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PUNISHMENT Chapter 4. PUNISHMENT CONTINGENCY The immediate, response contingent presentation of an...
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Transcript of PUNISHMENT Chapter 4. PUNISHMENT CONTINGENCY The immediate, response contingent presentation of an...
PUNISHMENT
Chapter 4
PUNISHMENT CONTINGENCY
• The immediate,
• response contingent presentation
• of an aversive condition
• resulting in a decreased frequency of that response
Aversive Condition
• Any stimulus, event, or condition whose termination immediately following a response increases the frequency of that response = ESCAPE
• Any stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately following a response decreases the frequency of that response = PUNISHMENT
Aversive Conditions are necessary to both definitions
• ESCAPE
• PUNISHMENT
Aversive Conditions
• We prefer to minimize contact with these– Electric shock– Smelling a skunk (unpleasant odor)– Jack hammer’s constant drilling– Hot pepper sauce (painful stimuli)
Examples of punishment contingencies
Before Behavior After
Ed receives no painful shock
Ed moves leg Ed receives painful shock
She has no ice cube on face
She grinds teeth She has an ice cube on face
Sandra has no squirt of sour lemon juice
Sandra starts vigorous tongue movement
Sandra receives squirt of lemon juice
The punishment contingency describes a
functional relationship between behavior and the
environment.
Contingency Table
Stimulus, event, or condition
Present immediately following a
response
Remove immediately following a
response
Reinforcer Reinforcement
Aversive Condition
Punishment Escape
or ?
Examples of punishment contingencies
Before Behavior After
Ed receives no painful shock
Ed moves leg Ed receives painful shock
She has no ice cube on face
She grinds teeth She has an ice cube on face
Sandra has no squirt of sour lemon juice
Sandra starts vigorous tongue movement
Sandra receives squirt of lemon juice
Graph
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Baseline Punishment
SpittingFreq
uenc
y
Contingency vs. Principle
• CONTINGENCY
The immediate, response contingent presentation of an aversive condition resulting in a decreased frequency of that response
• PRINCIPLE
A response becomes less frequent if an aversive condition or an increase in an aversive condition has immediately followed it in the past.
Adaptive function of behavior that comes under the control of punishment contingencies
• We don’t walk into door frames
• We tend not to trip over wires
• We don’t burn ourselves on hot stoves
Application of punishment contingencies
Overcorrection
• A contingency on inappropriate behavior requiring the person to engage in an effortful response that more than corrects the effects of the inappropriate behavior.
Overcorrection
Behavior:
John sweeps trash under a rug
Before:
John need not sweep the room
After:
John must do effortful overcorrection of sweeping the room
Sick Social Cycle
• The perpetrator’s aversive behavior punishes the victim’s appropriate behavior. And the victim’s stopping the appropriate behavior unintentionally reinforces that aversive behavior
Before: Teacher asks Jimmy to do a tough task
Behavior: Jimmy disrupts
After: Teacher does not ask Jimmy to do a task
Before: Jimmy does not disrupt
Behavior: Teacher asks Jimmy to do a tough task
After: Jimmy disrupts
Sick Social Cycle – Victim’s Punishment Model
Page 72
• Fill this in, study it
Chapter 4
enrichment
Punishment Contingency
• For every punishment contingency, there’s a reinforcement contingency in the background
Punishment & Reinforcement
Before:
No food
Before:
No shock
After:
Food
Behavior:
Lever Press
Reinforcement Contingency
Punishment Contingency
After:
Shock
Punishment vs. Aggression
• Don’t use punishment in wrath
• Don’t confuse punishment with divine retribution
• Forget the eye-for-an-eye notion.
If you use punishment
• Remember:
–Make it as short as possible
–All you want is to change behavior, not have people atone for their sins.
Independent Variable
• The variable the experimenter systematically manipulates
• The INTERVENTION
Dependent Variable
• A measure of the subject’s behavior
graphs
• Value of visual inspection of the data
Multiple BSLN Design
• An experimental design in which the replications involve baselines of differing durations and interventions of differing starting times
Sally's Class Participation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Com
men
ts p
er H
our
BSLN INTERVENTION
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Que
stio
ns p
er H
our
Sessions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Doing Science
• Good experimental questions
• Good design
• Complete descriptions of procedures
• Data collection that is accurate & complete
Informed consent
• Consent to intervene in a way that is experimental and/or risky
• The participant or guardian is informed of the risks and benefits and of the right to stop the intervention.
Social Validity
• The goals, procedures, and results of an intervention are socially acceptable to the client, the behavior analyst, and society.
Punishment or escape?
Before Behavior After
Ed has dentist drill on tooth
Ed raises hand Ed has no drill on tooth
She has smell of smelling salts
She opens eyes She has no smell of smelling salts
Sandy’s eyes are not covered
Sandy self-stimulates
Sandy’s eyes are covered 10”
What contingency?
Before Behavior After
Shock Lever press No shock
No shock Lever press Shock
No food pellet Lever press Food pellet