AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES …

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ISSN: 1991-8178 (print)ISSN: 2309-8414 (online)

Published Monthly (January,February, March, April, May, June,July, August, September, October,November and December)

Journal Contact Mailing AddressE-mail: [email protected]

Principal ContactE-mail: [email protected]

Support ContactE-mail: [email protected]

Websiteshttp://www.ajbasweb.com

Journals related to AJBAS andFree JournalResearch Journal of Animal andVeterinary SciencesGlobal Journal of PlantEcophysiologyGlobal Journal of Medicinal PlantResearchGlobal Journal of BiodiversityScience and Management

To see more Journals visit ourPage:http://www.aensiweb.com/journals.html

The Journal of the AJBAS (Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences) has beenpublished since 2007.AJBAS (Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences) is amultidisciplinary journal that publishes high quality research publications in the areas ofAgriculture, Biological, Information, Engineering, Health & Life Sciences, Zoology,Humanity, Social and Applied Sciences etc. and published by American-Eurasian Networkfor Scientific Information, Jordan with ISSN: 1991-8178. Being an academic-researchpublisher of peer-reviewed journals across the world, AJBAS is committed to publishexcellent, original, double-blind peer-reviewed research articles of all types in varioussubjects. Along with AJBAS, AENSI Publishing Corporation publishes a number of journalsto nurture the community and recognize the budding talents in the scientific world.

AJBAS (Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences) reached until October of 2017around 20.500 citations according to Google scholar and there are strategies for increasingthe citations to be in the end of 2017 more than 21 000 citations by publishing the high-quality papers and specific topics which have highly attentions around the world. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NojREosAAAAJ&hl=en

Google-based Impact Factor: 2.5The impact factor (IF) normally is calculated by Thomson Reuters based on the Web ofScience (WOS). However, Google Scholar now provides an alternative Google-based impactfactor. Google Scholar is the only openly available database suitable for journal metriccalculation. It has a wide coverage and is a meaningful source. For this reason, AJBAS(Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences) is calculating its own Impact Factor byapplying Thomson Reuters'(TR) algorithm based on Google Scholar’s citation counts.

AS Journal Stats until October 2017Articles 2700

Citations 20500

h-index 43

i10-index 669

IF 2.5

IMPACT FACTOR IF FOR AJBAS MIAR collects data for the identification and the analysis of scientific journals(Spain) ICDS IF= 3.5 http://miar.ub.edu/issn/1991-8178SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL IMPACT FACTOR (SJIF 2013 = 3.84).GLOBAL IMPACT FACTOR (GIF 2015=0.786)INFOBASE INDEX IBI FACOTR IN 2015=3.79GENERAL IMPACT FACTOR IN 2016: 0.7039Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Journal Impact underRESEARCHGATE: 0.23* *This value is calculated using RESEARCHGATE data and is based on average

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIEDSCIENCES (AJBAS)

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citation counts from work published in this journal.

Most cited articlesInduction and modulation of resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease bybioagent fungi (arbuscular mycorrhiza) and/or hormonal elicitors (jasmonic acid & salicylicacid): 1-Changes in growth, some metabolic activities and endogenous hormones related todefence mechanism

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=NojREosAAAAJ&citation_for_view=NojREosAAAAJ:qKtbcrzMvwACFactors influencing acoustic performance of sound absorptive materialshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=NojREosAAAAJ&citation_for_view=NojREosAAAAJ:kMwF0kOiZPMCImpact of Treatment on Growth and Yield of Lettuce and Tomatohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=NojREosAAAAJ&citation_for_view=NojREosAAAAJ:RIrVDUe1hjoCRice husk ash concrete: the effect of RHA average particle size on mechanical propertiesand drying shrinkagehttps://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=NojREosAAAAJ&citation_for_view=NojREosAAAAJ:CREiCvMVTUACIsolation and identification of new cellulases producing thermophilic bacteria from anEgyptian hot spring and some properties of the crude enzymehttps://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=NojREosAAAAJ&citation_for_view=NojREosAAAAJ:mNm_27jwclsC

All rights reserved AJBAS

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25/08/20 23.16Editorial board

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Home About Journal ! Author guidelines manuscript submission

Online issues Editorial board Templates & Forms !

Contact & ShortDetails (AJBAS)

ISSN: 1991-8178 (print)ISSN: 2309-8414(online)

Published Monthly(January, February,March, April, May, June,July, August, September,October, November andDecember)

Journal ContactMailing AddressE-mail:[email protected]

Principal ContactE-mail:[email protected]

Support ContactE-mail:[email protected]

Websiteshttp://www.ajbasweb.com

Journals related toAJBAS and FreeJournalResearch Journal ofAnimal and Veterinary

EDITOR IN CHIEF: Prof. Dr. Abdel Rahman Mohammad Al-Tawaha

SENIOR EDITORS:Prof. Dr. Refat A. YoussefAgricultural and Biological Research Division, National ResearchCentre El-bohoose St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Prof .Dr. Zheng-xing WuScience and Technology, Huazhong University of Science andTechnology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China.

• Prof. Dr. Eder Paschoal PintoUnichristus, School of Business. Avenida Dom Luís, 911,Aldeota. 60160-196 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

Editors.• Prof. Dr. Hamid Nikraz, Australia• Prof. Dr. Bob Redden, Australia • Prof. Dr. Abu Umar Faruq Ahmad, Australia• Prof. Dr. Mazen A. Ateyyat, Jordan• Prof. Ahmed Boutejdar, Germany• Prof. Dr. Márcio Pereira da Rocha, Brazil• Prof. Dr.. Eder Paschoal Pinto, Brazil• Prof. Dr. Ismail Sahid, Malaysia• Prof. T.R.Mankhand, India• Prof. Bhaskar Bhattacharya.India• Prof. Dr. Kyung-Dong Lee, Korea• Prof. P. Ramkumar M., India• Prof. Dr. Abubakr Gomaa, Egypt• Prof. Dr. Shaban D. Abou Hussein, Egypt

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BASICAND APPLIED SCIENCES (AJBAS)

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SciencesGlobal Journal of PlantEcophysiologyGlobal Journal ofMedicinal PlantResearchGlobal Journal ofBiodiversity Scienceand Management

To see more Journalsvisit our Page:http://www.aensiweb.com/journals.html

• Pro. Dr. Raed S. Al-Wasify, Egypt• Prof. Lakshmi narayanan, India• Prof. Anish Upadhyaya. India• Prof. Kantesh Balani. India• Prof. Sunil Mohan. India• Prof. Shri. J.K.singh. India

ADVISORY BOARD FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE ANDCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY• P.IyappanAssistant Professor, Department of Computer Science &Engineering, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,605107, Puducherry, India.• A.MartinAssociate Professor, Department of Master of ComputerApplications, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, 605107, Puducherry, India• Dr. B. SathiyabhamaDept. of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Sona College ofTechnology, Salem. India• D. SaravananFaculty of Operations & IT,IBS Hyderabad, The ICFAI Foundationfor Higher Education(Declared as Deemed-to-be university u/s 3of the UGC Act 1956), Dontanpalli (Village), Shankerpalli Road,Hyderabad, Telangana., India.• A.RamalingamAssociate Professor, Department of Master of ComputerAp.plications, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, 605107, Puducherry, India.• J. MadhusudhananAssociate Professor, Department of Computer Science andEngineering, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, 605107, Puducherry, India.• Dr. S. SelvakaniProfessor and Head, Department of Computer Applications,Francis Xavier Engineering College, Vannarpettai, Tirunelveli,India• Prof.D.Satish KumarAssistant professor (SG), Department of Computer science andEngineering Nehru institute of technology,(formerly JawaharlalInstitute of Technology) “Jawahar gardens” Kaliapuram,



Thirumalayam Palayam P.O. Coimbatore 641105, Tamilnadu,INDIA• Dr. R.S. Rajesh Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science andEngineering, Manonmaium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,Tamilnadu, India• Dr.M.UshaDept. of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Sona College ofTechnology, Salem. India

Advisory Board for Engineering• Umair Hasan Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science andEngineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.• Amin Chegenizadeh Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science andEngineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987. Perth. Australia

• Mochamad Arief BudihardjoDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science andEngineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987. Perth. Australia

• Hamid NikrazProfessor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty ofScience and Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987.Perth. Australia

• Dr. Mochamad Arief BudihardjoDepartment of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, Perth,Australia• Dr.S. RameshProfessor & Head of the Department, Department of Electricaland Electronics Engineering, K.S.R.College of Engineering,Tiruchengode - 637 215, Namakkal (Dt),Tamilnadu, India• Dr. E.Gowthaman M.E.Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics andInstrumentation Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineeringand Technology,Coimbatore-641032• Dr. Amin ChegenizadehDepartment of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, Perth,Australia



• Dr. Savita DixitDepartment Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad NationalInstitute Of Technology, Bhopal. India• Prof.C.EaswarlalHead of the Department, Department of Electrical andElectronics Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem -636 005. India• Dr. N. KannanProfessor/Head, Sona SPEED, Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem -636 005. Tamilnadu, India

• Dr.M.Senthil KumarProfessor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Sona College of Technology, Salem-636 005.Tamilnadu, India

• Dr. K. KrishnamoorthiAssistant Professor (Senior Grade),Department of Electrical andElectronics Engineering, Sona College of technology, Salem-636005, India

• Dr.R.MEENAKUMARIProfessor,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,Kongu Engineering College, Erode - 638 052. Tamilnadu, India

• Dr. A. MURUGANANDHAMProfessor and Head, Department of Electronics andCommunication Engineering, Vivekanandha College ofEngineering for Women, Trichengode, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. N. SenthilnathanProfessor & Head of the Department, Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode - 638052. Tamilnadu, India

• Dr. C. KarthikeyanProfessor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,K.S.R.College of Engineering, Tiruchengode-637 215,Namakkal(Dt),Tamilnadu, India

• Dr. S. Thangaprakash



Senior Lecturer, School of Electrical Systems Engineering,University Malaysia PERLIS (UniMAP),Pauh Putra, Arau,Kangar,02600, Perlis, MALAYSIA

• Dr. GOBBI RamasamyFaculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya,Selangor, Malaysia

• Dr. A. Muruganandham Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & CommunicationEngineering (PG) Sona College of Technology, Salem - 636 005India

Advisory Board for Agricultural and Biological Sciences

• Dr. Magdy Mostafa Desoky MohammedPharmacognosy Department Pharmaceutical and DrugIndustries Research Division National Research Center Dokki-12311, Cairo – Egypt• Dr. Hosam M. SafaaAssociate Professor, Animal Production Department, Faculty ofAgriculture, Cairo University,7 Gamaa st.,12613 Giza, Egypt

Advisory Board for Business, Management, Economicsand Social Sciences • Prof. Dr. Nawab Ali KhanDepartment of Human Resource Management, College ofBusiness Administration, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, PostBox:165, Al- Kharj - 11942,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

• Prof. Dr. Eder Paschoal PintoUnichristus, School of Business. Avenida Dom Luís, 911,Aldeota. 60160-196 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

Advisory Board for Forest Engineering and BuiltEnvironment • Prof. Dr. MarcioRocha-Pereira da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departmentof Forest Engineering and Technology, - Av Lothario Meissner,631 -. Botanical Garden, Campus III - 80210-170 - Curitiba,Paraná – Brazil



• Prof. Dr Jamaliah Md JahimFaculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia UKM, 43600 Bangi Selangor MALAYSIA

• Prof. Dr MA Hannan

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia UKM 43600 Bangi Selangor MALAYSIA

Head of Advisory Board for Physics Sciences Dr. Ahmed Najim Abdullah,Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, College of Science,University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Advisory Board for Applied Sciences • O. MahranUniversity of Alexandria, physics department, Faculty of science,Moharam bek building, Alex. Egypt

Scientific Committee for AJBAS Journal• Dr. Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo, Indonesia• Dr. Bob Redden, Australia• Dr. Shyam Yadav, Afghanistan• Dr. Mohammad Ali Ashrafi Pour, Armenia• Dr. Babek Erdebilli, Turkey• Dr. Wafa'a Abdelrahman Abdulla Al Taisan, Saudi Arabia• Dr. Samah DJEDDI, Algeria• Dr. Noor Mohammad, Bangladesh• Dr. Nasruddin Hassan, Malaysia• Dr. Atif Elsadig Idris, Sudan• Dr. Ratnakar josyula, USA• Dr. Mazin Al-Hadidi, Jordan• Dr. Abdullah Noman Mosleh Al-Dhaibani, Saudi Arabia• Dr. Mohamed Fathy Yassin. Kuwait• Dr. Chockalingam Annamalai, Malaysia• Dr. Sharif Hossain, Saudi Arabia• Dr. Babak Daneshvar Rouyendegh, Turkey• Dr. Sunil Kumar, India• Dr. Ezzeddine Ben Mohamed, Tunis• Dr. Janaina Fernandes Gon-alves, Brasil



• Prof . Dr. Khalifa Abd El . Maksoud Zaied, Egypt.• Dr. Balasubramaniam P.M., India• Dr. Dr.Archana Kumari, Canada• Dr. Ini-Dennis Edem, Brazile

All rights reserved AJBAS

25/08/20 22.55Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

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Special 10 ICMMMM, 2014

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Isothermal Oxidation of Low Carbon Steel Coated by Hot Dipping in an Al-La Alloy

Zaifol Samsu, Norinsan Kamil Othman, Abd Razak Daud, Muhamad Izhar Sahri andMuhammad Daud

1-6

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Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) Laser Cutting

Pedram Parandoush, AltabHossain, NukmanYusoff, Abu Mohammed Sifullah, K M Anamul Hossain

7-11

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Characterization, Antibacterial and Bio-Compatibility of Zinc Oxide Structures

Ling Chuo Ann, Shahrom Mahmud, Siti Khadijah Mohd Bakhori, Amna Sirelkhatim,Dasmawati Mohamad, Habsah Hasan, Azman Seeni, Rosliza Abdul Rahman

12-17

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Numerical Investigation of Flow Boiling in Double-Layer Microchannel Heat Sink

Shugata Ahmed, Islam M.F. Seder, Hazli Ab. Manaf, Mirghani I. Ahmed, M N A Hawlader

18-24

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Deformation and Densification Response of Sintered Ni-Mo Low Alloy Steels duringCold and Hot Working

D. Shanmugasundaram

25-35

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Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Some Industrial Semi-Crystalline and CrystallinePolymers

D. Shanmugasundaram and R. Chandramouli

36-47

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Decision Support System Using Fuzzy AHP and Activity Based Life Cycle Costing

Freselam Mulubrhan, Ainul Akmar Binti Mokhtar and Masdi Muhamed

48-54

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The Influence of Niobium Pentoxide (Nb2O5) on the Sintering Behavior of YttriaTetragonal Zicronia Polycrystal Using Two-Step Sintering (TSS) Method

Mohsen Golieskardi, Meenaloshini Satgunam, Dinesh Ragurajan

59-63

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Evaluation of Nd2O5 Doped Y-tzp Using two step Sintering Method

Dinesh s/o Ragurajan, Meenaloshini d/o Satgunam, Mohsen Golieskardi

64-67

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Effect on Gadolinium based Microarc Oxidation Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

Farah Alina A.A, S. Norbahiyah, M.N. Derman

68-73

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Enhancement of Vehicle Safety Standards Through Automotive Across Asean.

Dr (Mrs.) Muneer Sultana and Khairul Amilin Ibrahim

74-79

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Enhancing Tool life of Silicon Nitride Inserts Via Hybrid Microwave Post Sintering

Tasnim Firdaus Ariff, Husna Izzati Ibrahim, Noor Sheila Roselley, Mohammad Iqbal,Irfan Hilmy and 6Suryanto

80-85

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Effectiveness of kapok fibre (Ceibapentandra) as roof insulation for residential buildingsin hot climate

Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin, NadzhratulHusna Ahmad Puad, Azirul Zainal, Syed Ahmad Farhan,MohdFaris Khamidi

86-91

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A Preliminary Evaluation of Radiation Grafted Polyethylene Film With AntimicrobialProperties For Active Packaging Application

Nor Azwin Shukri, Zulkafli Ghazali, Nor Azillah Fatimah Othman, Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad andMat Uzir Wahit

92-96

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Revealing engineering management contribution (EMC) to outputs of manufacturingSMEs: a literature review

Houssein Elaswad, Shahidul Islam, Syed Tarmizi, Abdulha Yassin, Man Djun Lee and Ting C.H.

97-106

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Evaluation of process parameters for graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate tokenaf fiber using design of experiment method.

Nor Azillah Fatimah Othman, Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah, Nor Azwin Shukri,Sarala Selambakkanu and Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad

107-111

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Delignification Studies of Banana Fibers For Radiation Graft Copolymerization

Sarala Selambakkannu, Nor Azillah Fatimah Othman, Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad and Hamdani Saidi

112-118












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2DHuman Pose Estimation Based on Histogram Analysis

Rosalyn R. Porle, Ali Chekima, Farrah Wong, Muralindran Mariappan,Mazlina Mamat and Norfarariyanti Parimon

119-125

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Determination of Static Modulus of Elasticity of Refractory Metals and Alloys fromAcoustic Impedance Tests

Arshed Abdulhamed Mohammed, Sallehuddin Mohamed Haris and Mohd Zaki Nuawi

126-129

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Do free flow of 11 logistics services provider positive impact to OEE in Beveragemanufacturing firm?

Jarun Bootdachi and Sirirak Khaochaimaha

130-139

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Stabilization Control for an X4-AUV using Backstepping Control Method

Z.M. Zain, D. Pebrianti, N. Harun

140-146

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Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamics of Three Blades Vertical Axis WindTurbine having Movable Vanes

Kadhim Hussein Suffer, Ghulam Abdul Quadir, Khairul Azwan Bin Ismail, Ryspek Usubamatov,Tan Chan Sin

147-151

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Phase Transformation of Rice Husk Ash in the synthesis of NaY Zeolite: Effect ofageing in short crystalline duration

Nurafiqah Rosman, Zawati Harun, Md Saidin Bin Wahab, Siti Khadijah Hubadillah,Nurul Nabilah Aminudin

152-159

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Processing and Characterization of Porous Mg Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Nurul Husna Z., C.C. Lee, S. Norbahiyah, A.B. Sanuddin

160-164

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Fabrication and Characterization of SiO2·RO/SUS Porous Composite Body

Lee Chang Chuan, Noboru Yoshikawa and Shoji Taniguchi

165-168

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Development of Airbag Suit System for Motorcyclist

Zulkifli Zainal Abidin and Fakhruddin Razali

169-173

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Efficiency of Benzyl Dimethyl (2-Hydroxyethyl) Ammonium Chloride as CorrosionInhibitor in Acetic Acid

Mohd Nazri Idris, Abdul Razak Daud and Norinsan Kamil Othman

174-179

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Comparison of Kinematic Models for Performance Evaluation of Parallel Mechanism

Fahisal Abdullah, Sazali Yaacob and Shafriza Nisha Basah

180-184

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Properties of 5% Biodiesel Produced by Small Plant using Waste Cooking Oil from aChip Cracker Factory

Nor Hazwani Abdullah and Sulaiman Haji Hassan

185-190

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A Study of Surface Roughness & Surface Integrity in Drilling Process Using VariousVegetable – Oil Based Lubricants In Minimum Quantity Lubrication

Nurul Adlina M.J., Kamaleshwaran T., Ahamd Fairuz M., Azwan I.A.

191-197

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Numerical Simulations of Bulk Metal Forming Process with Smooth ParticleHydrodynamics

Ameen Topa and Qasim H. Shah

198-204

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Mechanical Performance of Coconut Coir Fibre Reinforced Urea FormaldehydeComposites

Nurul Aliaa Mohd Adnan, Wan Ahmad Najmuddin Wan Saidin, Mohd Azam Musa,Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, S. Rasool Mohideen

205-210

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Feasibility of Double-Layer Microchannel Fabrication at Low Speed Micro End-Milland Wire-Cut EDM Machines

Islam M.F. Seder, Shugata Ahmed, Mirghani I. Ahmed, M.N.A. Hawlader

211-217

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Comparative Studies of Heat and Mass Transfer by Convective and Microwave-Convective Drying for Nonhygroscopic Ceramic

Zawati Harun and Tze Ching Ong

218-225

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Effect of Temperature on Reaction Layer of Diffusion Bonded Sialon to AISI 420Martensitic Stainless Steel

Nor Nurulhuda Md. Ibrahim, Patthi Hussain and Mokhtar Awang

226-232












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Ceramic Membrane Surface Roughness Induced by Modified Phase Inversion: TheEffect of Thermodynamic Properties

Siti Khadijah Hubadillah, Zawati Harun, Nurul Nabilah Aminudin, Nurafiqah Rosman

233-240

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Economic Analysis of Using E-Glass Composite Wrap Repair System for Pipelines inMalaysia

Tasnim Firdaus Ariff, Mohamad Asyraf Azmi and Rubina Bahar

241-245

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The Effect of Sound Absorption Coefficient of Particle Addition to PolyurethaneMatrix Composites

Yiong Ngee Fei and Amir Azam Khan

246-251

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Review of the Elementary Aspect of Small Solar-powered Electric Unmanned AerialVehicles

Howard Smith and Parvathy Rajendran

252-259

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Low-Carbon Buildings: Renewable Energy Systems, Materials and AssessmentMethods

Syed Ahmad Farhan, Nasir Shafiq, Khairun Azizi Mohd Azizli, Nazhatulzalkis Jamaludin,Syed Shujaa Safdar Gardezi

260-263

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Optimization of Accelerated Ducted Design in Wind Turbine System UsingComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Ahmad Hamdan Ariffin, Faizal Mustapha, Ahmad Nizam Jamaludin, Mohd Faruq Abdul Latif

264-268

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The Properties of Biodiesel Using Ultrasonic Continues Process

Nurrul Rahmah Binti Mohd Yusoff, Sulaiman Bin Hj Hasan and Nor Hazwani Binti Abdullah

269-276

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Friction Welding of SSM356 with SSM7075 Aluminium Alloys

Suppachai Chainarong, Prapas Muangjunburee and Chaiyoot Meengam

277-284

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Effect of PEG Additive on the Morphology and Permeability of Polysulfone-based Membranes

Nurul Nabilah Aminudin, Hatijah Basri, Goh Pei Sean, Siti Khadijah Hubadillah, Nurafiqah Rosman

285-291

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Modelling and Control of Quad-rotor MAV Using Motion Tracking System

D. Pebrianti, Z.M. Zain, M.F. Abas, L. Bayuaji and K. Nonami

292-301

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Bio Ceramic Zirconia/Hydroxyapatite Nano Composite Extracted from Bovine Bone

F. Mohamaddoost, H.M. Yusoff, K.A. Matori, F. Ostovan, G.R. Vahedi

302-306

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The Influence of Molten Salt Deposit in Water Vapor Environment on CorrosionBehaviour of Stainless Steel at High Temperature

Muhamad Izhar Sahri, Norinsan Kamil Othman, Zaifol Samsu and Abdul Razak Daud

307-312

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Granulation of Maerogel with Solid Sphere Soda-Lime and Boro-Silicate Glass Powderby Using Spray-Drying Process

Intan Syaqirah Mohd Zulkifli, Muhamad Azizi Mat Yajid, Mohd Hasbullah Idris, Halimaton Hamdan

313-318

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A Decision Model to Assess Current Methods in Capacity Planning for SemiconductorIndustry

Amir Azizi

319-325

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Improving Cure Reversion Resistance and Physical Properties of Silica FilledEpoxidised Natural Rubber Compound for Tyre Treads

Ahmad KifliChe Aziz, Teku Zakwan Zaeimoedin, Mazlina Mustafa Kamal, Siti Salina Sarkawi

326-331

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The Effect of Natural Fibres Mercerization on Natural Fibres/PolypropyleneComposites: A Study of Thermal Stability, Morphology and Infrared Spectrum

Elammaran Jayamani, Sinin Hamdan, Soon Kok Heng, Md Rezaur Rahman,Muhammad Khusairy Bakri, Akshay Kakar

332-340

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A Hybrid of EMD-SVM Based on Extreme Learning Machine for Crude Oil PriceForecasting

Rana Abdullah Ahmed and Ani Bin Shabri

341-351

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Leak Detection in Pipeline Using Wavelet and Ceptrum Analysis

Makeen Amin, MohdFairushamGhazali, Abdul malik, NurulFatiehah Adnan

352-355

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Leak Detection in MDPE Gas Pipeline using Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform

Nurul Fatiehah Adnan, Mohd. Fairusham Ghazali, Makeen Amin, Abdul Malik, Akmal Ariffin

356-360

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Optimization of Laser Cutting Parameters Using Variable Weight Grey-Taguchi Method

K.F. Muhammad and W.A.W. Yusoff

361-365

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Design Evaluation Framework for Design Engineers using Improved Rough-GreyAnalysis – A case study

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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(15) Special 2014, Pages: 80-85

AENSI Journals

Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

ISSN:1991-8178

Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com

Corresponding Author: Tasnim Firdaus Ariff, International Islamic University Malaysia, Manufacturing & Materials Engineering, Engineering Faculty, P.O Box 10, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Telephone: (603) 61965728

Enhancing Tool life of Silicon Nitride Inserts Via Hybrid Microwave Post Sintering 1Tasnim Firdaus Ariff, 2Husna Izzati Ibrahim, 3Noor Sheila Roselley, 4Mohammad Iqbal, 5Irfan Hilmy and 6Suryanto

1-6International Islamic University Malaysia, Manufacturing & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received 15 September 2014 Accepted 5 October 2014 Available online 25 October 2014 Key words: silicon nitride; post sintering; hybrid microwave energy; conventional heating; tool life; wear resistance

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is widely used as a cutting tool material due to its high fracture toughness and high strength at elevated temperatures compared with the properties of other ceramics materials. This research aims to study the effects of hybrid microwave energy on the tool life of Si3N4 cutting tool by using post-sintering technique at 600°C for 15 minutes. Results were compared with post-sintering using conventional heating with the same conditions. Dry machining was performed on a T6061 Aluminium alloy rod for wear measurement analysis. Hybrid microwave post-sintered Si3N4 insert resulted in a longer tool life (48-94 %) compared with the conventionally post sintered Si3N4 insert (11-21%). This is due to the increase in wear resistance resulting from the improvements in the mechanical properties such as density and hardness.

© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. ToCite ThisArticle:T.F. Ariff, H.I. Ibrahim, N.S. Roselley, M. Iqbal, I. Hilmy and Suryanto, Enhancing Tool life of Silicon Nitride Inserts Via Hybrid Microwave Post Sintering. Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 8(15): 80-85, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Silicon nitride is in the group of hard covalent materials (Homlberg and Matthews, 1994) and often has

amorphous structures with the atomic bonding which are formed with very high cohesive forces (Grzesik, 2008) that can withstand high temperatures, higher resistance to abrasive wear and improved oxidation and chemical resistance (Kalpakjian, 2013). Tool wear is undeniably a problem that will occur regardless how fascinating and magnificent the tool properties are. Tool wear is an important parameter that must be controlled so that the tool life will be prolonged. The properties in Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) are knowingly outstanding. However, the wear will be influenced with the type of work material, machining parameters and processing time. So if tool wear is high, replacement of tools will become faster and eventually result in increasing machining cost. A new technique using post sintering via hybrid microwave energy is developed for minimizing tool wear as well as increasing tool life.

In microwave sintering, it involves energy conversion which is different from the conventional sintering that involves energy transfer. In microwave sintering, the heat is generated internally within the material instead of originating from external sources like in conventional heating. In the process of microwave heating, the materials absorb microwave energy themselves and then transform it into heat within the sample volume (Sorescu et al., 2007). The energy is directly transferred to the material through the interaction of electromagnetic waves with molecules leading to heating (Ebadzadeh and Valefi, 2007). Higher heating rates from hybrid microwave energy result in a more uniform heating; i.e volumetric heating, which reduces the total processing time and overall energy consumption (Ariff and Gabbitas, 2008).

According to Feng and Hattori (2000), aluminium and its alloys are considered to be the most critical materials with regards to dry machining; since it possesses a high thermal conductivity, the workpiece absorbs considerable amount of heat from the machining process and may cause deformation due to its higher thermal expansion capabilities. Aluminium alloys also may cause problem related to chip formation due to its high ductility. T6061 Aluminum alloy has a wide range of mechanical and corrosion resistance properties as well as having most of the good qualities of aluminum. It is used in many applications from aircraft structures, yacht construction, truck bodies, bicycle frames to screw machine parts. However, Ariff et al. (2013) have successfully dry machined T6061 aluminium alloy using Si3N4 with insignificant rise in temperature compared to traditional wet machining. Nevertheless, the tool life cannot be maintained even though there is only a slight decrease (1-10%) when compared to wet machining.

81 Tasnim Firdaus Ariff et al, 2014 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(15) Special 2014, Pages: 80-85

Therefore, research investigates the possibilities of enhancing tool life of Si3N4 inserts by post sintering via

hybrid microwave energy and the results are to be compared with post sintering via conventional heating. Tool life analysis is conducted by dry machining T6061 aluminium alloy at three different cutting speeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of Si3N4 inserts:

Silicon Nitride (Si3N4)inserts from Sandvik Coromant with diameter of 12.69 mm and thickness of 7.96 mm were used (Fig. 1). There were two types of Si3N4 inserts that were examined in this study. The triangular inserts (TNGA 332 T0820-6190) were used for machining purpose for tool life analysis and the circular inserts (RNG 45 T0820-6190) were used for mechanical and micro structural analysis. Three sets of experiments were prepared with three sets of inserts. First, is the commercially available tool as it is with no heat treatment performed (unpost sintered). The second, is the post sintered Si3N4 via hybrid microwave energy. The third, is the post-sintered Si3N4 via conventional heating.

Fig. 1: Si3N4 inserts used

Post Sintering Via Conventional Heating:

In order to perform post sintering using conventional furnace, the heating conditions with the hybrid microwave sintering were used. The conventional furnace (Nabertherm N81) was set to 600ºC for 15 minutes of holding time. The Si3N4 insert was placed on top of a ceramic tile which was then placed into the furnace.

Post Sintering Via Hybrid Microwave Energy:

Post sintering was done by using the modified domestic microwave oven (Panasonic ST 55M). The Si3N4 insert was placed inside an alumina crucible which was placed inside another larger crucible and then filled with 3 g of graphite powder (Alfa Aesar -300 mesh). This is to avoid direct contact of the Si3N4 insert with the graphite powder which acts as a susceptor to aid in speeding up the heating process. Susceptors have the capability of absorbing microwave energy, since they comprise a particulate substrate which is substantially non-reflective of microwave energy. Finally, the crucible is placed inside a ceramic fiber insulator box which is then placed inside the microwave furnace. The Si3N4 insert was post sintered for 15 minutes and a gun type infrared pyrometer (SENTRY- ST671) was used to record the temperature. The temperature reading showed 600°C.

Mechanical Testing:

The three samples of Si3N4 inserts from each category; unpost sintered, conventionally sintered and microwave sintered, were mechanically tested for its density, hardness, compression strength and wear. Density was measured using Electronic Densimeter (Rillins Sains MD 2005). Hardness test was performed using MicroVickers Hardness Tester (Mitutoyo MVK-H2) with 20 seconds of dwell time. The compression test was conducted using the Universal Testing Machine (Shimadzu 250 kN). The solid cylindrical insert (disk) was compressed between two flat dies. Tensile stresses were developed perpendicular to the vertical centerline along the disk during compression. Fracture begins and the disk splits into half vertically. The tensile stress (σ) of the insert from the compression test is uniform along the centerline and can be calculated from Eq.1,

σ = 2P /(πdt) (1)

where P is the load at fracture, d is the diameter of the disk and t is the thickness. In order to avoid

premature failure at the contact points, thin strips of soft metal were placed between the disk and the two platens; these strips also protect the platens from being damaged during the test.

Tool life Analysis:

Dry machining of T6061 aluminium alloy rod with a diameter 100 mm and was performed using three different cutting speeds; 215, 314 and 393 m/min, at a depth of cut (d) 0.2 mm and a feed rate (f) of 0.4 mm/rev. Wear measurements were found by using an Optical Microscope (Nikon MM-400). Data were extrapolated (up to maximum flank wear of 0.4 mm), graphs were plotted and tool life curves for the three types of Si3N4 inserts were analyzed.


Micro Structural Analysis:

Samples for microstructural analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (JEOL-JSM 5600) were polished (Metapol-2 polisher) with alumina solution till most of the surface scratches were removed. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was used as an etchant with an etching time of 30 – 60 seconds.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Density Measurement:

Fig. 2 presents the results obtained from the density measurement of Si3N4 inserts based on the type of post sintering method. It is clearly obvious that post sintering for 15 minutes at 600°C using conventional heating and hybrid microwave energy have not significantly changed the density measurements. Percentage increase for the former is only 0.4 % while the latter has increased by 0.8 % when compared with the unpost-sintered inserts. This increase is too small to be even considered an improvement. Results appeared to be quite similar due to the post sintering conditions which was only done for 15 minutes at 600°C. Furthermore, the Si3N4 inserts itself are already very dense and there would not have been any more increase in density even if it was post sintered for a longer duration of time or at a very much higher temperature.

2.582.59

2.6

2.56

2.58

2.6

2.62

Unpost-sintered Conventionally Post Sintered

Hybrid Microwave Post Sintered

Den

sity

(g/c

m3 )

Silicon Nitride inserts

Density of Post Sintered Silicon Nitride Inserts

Fig. 2: Density measurements of the Si3N4 inserts

Hardness:

Fig. 3 shows the results of the hardness test obtained for all the three types of silicon nitride inserts. Conventionally post sintered inserts have shown to have an increase in hardness by 14% while the hardness for the hybrid microwave post sintered inserts have increased by 31% when compared with the unpost-sintered inserts. Post sintering has increased the hardness of the material even though the density only showed a marginal increase.

1864 21212445

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000


Hybrid Microwave Post Sintered

Har

dnes

s (H

V)

Silicon Nitride inserts

Hardness of Post Sintered Silicon Nitride Inserts

Fig. 3: Hardness measurements of the Si3N4 inserts


Strength:

The compressive strength and tensile stress values for all the three types of Si3N4 inserts can be seen in Fig. 4. The conventionally post sintered Si3N4 inserts reduced its compressive strength by 16% when compared with the original unpost-sintered inserts. The hybrid microwave post sintering on the other hand, exhibited even a lower compressive strength (decreased by 22%) when compared with the original unpost-sintered inserts. This shows that the hybrid microwave sintered inserts absorbed lesser energy (590 MPa) to fracture compared with the unpost-sintered (615 MPa) and the conventionally post sintered (564 MPa) inserts. No doubt, brittle materials exhibit this characteristic whereby it has high hardness but lower ability to absorb energy for fracture. Silicon Nitride is a ceramic tool and post sintering for 15 minutes via conventional heating and hybrid microwave heating has enhanced its brittleness further.

Tool Life:

Flank wear measurements of the Si3N4 inserts were obtained (Fig. 5) and compared for three different cutting speeds (215, 314 and 393 m/min). From here, the tool life values were obtained for the untreated insert, the conventionally post-sintered and the hybrid microwave post sintered inserts. The exponential values (n) were found from the slopes of the tool life curves (Fig. 6) based on the Taylor’s tool life equation (Eq. 2),

V T n = C (2)

where V is the cutting speed, T is the tool life (minutes) and C is the constant value. The n values for all the

three types of Si3N4 inserts were found to be around 0.7 (which corresponds to ceramic tool); 0.71, 0.73 and 0.74 for the unpost-sintered, conventionally post-sintered and the hybrid microwave post-sintered inserts respectively.

Fig. 4: Compressive and Tensile stress values for the Si3N4 inserts

Fig. 5: Wear rate curves for the Si3N4 inserts at three different cutting speeds

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700


Hybrid Microwave Post

Sintered

Stre

ss

(MPa

)

Compressive and Tensile Stress (MPa)

Tensile stress

Compressive stress

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wea

r (m

m)

Time (min)

Wear Rate

Unpost-sintered (v=393 m/min)

Conventionally Post-Sintered (v= 393 m/min)

Hybrid Microwave Post-Sintered (v= 393 m/min)


Conventionally Post-sintered (v=314m/min)

Hybrid Microwave Post-sintered (v=314 m/min)


Conventionally Post-sintered (v=215 m/min)

Hybrid Microwave Post-sintered (v=215 m/min)


Fig. 6: Tool Life curves for the three types of Si3N4 inserts

For the same constant value of C, the larger the value of n, the longer the tool life. Therefore, post-sintering

has increased the level of n from 0.71 for the commercial untreated Si3N4 insert to 0.73 (conventionally post-sintered) and 0.74 (hybrid microwave post-sintered). Percentage of increase in tool life for the conventional and hybrid microwave post-sintering is shown in Table 1. The tool life of the conventionally post-sintered Si3N4 inserts increased by 11, 21 and 20 % for the cutting speed of 215, 314 and 393 m/min respectively. Meanwhile, post-sintering using the hybrid microwave energy resulted in a longer tool life; 94, 53 and 48% for 215, 314 and 393 m/min respectively.

Table 1: Percentage Increase in Tool Life

Type of Post-Sintering Cutting Speed, V (m/min) % Increase in Tool Life Conventional

215 11

Hybrid Microwave 94 Conventional

314 21

Hybrid Microwave 53 Conventional

393 20

Hybrid Microwave 48 There is a significant increase in the tool life from the post-sintering effect using hybrid microwave energy.

This is the resultant of the rapid heating or high heating rate encountered from the microwave energy. Post-sintering has a positive effect on the cutting tool inserts where it functions as a heat treatment to release stresses accumulated from the Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). Therefore, this post-sintering (heat treatment) has enhanced the hardness, the tool life and the wear resistance of the Si3N4 inserts. Micro Structural Analysis:

Micro structural images shown in Fig. 7 appear to be quite similar with no significant difference for all the three types of Si3N4 inserts. Considering the nature of the tool itself which is of very hard, dense and strong material, it is unlikely to observe any changes in the microstructure of the material.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 7: Polarized SEM image at 100X magnification (a) Un-post-sintered (b) Conventionally post-sintered (c) Hybrid microwave post-sintered Si3N4 inserts

2.25

2.3

2.35

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55

2.6

2.65

0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

Log V

Log T

Tool Life

Unpost-sintered

Conventionally post-sintered

Hybrid Microwave post-sintered


Conclusions:

Post sintering using conventional heating and hybrid microwave heating has resulted in the increase of tool life of Si3N4 inserts. Hybrid microwave energy prolonged the tool life by 48 – 94%, while conventional heating only managed to increase tool life by 11 -21%. 15 minutes of rapid heating has also improved wear resistance in the Si3N4 inserts. Wear resistance has improved even though there are no improvements in the density or strength. Hybrid microwave post-sintering has enabled to release residual stresses from the tool insert that were accumulated from the HIP process.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Great appreciation goes to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for funding this research project

through Research Acculturation Grant Scheme (RAGS).

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Singapore, pp: 198-199. Sorescu, M., L. Diamandescu, R. Peelamedu, R. Roy, A. Daly and Z. Bruno, 2007.Evidence For

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