Lisa MeadPSY 492 Advanced General PsychologyAugust 20, 2011

A person simulating a mental disorder in order to get out of A guilty verdict Prison sentence Or to gain monetary value

Pathogenic Generally disturbed

Adaptational Makes a good attempt

Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., & Goldstein, A. M. (1994). Explanatory models of malingering: A prototypical analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 543-552.

Criminological Antisocial or oppositional

motivation

a study with male criminal defendants Broken up into 3 groups: antisocial personality disorder,

personality disorder, and those without a personality disorder

The tests being used were: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – 2

(MMPI-2) The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Negative Impression Scale The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)

scale.

The findings:<50% of the subjects in the antisocial personality disorder

group attempted to malingerer wBetween 20% and 30%, attempted to malinger in the

personality disorder

malingering may be more likely to occur with defendants with any personality disorder

An functional resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to collect data from mentally healthy participants during intent malingering and normal memory performances to distinguish feigned memory impairment

The participants were shown 50 images and were given instructions to remember all the images for later recognition.

Participants were then shown more images and asked to respond by pressing a button if the current stimuli being shown was one seen in the first set of images shown.

The results found that inferior parietal and superior temporal activity were associated with malingered recognition memory errors

• This study was done with an fMRI and the Word Memory Test (WMT).

• The WMT was given to ten subjects while they underwent fMRI.

The results for the full-effort trial supported earlier findings that there were activation peaks in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobe, anterior cingulate, bilateral lingual cortices and anterior insula/frontal operculum

• a study compared the accuracy of the Structured Inventory of the Malingered Symptomatolgy (SIMS) with that of the Amsterdam Short Term Memory (ASTM) test.

• Subjects included 90 coached and naïve participants.

• They were asked to respond honestly or instructed to malinger cognitive dysfunction based on head injury.

• The results were that the SIMS detected 90% of the coached malingerers.

This research design was conducted to investigate the validity of: the Coin in the Hand Test (CIH) Autobiographical Memory Index (AMI) Rey 15-Item Test (RIT) Wechsler Mental Control Test (MCT)There were three groups of participants, patients

with an acquired brain injury, and two groups of control one stimulating a head injury and one that was to do their best.

The CIH and the MCT had good validity and showed high sensitivity and specificity when detecting malingering while the RIT and the AMI did a poor job of distinguishing the control groups and the brain injury group.

More research needs to be done on malingering and the test that are used to detect it.

A good question for further research would be what tests together have the best validity in detecting malingering.

Another question would be whether or not suspected malingerers should go through an fMRI.

These are important research questions because there are so many different tests out there that can aid in the detection of malingering and the use of multiple tests seem to work best for the detection.

With the use of an fMRI it is important to the research being done to see whether or not having a suspected malingerer go through an fMRI along with tests to detect malingering would make the diagnosis more solid.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: Author.

Browndyke, J. N., Paskavitz, J., Sweet, L. H., Cohen, R. A., Tucker, K. A., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Burke, J. R., & Schmechel, D. E. (2008). Neuroanatomical correlates of malingered memory impairment: Event-related fMRI of deception on a recognition memory task. Brain Injury, 22(6), 481-489. doi: 10.1080/02699050802084894

Hacker, V. & Jones, C. (2009). Detecting feigned impairment with the word list recognition of the Wechsler Memory Scale–3rd edition. Brain Injury, 23(3), 243-249. doi: 10.1080/02699050902748315

Jelicic, M., Merckelbach, H., Candel, I., & Geraerts, E. (2007). Detection of feigned cognitive dysfunction using special malinger tests: A simulation study in naïve and coached malingerers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 1185-1192. doi: 10.1080/00207450600934697

Kelly, P. J., Baker, M. D., VanDen Broek, H., Jackson, H., & Humpheries, G. (2005). The detection of malingering in memory performance: The sensitivity and specificity of four measures in a UK population. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 333–341. doi:10.1348/014466505X35687

Kucharski, T., Falkenbach, D., Egan, S., & Duncan, S. (2006). Antisocial personality disorder and the malingering of psychiatric disorder: A study of criminal defendants. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 5(2), 195-204.

Larsen, J. D., Allen, M. D., Bigler, E. D., Goodrich-Hunsaker, N. J., & Hopkins, R. O. (2010). Different patterns of cerebral activation in genuine and malingered cognitive effort during performance on the Word Memory Test. Brain Injury, 24(2), 89-99. doi: 10.3109/02699050903508218

Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., & Goldstein, A. M. (1994). Explanatory models of malingering: A prototypical analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 543-552.

Rubenzer. S. (2006). Malingering of psychiatric problems, brain damage, chronic pain, and controversial syndromes in a personal injury context. FDCC Quarterly, 56(4), 499- 523.

Wrightsman, L. (2001). Forensic psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.