokes fear (CER) B reduces fear drive strengthens response ~
![Page 24: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
So...
Avoidance = escape from fear fear is classically conditioned Tone = SD & CS
Avoidance no shock? Does extinction occur?
2 process view suggest cyclical performance ~
![Page 25: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Observed performance
Hi
Lo
# of trials
avoidance continues
Avoidance
Escape
But extinction does NOT occur ~
![Page 26: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Avoidance & Extinction
Avoidance behavior Persists Resistant to extinction
Explanation? failure to avoid is punished Cognitive Theory
(Annau & Kamin, 1961) Conservation of Anxiety Theory
(Solomon & Wynne, 1954) ~
![Page 27: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Expectancy Theory Cognitive theory Early trials consistent w/ 2 process
tone Fear avoidance More experience expectancy
expectancy = no shock Avoidance (B) satisfying outcome
Avoidance response strengthened Difficult to extinguish ~
![Page 28: Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050819/56813ca4550346895da6526a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Conservation of Anxiety Theory
Fear of CS doesn’t fully extinguish Immediate avoidance short latency
Delayed avoidance Exposed CS longer No extinction for later portion CS Strengthens fear of early CS
Behavior Therapy Exposure to sequential CSs Exposure therapy - fear hierarchy ~