Atomic Structure · type of atom are called ELEMENTS. •Atoms of elements can join together to...
Transcript of Atomic Structure · type of atom are called ELEMENTS. •Atoms of elements can join together to...
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Atomic Structure
Junior Science
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Matter Refresher
•Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
• All matter is made of Atoms.
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter, like bricks are the building blocks of houses.
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What are elements?
• Elements are the alphabet to the language of molecules.
• To make molecules, you need elements.
• Elements are made of atoms.
• Atoms have different weights and organisation, but they are all built in the same way.
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So far we know…..
• Everything in existence is made up of tiny
particles called ATOMS.
• Substances which are made up of only one
type of atom are called ELEMENTS.
• Atoms of elements can join together to
form groups called COMPOUNDS and
MOLECULES.
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And we know that…..
• Atoms are made smaller particles called
subatomic particles.
• In the middle of every atom is the NUCLEUS, which contains two types of subatomic particles called PROTONS and NEUTRONS.
• A third type called ELECTRONS (- charge) moves around the nucleus.
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And we know that…..
• These subatomic particles have mass measured in Atomic Mass Units (AMU) and a charge.
• PROTONS 1 amu (+ charge)
• NEUTRONS 1 amu (0 charge)
• ELECTRONS 0 amu (- charge)
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The Electron
• Electrons are negatively charged particles that surround the atom's nucleus.
• Electrons were discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897.
• Electrons determine properties of the atom. Chemical reactions involve sharing or exchanging
electrons.
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The Nucleus
• The nucleus is the central part of an atom. It is composed of protons and neutrons.
• The nucleus contains most of an atom's mass.
• It was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.
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The Proton
• Protons are positively charged particles found in the atomic nucleus. Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford.
• Experiments done in the late 60's and 70's showed that protons are made from other particles called quarks. Protons are made from two 'up' quarks and one 'down' quark.
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The Neutron
• Neutrons are uncharged particles found in the atomic nucleus.
• Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
• Similar to protons neutrons are made from quarks. Neutrons are made from one 'up' quark and two 'down' quarks.
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Atomic Number
• Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons in their nucleus.
The number of PROTONS (+) in the nucleus of an atom is called the
ATOMIC NUMBER.
• The Atomic Number is a like a barcode for the element.
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The smaller number always give the Atomic
Number
C6
12
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass Number
C 6
12
C6
12
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Atomic Mass Number
• The more protons and neutrons in an atom the greater its mass.
The total number of protons (+) and neutrons (0) in an atom is called the
ATOMIC MASS NUMBER.
Atomic Nucleus
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Electric Charges
• The sub-atomic particles which make up the atom are held together by
electric charges.
• PROTONS (+) ELECTRONS(-) NEUTRONS (0)
Atoms usually have the same number of (+) and (-) charges, so they are
electrically neutral.
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Around the nucleus….
• Electrons exist at different energy levels, called SHELLS.
• Each shell holds a definite number of electrons.
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How Many Electrons?
Energy Level Shell Letter Electron
Capacity
1 K 2
2 L 8
3 M 18
4 N 32
5 O 50
6 P 72
How many electrons fit in each shell
around an atom?The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a
specific energy level can be found using the following
formula:
Electron Capacity = 2n2
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Bohr’s Energy Levels -Nitrogen
Nucleus of Nitrogen
7 Protons
7 Neutrons
7 protons (+ charge)
Therefore
7 electrons (- charge)
N= 2
8 Electrons
N= 1
2 Electrons
N7
14
EC = 2,5
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Summary
• Atoms consist of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons.
• Protons and Neutrons are found in the nucleus of the Atom and have a mass of 1amu
• Electrons are found in shells or energy levels around the nucleus and have no mass.
• Protons have a positive charge (+), electrons have a negative (-) charge and neutrons have no charge (o).
• An atom will always have the same number of protons as electrons and thus will be electrically neutral.