Australia and the bomb
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Australia and the bomb Published on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au) Australia and the bomb The collections of the State Library reveal diverse themes and tangents of opposition to the bomb. These coexisted with a widespread unease about possible regional and global conflict that characterised the postwar years. My research into these strands of antinuclear thought and protest from 1945 has traversed the Library’s large collections of pamphlets, periodicals, manuscripts and ephemera relating to the broadly defined ‘peace movement’ and its many organisations, groups and influential figures. These collections depict a complex web of national organisations and their local chapters, political parties (and factions thereof), advocacy groups and unions, with the cross-pollination of individuals, ideas and resources between them all a major and enduring feature of peace activism in these years. pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg [1] Page 1 of 10
Transcript of Australia and the bomb
Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
Australia and the bomb
The collections of the State Library reveal diverse themes and tangents of opposition to the bomb. These coexistedwith a widespread unease about possible regional and global conflict that characterised the postwar years.
My research into these strands of antinuclear thought and protest from 1945 has traversed the Library’s largecollections of pamphlets, periodicals, manuscripts and ephemera relating to the broadly defined ‘peacemovement’ and its many organisations, groups and influential figures. These collections depict a complex web ofnational organisations and their local chapters, political parties (and factions thereof), advocacy groups and unions,with the cross-pollination of individuals, ideas and resources between them all a major and enduring feature ofpeace activism in these years.
pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg [1]
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
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Women for Peace protest outside French Consulate in Sydney, 7 June 1963{"type":"image","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/collection-items\/women-peace-protest-outside-french-consulate-sydney","thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=KXNjwt6I","thumbnailLarge":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=CESAR2mi","mediaDerivativeUrls":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=KXNjwt6I","large":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=CESAR2mi","responsive__quarter_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__quarter_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=DSrxr9G8","responsive__half_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__half_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=s4MnUbJU","responsive__full_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__full_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=BuyDtxbR"},"mediaUrl":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg","mediaMime":"image\/jpeg","transcriptUrl":null,"width":1697,"height":1143} View collection item detail [4]909749
{"type":"image","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/collection-items\/women-peace-protest-outside-french-consulate-sydney","thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=KXNjwt6I","thumbnailLarge":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=CESAR2mi","mediaDerivativeUrls":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=KXNjwt6I","large":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=CESAR2mi","responsive__quarter_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__quarter_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=DSrxr9G8","responsive__half_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__half_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=s4MnUbJU","responsive__full_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__full_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg?itok=BuyDtxbR"},"mediaUrl":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/pxe1463_box4_women_lores.jpg","mediaMime":"image\/jpeg","transcriptUrl":null,"width":1697,"height":1143}
In 1945, the new atomic bomb signalled to pacifists, trade unions, communists and other concerned Australiansthat the victorious Allies intended to use the bomb to shape the postwar world in a dangerous manner. This threatof nuclear war and the insecurities of the looming Cold War, coupled with concerns about the effect of the postwareconomic boom on living standards, prices and jobs for ordinary Australians, were key features of the peacemovement’s program in the immediate postwar years. A Communist Party election leaflet from 1946, for example,objected to the Allies’ ‘atomic diplomacy’ and the ‘dollar imperialism’ of foreign policy. Communists linked thepursuit of Cold War policy by Australia and its allies with cuts in social spending, and advocated for an Australiacommitted to democracy at home and abroad.
The formation in 1949 of a national body — the Australian Peace Council (APC) — marked the beginnings of apostwar tradition of formal peace organisation that continues today. The records of People for NuclearDisarmament (PND), held at the Mitchell Library, offer a unique insight into this organisational history, and highlightthe ongoing concern with the persistent danger posed by nuclear weapons, their testing and the threat of theirpotential use.
The APC and its state bodies were at the forefront of peace activism in Australia in the 1950s. Alongside theCommunist Party, many left wing trade unions and factions of the ALP, the APC mounted various campaignsagainst the wave of atomic testing that enveloped Australia and the Pacific Ocean from the late 1940s.
It also organised large peace congresses, many of which featured prominent overseas speakers. In April 1950, forexample, the Australia Peace Congress held in Melbourne was host to the Dean of Canterbury, Hewlett Johnson.Johnson’s outspoken support for communism — he was often referred to as the ‘Red Dean’ — marked theCongress as a target for many conservatives eager to denounce the peace movement as a puppet of Sovietpropaganda. Such ‘Red-baiting’ would continue to harass those opposed to nuclear weapons for the remainder ofthe Cold War.
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
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Crowd welcomes the Dean of Canterbury, Hewlett Johnson, at Sydney Airport, 15 April 1950{"type":"image","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/collection-items\/crowd-welcomes-dean-canterbury-hewlett-johnson-sydney-airport","thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg?itok=7bawxDVs","thumbnailLarge":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg?itok=WYtnu8cL","mediaDerivativeUrls":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg?itok=7bawxDVs","large":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg?itok=WYtnu8cL","responsive__quarter_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__quarter_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg?itok=2gV1IbCK","responsive__half_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__half_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg?itok=tyY1JU7-","responsive__full_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__full_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg?itok=vGck_FFX"},"mediaUrl":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/pxe1463_box1_canterbury_lores.jpg","mediaMime":"image\/jpeg","transcriptUrl":null,"width":1396,"height":939} View collection item detail [6]909749
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
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The PND records also reflect a steadily increasing anxiety regarding nuclear testing. Although the United Stateshad been testing nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands since 1948, the announcement of British plans for aseries of tests to be held in 1952 off the coast of remote north-west Australia aroused further opposition. At thesame time, the peace movement in Australia was involved in the Stockholm Appeal, an international campaign togather signatures appealing for a peace pact between the five major powers and calling for the prohibition ofnuclear weapons. Petition literature — many examples of which are held in the Mitchell Library’s pamphlet andephemera collections — avowed that ‘the key to world peace is your signature’ and that ‘a five power peace pactwill bring prices down’.
Britain’s nuclear testing program moved to South Australia in 1953, and tests of varying magnitude would continuethere until 1963. Peace activists argued that British testing in Australia and on several atolls in the Pacific (currentlypart of the Republic of Kiribati), and joint British–American data-sharing arrangements placed Australia in a perilousposition at the mercy of the Allied powers’ imperial ambitions. Annual demonstrations grew in visibility, often takingplace at Easter, on the anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima (6 August), and on the traditional labour holiday ofMay Day.
Demonstrations also grew more dramatic — in 1962 a ‘Radial March’ involved contingents of protestors walkingfrom Sydney’s outer suburbs into the city. Symbolising the outer reaches of destruction should Sydney be attackedin a nuclear war, contingents marched from Blacktown, Cowan, Cronulla, La Perouse, Liverpool, Newport,Sutherland and Watsons Bay. Later that year, a cavalcade descended on Canberra from points as far away asCairns to present the government with petitions calling for a nuclear-free Southern Hemisphere.
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
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Newport contingent crosses the Harbour Bridge for the Easter Radial March, 28 April 1962{"type":"image","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/collection-items\/newport-contingent-crosses-harbour-bridge-easter-radial-march","thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box4_aldermaston_lores.jpg?itok=hp_jnFHR","thumbnailLarge":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box4_aldermaston_lores.jpg?itok=Fi7yFm9L","mediaDerivativeUrls":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/thumbnail\/public\/pxe1463_box4_aldermaston_lores.jpg?itok=hp_jnFHR","large":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/pxe1463_box4_aldermaston_lores.jpg?itok=Fi7yFm9L","responsive__quarter_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/responsive__quarter_hd\/public\/pxe1463_box4_aldermaston_lores.jpg?itok=mTN78kAM","responsive__half_hd":"https:\/\/www.sl.nsw.gov.au [3]
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
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By the early 1960s, Australia counted the United States among its strongest allies. The announcement of anAmerican military base on the Exmouth Gulf in Western Australia, then, was met with derision from the peacemovement, which alleged that potentially nuclear-armed US bases on Australian territory placed Australians at riskof a nuclear attack. As a Sydney Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament flyer stated: ‘H-Bombs IN Australia means H-Bombs ON Australia: We must not become a nuclear base!’
pam_q329_3a_lores.jpg [9]
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
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Communist Party election pamphlet
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
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Reports of American nuclear-powered submarines, U-2 spy planes and secret military sites on Australian territoryfurther incensed those who argued that these developments signalled that Australia was intent on ‘sacrific[ing]more fully our independence of thought and action in international affairs’ (according to a 1961 joint meeting of thestate Peace Councils, reported on by Peace Action magazine in March 1961). These developments also risked apeaceful relationship with Australia’s Asian neighbours, especially communist China, itself a member of thenuclear club from 1964.
Around the same time, France announced a new nuclear testing zone in the South Pacific, scheduling a testingprogram to begin in 1966. Despite the vast distance between Australia and French Polynesia, the announcement ofthe French testing program aroused considerable opposition in Australia, which would increase substantially in the1970s. That France was not a signatory to the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was of utmost concern. Francecontinued to explode nuclear bombs atmospherically, rather than underground, substantially increasing radioactivefallout across the Pacific. Opposition to French testing often focused on the effect fallout from the tests may haveon children. For example, groups such as the Union of Australian Women and Women for Peace engaged insymbolic protests, utilising milk bottles filled with ‘radioactive’ milk, and empty prams representing stillbirth.
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Australia and the bombPublished on State Library of NSW (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au)
In the mid-1960s, though, just as France’s Pacific nuclear testing program began in earnest, the peace movementturned its head to South-East Asia. Australian peace activists started to campaign against conscription andAustralian military involvement in Vietnam, often to the detriment of the large and visible campaign against theupcoming French nuclear tests. A 1967 protest by the Committee Against Atomic Testing, which involved sailing anex-Sydney to Hobart yacht from Sydney to the South Pacific, was ill-timed in a number of ways. Inexperience andlengthy repairs ensured that the boat failed to reach France’s exclusion zone by the time of the last plannedexplosion for 1967, and news of the action was largely drowned out by demands for peace in South-East Asia,perhaps a more pressing concern in those tumultuous years.
Dr Kyle Harvey was the State Library’s 2013 CH Currey Memorial Fellow.
This article first appeared in SL magazine [11], Spring 2014.
Source URL:https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/australia-and-bomb
Links[1] https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/files/images/pxe1463box4womenloresjpg [2]https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/printpdf/159306 [3] http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au [4] https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/collection-items/women-peace-protest-outside-french-consulate-sydney [5]https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/files/images/pxe1463box1canterburyloresjpg [6] https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/collection-items/crowd-welcomes-dean-canterbury-hewlett-johnson-sydney-airport [7]https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/files/images/pxe1463box4aldermastonloresjpg [8] https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/collection-items/newport-contingent-crosses-harbour-bridge-easter-radial-march [9]https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/files/images/pamq3293aloresjpg [10] https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/collection-items/communist-party-election-pamphlet [11] https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about-library-publications/sl-magazine
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