Attention is spontaneously biased toward regularities
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Transcript of Attention is spontaneously biased toward regularities
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20140415認知神經科學與認知模擬 (I)
Ting-Yun Chang
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Attention is spontaneously biased toward regularities
Zhao, J., Al-Aidroos, N., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2013). Psychological Science. Advance online publication.
doi: 10.1177/0956797612460407.
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Take-Home Message
Regularities or statistical learning, even task-irrelevant, influence the allocation of spatial and feature attention.
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Attention to Regularities
• The mind extracts regularities in the environment to interact with the environment more efficiently via statistical learning
• Conjectures:– Structured sources of information receive attentional priority in the
context of other, noisier sources of information
– Attention is biased by regularities even when they do not provide information that is helpful for performance
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EXPERIMENT 1
Whether visual search is facilitated at a spatial location containing temporal regularities
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Method
• 25 participants• Visual search task• Structured/Random shape stream in
different locations• Each shape repeated 50 times
(1 for left; 0 for right)
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• Test for sensitivity to regularities– 2AFC test– Triplet versus Foil
– 3 triplets x 3 foils x 2 repetitions
• Debriefing– Had you noticed any regularities? Which location?– Did you use a strategy of attending to a specific location? Which
location?
Method (cont’)
(1000 ms pause)
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Results
• Statistical learning occurred– Triplets were chosen over foils on 54%
• Target-discrimination RTs:– Target in structured < Target in random
• Debriefing:– 7 participants reported noticing regularities– Only 1 of them correctly identified which
location contained regularities
Attention is biased toward locations of regularities
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EXPERIMENT 2
Whether temporal regularities among shapes in a color enhance attentional capture by that color
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Method
• 20 new participants• Visual search task• Structured/Random shape stream in
different colors• Each shape repeated 40 times• 2AFC test• Debriefing
(1 for left; 0 for right)
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Results
• Statistical learning occurred– Triplets were chosen over foils on 61.1%
• Target-discrimination RTs:– Target in structured < Target in random
• Main effect in singleton type• Significant interaction
– Greater capture for the structured color• Debriefing:
– 6 participants reported noticing regularities
– Only 2 of them correctly identified which location contained regularities
Attention is biased toward colors of regularities, even though shape streams were task irrelevant
2 (singleton type: target/distractor) X 2 (singleton color: structured/random) ANOVA
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EXPERIMENT 3
Whether temporal regularities in a feature dimension enhance capture by singleton in that feature dimension
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Method
• 30 new participants• Structured/Random line stream in different dimensions• Each line repeated 60 times• 2AFC test and Debriefing
(Between group)
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Results
• Statistical learning occurred– Triplets were chosen over foils on
66.3% (color) and 72.6% (orientation)• Debriefing: (for both group)
– 6 participants reported noticing regularities
– Only 2 of them correctly identified which location contained regularities
Attention is biased toward feature dimension that contains regularities
2 (group: color/orientation) X 2 (singleton type: target/distractor) X 2 (singleton dimension: color/orientation) ANOVA
Greater attentional capture for singleton in the structured dimension
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General Discussion
• Across three experiments, locations and features embedded in temporal regularities received attentional priority in visual search
• Interpretation: Implicit attentional bias for regularities during statistical learning
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General Discussion
1. Explainations– Randomness When attempts to learn in random
streams failed, attention may have redirected to other streams, eventually settling on the structured stream
– Structure Regularities matched priority
experience attracted attention
2. Attention and learning interact in a closed-loop manner
3. Is prioritization of regularities stimulus-driven/goal-directed?
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Thank You.
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CO OC
OC
DT D
T
OC
OC
Greater attentional capture for singleton in the structured dimension
Main effect in singleton dimensionColor group > Orientation group
Main effect in singleton type