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Atom Elementary particles Key dates 1808 Dalton's Plum Pudding model. 1897 Thomson's electron...
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atom Elementary particles Key dates 1808 Dalton's Plum Pudding model. 1897 Thomson's electron discovery. 1910 Rutherford's scattering of α particles with Geiger & Marsden, Manchester. 1913 Bohr theory of the atom. 1919 Rutherford – discovery of proton. 1930 Dirac predicts positron. 1931 Pauli predicts neutrino. 1932 Fermi names predicted neutrino. 1932 Anderson observes positron. 1932 Chadwick – discovery of neutron. 1955 Segre & Chamberlain – observed anti-proton. 1956 Neutrino observed. 1960 Salam & Weinberg predicted W & Z bosons. 1975 Perl – discovery of Tau 1784MeV/c². 1983 CERN W & Z bosons observed. ???? Higgs Boson (not quite yet). Hadrons Strong, 'hadronic' interactions (made of quarks 'up', 'down' & 'strange' (flavors) 'top', 'bottom' & 'charm' (newer).) Baryons Spin ½ 's …so 'fermions'. Heavy hadrons. Triplets of quarks. Mesons Spin 0,1,2,..so 'bosons'.. Intermediate mass. Quark & anti-quark. Nucleons Proton uud Neutron udd Leptons Spin ½ 's …so 'fermions'. Weak interactions. Fundamental particles. No size. Mostly light. Each has an anti- particle. Electron e Muon ν μ Neutrino Muon μ Tau τ (heavy ) Others Forces: 1. strong (hadronic) nuclear interaction (carried by exchange bosons called gluons). 2. electromagnetic interaction (carried by exchange particle photon). 3. weak nuclear interaction (carried by W & Z exchange bosons). 4. gravitational interaction (carried by predicted graviton exchange boson). Lambda uds Sigma Xi Pion ud Kaon Eta Electron neutrino ν e Tau neutrino ν τ Quarks Fundamental particles. Up, down, strange, top, bottom, charm
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Transcript of Atom Elementary particles Key dates 1808 Dalton's Plum Pudding model. 1897 Thomson's electron...
atom
Elementary particles Key dates1808 Dalton's Plum Pudding model.1897 Thomson's electron discovery.1910 Rutherford's scattering of α particles with Geiger & Marsden, Manchester.1913 Bohr theory of the atom.1919 Rutherford – discovery of proton.1930 Dirac predicts positron.1931 Pauli predicts neutrino.1932 Fermi names predicted neutrino.1932 Anderson observes positron.1932 Chadwick – discovery of neutron.1955 Segre & Chamberlain – observed anti-proton.1956 Neutrino observed.1960 Salam & Weinberg predicted W & Z bosons.1975 Perl – discovery of Tau 1784MeV/c².1983 CERN W & Z bosons observed.???? Higgs Boson (not quite yet).
HadronsStrong, 'hadronic' interactions(made of quarks 'up', 'down' &
'strange' (flavors) 'top', 'bottom' & 'charm' (newer).)
BaryonsSpin ½ 's …so 'fermions'.
Heavy hadrons.Triplets of quarks.
MesonsSpin 0,1,2,..so 'bosons'..
Intermediate mass.Quark & anti-quark.
Nucleons
Proton uud
Neutronudd
LeptonsSpin ½ 's …so 'fermions'.
Weak interactions.Fundamental particles.No size. Mostly light.
Each has an anti-particle.
Electron e Muon νμ
NeutrinoMuon μ Tau τ
(heavy)Others
Forces:1. strong (hadronic) nuclear interaction (carried by exchange bosons called gluons).2. electromagnetic interaction (carried by exchange particle photon).3. weak nuclear interaction (carried by W & Z exchange bosons).4. gravitational interaction (carried by predicted graviton exchange boson).
Lambda uds Sigma Xi Pion ud Kaon Eta
Electron neutrino νe
Tau neutrino ντ
QuarksFundamental particles.
Up, down, strange, top, bottom, charm
Conservation laws
Properties conserved during reactions and decays of elementary particles:
ChargeEnergyAngular momentumLinear momentumLepton numberBaryon numberStrangeness (not Universal)
Strangeness discovered Gellman & Nishijima (1952).
ChargeElectrostatic
charge
Apparatus:Cloud chambersBubble chambers
Fermions?Pauli exclusion?
Field particles
Quantum dynamics:
Virtual photons (quantum electrodynamics)Graviton (gravitational interaction)Vector boson (weak interactions)Gluon (strong interactions between quarks)
The Standard Model
Including: Quark modelElectroweak theoryQuantum chromodynamics
Feynman Diagrams
