AUSTENITIC 304AUSTENITIC 304 STAINLESS STEEL FOR

CRYOGENIC LNG APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

DEPOK, NOVEMBER 2014OLEH:

1. AHMAD FAQIH A2. AGUS BUDIONO

OutlinesOutlines Definition Of Cryogenic Material Cryogenic Fluid Propertiesy g p Material Characteristic for Cryogenic Application Cryogenic Material : What is Austenitic Stainless Steel Austenitic Stainless Steel family and Development SS 304 Family - Chemical Composition SS 304 Application on Cryogenic Condition Cryogenic Application - LNG Storage Tank Corrosion Resistance on SS 304 Strengthening behavior on SS 304 SS A304 M h i l ti t L T t SS A304 Mechanical properties at Low Temperature Material Testing Method Development of new cryogenic material (low nickel steel) Development of new cryogenic material (low nickel steel) Conclusion

Definition Of Cryogenic MaterialDefinition Of Cryogenic Material

Cryogenics is the study of the production and behaviour of materialsCryogenics is the study of the production and behaviour of materialsat very low temperatures (below 150 C, 238 F or 123 K)

Cryogenic liquids (also known as cryogens) are gases at normaltemperatures and pressures. However, at low temperatures, they arein their liquid state. These liquids are extremely cold and have boilingq q y gpoints less than -150C (- 238F). Even the vapors and gasesreleased from cryogenic liquids are very cold

Cryogenic Materials are selected material with properties of materialsuitable exposed to extreme low temperature product (suitable forCryogenic liquids application)Cryogenic liquids application).

Cryogenic Fluid PropertiesCryogenic Fluid PropertiesCommon Cryogenic Fluids

Cryogenic Fluids Element Applications

4 low temperature coolant;Liquid Helium He4 low temperature coolant; superconductivity; He refrigeration

Liquid Hydrogen H2Used as rocket fuel; materials processing fusion reactorsq y g processing, fusion reactors

Liquid Neon Ne Refrigerant for intermediate temperature

Liquid Nitrogen N2Used for cryogenic conditioning, high TcLiquid Nitrogen N2 superconductor cooling

Liquid Argon ArUsed for inert atmosphere during material processingp g

Liquid Oxygen O2Used as rocket fuel (shuttle), medical gas storage, steel making

Liquid Methane CH4 LNG Composition Used as a fuelLiquid Methane CH4 LNG Composition, Used as a fuel

Material Characteristic for CryogenicMaterial Characteristic for Cryogenic ApplicationHeat Capacity or thermal capacity is ratio of the heat added to

(or subtracted from) an object to the resulting temperaturehchange

Thermal Expansion and Contraction is characteristic of materialtend to expand or contract when subjected to changes intend to expand or contract when subjected to changes intemperature

Conductivities (Electrical and Thermal) is intensive property of aConductivities (Electrical and Thermal) is intensive property of amaterial that indicates its ability to conduct electric current andheat

Mechanical Properties is result of the physical propertiesinherent to each material and determined through a series of

d d d h lstandardized mechanical tests

Cryogenic Material : What is AusteniticCryogenic Material : What is Austenitic Stainless Steel ?Austenitic Stainless Steel containing chromiumchromium and nickelnickel identified as300 series type. Alloys containing chromium, nickel and manganesemanganese areidentified as 200 series type. Stainless steel in the austenitic group havediff i i d i bdifferent compositions and properties, but many commoncharacteristic.

Crystal&microstructure

++1. They can be hardenened by cold working, but not byy y g, y

heat treatment.2. In the annealed condition, all are essentialy

nonmagnetic, although some may become slightlymagnetic by cold work. (details in next slide)

3 Excellent corrosion resistance3. Excellent corrosion resistance,4. increase strength as result of good work,5. unusualy good formability.6. Wide range application, room temperature, high

temperature and cryogeniccryogenic temperaturetemperature

A t iti St i l St l f ilAusteniticStainlessSteelfamily304304

LowerCforb i bettercorrosionresistancein

weldfabrication

SS304Development

SS 304 Family - Chemical Composition

CompositionSS304C Mn P S Si Cr NiC

0.08Mn2.00

P0.045

S0.03

Si1.00

Cr18/20

Ni8/10.5

Mo

CompositionSS304LC

0.03Mn2.00

P0.045

S0.03

Si1.00

Cr18/20

Ni8/10.5

Mo3 45 3 / / 5

CompositionSS304NC M P S Si C Ni NC

0.03Mn2.00

P0.045

S0.03

Si1.00

Cr18/20

Ni8/10.5

MoN

0.1/0.16

CompositionSSS30430C Mn P S Si Cr Ni

MoCu

0.03 2.00 0.045 0.03 1.00 18/20 8/10.5 3/4

SS 304 Application on Cryogenic ConditionSS304ApplicationonCryogenicCondition

SS 304 Application on Cryogenic Condition

LNGProcess CryogenictemperatureApplicationSS304ApplicationonCryogenicCondition

Application

What is the difference between LNG, CNG, NGL, LPG, and GTL?

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG),Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) andNatural Gas Liquids (NGL), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), andGas to Liquids (GTL).

MaterialforLNGApplicationpp 9%NickelSteel(firstdevelopedin1946byINCO) AusteniticStainlessSteel AusteniticStainlessSteel 36%NickelSteel Aluminumalloy Aluminumalloy LowNickelSteel(latestdevelopment)

260,000tonsof9%nickelsteelhavebeenmanufacturedandshippedout fromjapanmanufacturedandshippedout fromjapan

BS13458

Accepted materials of construction that have already been proven suitable for pressurestrengthening for operating temperatures of not less than 196 C are the austeniticstainless steels. When material is delivered in a workhardened condition, the materialshould have an elongation at fracture A5 of not less than 35 %.g 5 35

CryogenicApplication LNGStorage Tanky g pp g

161celcius 161celcius

9%NiSteel9%NiSteel

kLNGtanker

Pipeline

DOsandDONTsforSS3014forLNGapplication(reference:BS13458&API620)( )

WorkHardeningAppropriateweldingprocedureHeattreatmentisnotrequiredImpacttestisnotrequiredImpacttestisnotrequired

Why should be Work hardened ?Why should be Work hardened ?

Improve strength of material ie : cold rolling, rollImprove strength of material ie : cold rolling, rollstraightening, uniaxial stretching in a stretching machine or other types of cold work.

Work-hardened material can be used in order to reduce or eliminateth d f tithe deformation due to strengthening of the pressure vessel. It is primarilyused in cylinders for internal pressure.

The increase in the proof strength of a work-hardenedas p oo s gmaterial is about the same in all directions. The proofstrength of work-hardened plate should be determined on samples taken across thedirection of rolling or stretching respectivelydirection of rolling or stretching respectively.

BUT it Does not significantly affect the resistance togeneral corrosion.

What is Effect of Cr on corrosionWhatisEffectofCroncorrosionresistance?

HigherCrwillimprovecorrosionresistance

SS304showexcellentcorrosionresistancecorrosionresistanceduetocr content18/20%

Howevermusttake Howevermusttakecarewhenweldingtoavoidlossofcorrosionresistancecorrosionresistanceonweldingarea(welddecay)

What is strengthening behavior on SS 304What is strengthening behavior on SS 304

SS 304 steels exhibit considerable workhardening upon deformation whilei i h h i i f h i l ThTh i di d ff f hf hretaining the characteristics of the material. TheThe stressstress requiredrequired forfor furtherfurther

deformationdeformation increasesincreases continuouslycontinuously asas thethe deformationdeformation increasesincreases. Thus, astress/strain curve for austenitic steel does not have the flow region typical of

b d l ll t l C th t / t i i b l Ficarbon and lowalloy steels. Compare the stress/strain curves in below Figures

MECHANICALPROPERTIESATLOWTEMPERATURE

Impact strength keep remain the same at lowertemperature

Dimension stability at low temperatureTensile strength considerably not decrease at lowtemperaturetemperature

TestMethod

LatestDevelopmentnewspWith expanding natural gas market, the demand formaterials used for LNG storage tanks is increasingmaterials used for LNG storage tanks is increasing.Although there are several options, such as 9% nickelsteel, austenitic stainless steel, 36% nickel steel andaluminum alloy, all of them are expensive due to theadditive alloying elements. Then, the development ofnew steel which includes lowlow nickelnickel was intended andnew steel, which includes lowlow nickelnickel, was intended, and67% nickel steel has been developed based on thespecial heat treatment (Ltreatment), TMCP (Thermop ( ), (mechanical control process), and the chemicalcompositions adjustment.

TestandResult Astheresultsoffracturepropertyevaluationincludingp p y glargescalefracturetestssuchastheduplexESSOtestandthewideplatetensiletest,

itwasdemonstratedthat67%Nisteelhasgoodcharacteristicsregardingbrittlefractureinitiationand

i i b l l d ld dj i propagationinbasemetalplatesandweldedjoints. ThissteelisintendedforapplyingtothevariousfieldssuchasLNGfuelledships,LNGFPSOsinadditiontolandb dLNG t t k basedLNGstoragetanks.

Historyy 1946:9%NiSteeldevelopedbyInco,ithasexcellentlow

temperaturetoughnessat 1960C(operationcryogenic) 1960:NSSMClaunchedresearch6%Nisteel,additionMn to

compensateNiandMo&Tungstentoavoidtemperp g pembrittlement,standardised in1970asASTMA645/A645Mbutbrittlecrackpropagationresistancewasnotconcerned

ResearchprojectbyUS,Europe&Japanthenconcluded9%Nisteelhasadequatebrittlepropagationresistanceat

( b b d ) b1620C(absorbedenergy60Jat1960C)>becomemostdominantmaterialforLNGtanks

Newdevelopment67.5%NiSteelasalternative9%NiSteel forlowercostandresourceconservation

Method:(1)TMCP thermomechanicalrolling(TMR),Acceleratedcooling(AC)anddirectquenchingandg ( ) q gtempering(DQT) excellentbalanceofstrengthandtoughness.(2)LTreatmentisinsertedbetweendirectquenchingandtemperingquenchingandtempering

After the completion of the approval process by the Ministry ofEconomy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan in 2010, the actual

li ti f b d LNG t t k i iapplication for above ground LNG storage tanks is now inprogress

Lownickel (6.07.5%Ni) steel has been developed as analternative to 9% nickel steel for the purpose of cost and resourceconservation. Superior fracture resistance to brittle cracki i i i d i i li h d h hinitiation and propagation properties are accomplished throughadvanced TMCP. The steel plates, which were manufactured atthe plate mills at Kashima Works and Nagoya Works, along withtheir welded joints revealed good characteristics Throughouttheir welded joints, revealed good characteristics. Throughoutthe standardizations, which are now being drawn up in JIS andASTM, the newly developed steel has been worked to promotepractical realizationpractical realization.

LTreatment:increaseretainedaustenitecontentanditsstabilityitsstability

Directquenching:amplifytheimprovementeffect

SchematicmanufacturingprocessesSc e at c a u actu g p ocesses

CTODTestResult

Charpy TestResultofweldedjointspy j

CTODTestResultofweldedjointsj

Cross weld notch wide plateCrossweldnotch,wideplatetensileTestResult

ConclusionConclusion

In future cryogenic application is very important related to trend In future, cryogenic application is very important related to trendof oil and gas from gas distribution to LNG distribution.

SS 304/304L is austenitic SS material which commonly andSS 304/304L is austenitic SS material which commonly andapplicable for cryogenic application especially for LNGapplication.

Development of cryogenic material in Indonesia is specialchallenge for material scientist to support LNG development

ThankYou