Assistance with Integrity
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Litkfrlty ?
Vk frotkguaay ocjinwakbfk tdk osslstoick ng tdk eoiy pknpak wdn sdorkb tdklr kxpkrlkicks, oioaysls oib
lislfdts li blscusslnis oib litkrvlkws, oib tdk wnrj ng Eorclk @rnst, Dnworb Eoibkvlaak, Jkrry Stkri,
oib Bnuf Votsni,wdn nrfoilzkb tdk cnigkrkicks oib litkrvlkws tdls popkr ls oskb ni, licaublif= o twn
boy cnigkrkick nrfoilzkb y tdk Vlscnisli @urkou ng Bkvkanpekitoa Blso`laltlks Skrvlcks li Muik ?
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Litkfrlty 0
Cnitkits
O intk ni styak .................................................................................................................... 2
Eoli pnlits ......................................................................................................................... ;
O crlsls ng occnuito`lalty .................................................................................................... 6
@orrlkrs tn tdlijlif bkkpay o`nut occnuito`lalty .............................................................. ?8
Calcds wdlcd ancj tdlijlif .................................................................................... ??
Cnickptuoa blscnitliulty os o `orrlkr tn tdlijlif ...................................................... ?3
Kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick os oi kekrflif pkrspkctlvk ni occnuito`lalty ........................ ?7
Rdk quoaltlks ng kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ................................................................ ?6
[ibkrstoiblif tdk n`alfotlnis ng suppnrtkb alvlif .................................................... 00
Sogkty oib kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ............................................................................... 02
Litkfrlty os o ckitroa vlrtuk li kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ................................................. 04
Rdrkots tn litkfrlty grne tdk bnelioit pottkri ng quoalty ossuroick ................................ 0
Rdk bnelioit sdork ng kxlstlif pnalclks oib skrvlcks rkspnib tn o
blggkrkit strotkflc tkst= bnks tdls octlvlty licrkosk copoclty gnr tdk prnpkr
pkrgnreoick ng `urkoucrotlcoaay spkclglkb prngksslnioa wnrj ni pknpak
wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks> [ibkr tdls strotkflc cdoaakifk, octlvl-
tlks tn ossurk sogkty oib quoalty gncus ni leprnvlif cnitrna ng tdk
prngksslnioa wnrj ossuekb ikckssory tn rkpolr (do`laltotk, rkdo`laltotk,
troli) bkgkctlvk pknpak. Li tdls wnrab, `ob tdlifs doppki tn pknpak wltd
bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks `kcousk ng sdnrtcnelifs li prngksslnioa
wnrj, sucd os liobkquotk supkrvlslni nr liopprnprlotk skakctlni ngtdkropkutlc tkcdilquks, nr pnnr dlrlif proctlcks, nr golaurks ng oublt oib
lispkctlni..
Rdk crlsls ng occnuito`lalty coiint `k rksnavkb `y o succkssgua skorcd
gnr enrk kgglclkit ekois ng eniltnrlif nr `kttkr tkcdilquks gnr lisurlif
cnepaloick. Rdk crlsls fnks bkkpkr tdoi tdot. Rn glib nur woy nut, wk
eust qukstlni li proctlck tdk guiboekitoa ossueptlnis uibkraylif
pnalcy oib eoiofkekit li tdk glkab. Oiy opprnocd tn ossurlif sogkty
oib quoalty `oskb ni oi leofk ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`lal-
tlks os posslvk, bkglclkit n`mkcts ls int must likgglclkit `ut cnuitkr-
prnbuctlvk. Kvkry bnaaor livkstkb li sucd octlvltlks ls wnrsk tdoi wostkb
`kcousk lt elsblrkcts ottkitlni, tlek, oib eniky owoy grne tdk crucloa
cdoifks li elibskt oib proctlck tdot wlaa eojk skrvlcks occnuito`ak tn
tdk cdoiflif rkoaltlks ng tdk pknpak wdn rkay ni tdke.
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Litkfrlty
>Xrkvlnus kxpkrlkick li kxkrclslif outniney
>O`lalty tn akori & obopt grne cniskqukicks ng bkclslnis
Vdot ork tdk trobk nggs li cnitliulif tdk sltuotlni os lt ls>
Vdot ork tdk sdnrt & anif tkre cniskqukicks ng licrkoskb cnitrna & blrkctlni>
>Bkcrkoskb cniglbkick >Licrkoskb bkpkibkicy ni stogg >Leprnvkb quoalty ng algk
Ls tdk pkrsni aljkay tn occkpt licrkoskb cnitrna & blrkctlni>
Lg int= Dnw bnks pkrsni currkitay `kikglt grne livnavkekit wltd us> Vdot wnuab `k tdk cniskqukicks ng nur tkreliotlif livnavkekit wltd tdk pkrsni> Bnks tdk pkrsni rkqulrk prntkctlvk ekosurks (fuorbloisdlp, prntkctlvk paockekit)>
Vdot sogkfuorbs ork li paock tn prntkct tdk pkrsni's rlfdts
>Osskrtlvkikss li rkprkskitlif skag >Obvncotk nr grlkib >Fuorbloi
Sdnuab wk rkcrult o rkprkskitotlvk gnr tdk pkrsni's litkrksts>
Sdnuab wk prnvlbk enrk cnitrna & blrkctlni>
Lg yks, bkscrl`k.
Gnr Kxoepak
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Litkfrlty 04
Vdot eottkrs enst tn pknpaks sogkty ls tdk kxtkit oib quoalty ng tdklr
rkaotlnisdlps. Xknpak ork sogkr tdk enrk ntdkrs cork kinufd o`nut tdklr
sogkty oib wkaa `klif tn jkkp o cansk kyk ni tdklr sltuotlni, tn stoib up
tn blgglcuat sltuotlnis wltd tdke, tn oct leofliotlvkay li rkspnisk tn
tdklr vuaikro`laltlks, tn ikfntlotk ni tdklr `kdoag wltd ntdkrs wdn cni-
trna lepnrtoit nppnrtuiltlks, oib tn struffak wltd tdke nvkr sltuotlnis
li wdlcd tdky ork cnitrl`utlif tn tdklr nwi prn`akes. Eoiy pknpak wltd
bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ork enrk vuaikro`ak kxoctay `kcousk tdky
aocj nppnrtuiltlks oib osslstoick tn eojk oib jkkp fnnb rkaotlnisdlps.
@ut enst currkit pnalclks oib proctlcks lfinrk tdksk vltoa rkaotlnisdlp
lssuks, oib enst skrvlck bnaaors ork spkit ni cnifrkfotlif pknpak wltd
bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks li skttlifs wdlcd skfrkfotk tdke. @y suf-
fkstlif tdot pknpak cnuab `k jkpt sogk oib wkaa li skttlifs wdkrk stroif-
krs coi brnp li tn cdkcj ni quoalty ng algk, currkit opprnocdks tn sogkty
guiboekitoaay elsblrkct ottkitlni owoy grne pknpaks enst lepnrtoit
sogkfuorb. Rdk sogkfuorb tdot enst skrvlck skttlifs ork enst aljkay tnblscnurofk nr blsrupt.
Litkfrlty os o ckitroa vlrtuk li kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick
Kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick bkpkibs ni tdk sncloa akorilif tdot rksuats
wdki pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib tdklr grlkibs mnli wltd
tdklr polb osslstoits tn crkotk ikw nppnrtuiltlks li kvkryboy algk. O doib
akttkrkb ekssofk ni tdk `ocj ng o pkrsnis wdkkacdolr slfioas tdk
lepnrtoick, oib tdk nrbliorlikss, ng tdls elsslni. Rdk slfi solb, Rn
`nabay fn wdkrk kvkry`nby kask dos oarkoby `kki.
Rdk pkrsnioa akorilif oib nrfoilzotlnioa rkoalfiekit ikckssory tn
suppnrt tdls elsslni bkpkibs ckitroaay ni tdk clvlc vlrtuk ng litkfrlty.
Rdls Cdliksk lbknfroe, dos `kki troisaotkb os litkfrlty. *Lt licaubks
oi npki kyk, oi npki dkort, oib ores oib akfs, slfilgylif octlni.
*Rdls lbknfroe gnres tdk ckitroa cdoroctkr, Rk, li tdk koralkst kxtoit eoiuscrlpt ng tdk Ron Rk Cdlif . Skk @kk`k, M.
(?
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Litkfrlty 0
ZOalck osjkbU Rdot woaa ls sn vkry iorrnw!
Duepty Buepty frnwakb nut. Ng cnursk L bnit tdlij
sn! Vdy, lg kvkr L blb goaa ngg wdlcd tdkrks in cdoick
ng `ut lg L blb Dkrk dk purskb dls alps oib annjkb sn
snakei oib froib tdot Oalck cnuab dorbay dkap aoufd-
lif. Lg L blb goaa, dk wkit ni, tdk Jlif dos prne-
lskb ek wltd dls vkry nwi enutd tntn
Rn skib oaa dls dnrsks oib oaa dls eki, Oalck litkr-
ruptkb
\ks, oaa dls dnrsks oib oaa dls eki. Duepty Bueptywkit ni. Rdkyb plcj ek up ofoli li o eliutk, tdky
wnuab! *
Bovlb @nde wryay bkgliks lisoilty os bnlif tdk soek tdlif nvkr oib
nvkr ofoli oib kxpkctlif `y tdls tn crkotk slfilglcoitay blggkrkit rk-
suats. @y tdls bkgliltlni, tdk systke ng skrvlcks tn pknpak wltd bkvka-
npekitoa blso`laltlks salps bkkpkr litn lisoilty kvkrytlek eoiofkrs
lepakekit ointdkr supkrglcloa rkorroifkekit ng tdk quoalty ossuroick
systke.
*Corrnaa, A. (?
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Litkfrlty 38
Rdnufdt Kxpkrlekit
Kxtkrioa rkvlkw ng nik stotks wrlttki lispkctlni rkpnrts oib paois ng cnrrkctlni gnr
skvkroa rkslbkitloa prnvlbkrs guibkb os LCGs-EP nvkr o tdrkk ykor pkrlnb rkvkoakb tdk
gnaanwlif pottkri. Kocd ykor lispkctlni rkpnrts bncuekit wdot lispkctnrs lbkitlgy os
skrlnus vlnaotlnis ng dkoatd, sogkty, oib dueoi rlfdts prnvlslnis ng tdk rkfuaotlnis. Rdk
goclalty ls tdrkotkikb wltd anss ng ckrtlglcotlni oib tdus ng guiblif. Rdk goclalty ikfntlotksgnr tlek tn eojk o paoi ng cnrrkctlni tn bkoa wltd tdk lssuks lbkitlglkb oib tdk tdrkot tn
ckrtlglcotlni ls wltdbrowi. Rdk ikxt ykors lispkctlni bncuekits wdot lispkctnrs lbkitlgy
os skrlnus vlnaotlnis ng dkoatd, sogkty, oib dueoi rlfdts prnvlslnis ng tdk rkfuaotlnis:
tdksk ork snekwdot blggkrkit li bktola grne tdk bkglclkiclks lbkitlglkb li tdk prkvlnus
rkpnrt. Rdk goclalty ls ofoli tdrkotkikb wltd anss ng ckrtlglcotlni oib ofoli ikfntlotks
succkssguaay gnr tlek tn paoi tn cnrrkct bkglclkiclks. Rdk ikxt ykors lispkctlni rkpnrt
bncuekits wdot lispkctnrs lbkitlgy os skrlnus vlnaotlnis ng tdk dkoatd, sogkty, oib dueoi
rlfdts prnvlslnis ng tdk rkfuaotlnis: tdksk ork snekwdot blggkrkit li bktola grne tdk
bkglclkiclks lbkitlglkb li tdk prkvlnus rkpnrts.
Dnw cnuab tdls pottkri `kst `k kxpaolikb tn o pkrsni wltd o bkvkanpekitoa blso`lalty wdn
alvks li nik ng tdksk goclaltlks>
Cnuab tdk kiburoick ng tdls pottkri `k `rnjki `y
tnufdkr rkfuaotlnis wltd eucd strnifkr soictlnis>
enrk nr `kttkr trolikb lispkctnrs>
lispkctnrs tn lispkct tdk wnrj ng tdk lispkctnrs>
enrk livkstekit li trolilif oib tkcdilcoa osslstoick gnr npkrotnrs ng aCGs-EP>
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Litkfrlty 3?
Rdk systke skkes cnepkaakb tn rkpkot o slepak, kscoaotlif pottkri, li
wdlcd nvkr tlek licrkoslif cnitrna krnbks tdk gakxl`lalty ikckssory gnr
kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick.
pktS kapeoxK
ntfilikppodbo`fildtkensrkvncslB.?
,skltlal`oslbaotikepnakvkbdtlwkapnkp
.ksnpxkioy`bktoaueltsiktgn
nikvodsinltutltsililkapnkX
aaleyapelsykdt:ytlvltcoaugfilioke
.spunrfkfroailbiunro
tikroppokdtntrkwsioiokilgkB.0
cltorcuokru`ognerngkdtileka`nrp
aoinlsskgnrpokblvnrpnttikekrluqkr
.inltuans
.tiketokrtkvltcobktikeucnB
-krdtlwkciolapencrngtckpsiL.3
rngsinltckrrnckrluqkrbiostikekrluq
.sinltoutlstiolapenc-ini
kciolapenc-inirngfilbiugntstokrdR
ntkciotslssoaoclidcktbiofililorR
.kciolapenckrusil
kenck`seka`nrpkciolapencgnsktoP.2
kdR.kcioerngrkpektsysrngsbrobiots
kdtkciolapenc-inigntiuneokdtrktokrf
bksokrcilrnginltoclgltsumkdtrkfinrts
.kciolapenckcrngnttrnggk
ssnarnskilgspodrkp,stokrdt(sinltcioS
gntunbiungsrkfoioerng)kencilgn
.kciolapenc
rngsinltnenrpbiosinltoautorfinC
kvlt-co%88?ilotiloendwsrkfoioe
.tiketokrt
.tokpkrbioeka`nrptxkiygltikbL.;
Ot akost glvk tdlifs ork wnrtd intlclif o`nut tdls pottkri. Glrst, lt
eojks skisk li tdot lt rkspnibs tn n`vlnusay skrlnus prn`akes. Skcnib,
lt eojks skisk li tkres ng cneeniay dkab intlnis ng pu`alc eoiofk-
ekit= dlfdkr outdnrltlks bkglik tdk pkrgnreoick tdky woit li tdk gnre
ng bktolakb spkclglcotlnis, prnvlbk lickitlvks (enstay pkioatlks gnr ini-pkrgnreoick), lispkct tn lisurk tdot tdky fkt lt, oib rkqulrk cnrrkctlnis
wdki tdky bnit fkt lt.
Rdlrb, tdk snautlnis ke`nblkb li tdk rkqulrkekits ork ksskitloaay tdk
slepak ikfotlvk ng tdk n`skrvkb prn`ake oib tdk fnnb kggkcts ng eua-
tlpak lepnskb snautlnis ork ossuekb tn `k obbltlvk (lg nik ls fnnb, twn
ls `kttkr, tdrkk ls kvki `kttkr). Xrn`ake= pknpak ork lbak oib uitutnrkb:
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Litkfrlty 30
snautlni= tdky sdnuab `k octlvkay trkotkb. Xrn`ake= pknpak dovk `kki (nr
anflcoaay cnuab `k) kxpanltkb `y pknpak wltd crlelioa rkcnrbs: snautlni=
cdkcj tdk glifkrprlits ng oiynik dlrkb. Xrn`ake= stogg snektleks oppkor
tn kxkrclsk pnnr mubfekit: snautlni= rkqulrk 38 dnurs ng trolilif gnr
oiynik dlrkb. Euatlpak rkqulrkekits, tdk ruak eojkrs ossuek, wlaa int
cnigalct oib obblif enrk rkqulrkekits wlaa int dlibkr pkrgnreoick.
Rdls slepak, alikor opprnocd dos tdk oppkoa ng tdk paoli bkcaorotlvk
skitkick.
Gnurtd, tdk ruaks ossuek tdot tdk systke oib lts skrvlck prnvlbkrs dovk
tdk copoclty tn lepakekit tdke, nr tdot tdky coi rkaotlvkay koslay
ocqulrk tdk ikckssory copocltlks. Rdls skqukick obelts in slfilglcoit
uickrtolitlks, in slfilglcoit tlek tn akori tn bn wdot ls rkqulrkb, oib
alttak prn`o`lalty tdot tdk rkqulrkekits tdkeskavks wlaa `k guiboeki-
toaay oatkrkb.
Glgtd, kocd stkp li tdk pottkri cale`s nik enrk stkp up o aobbkr ng
o`stroctlni.
Kvkryboy algk= octlif tn prkvkit & snavkprn`akes & glib nppnrtuiltlks
Pkgakctlni ni kvkryboy algk= cdkcjlifwdot's wnrjlif & wdot's int: paoiilif
cdoifks: annjlif gnr `kttkr woys.
Bncuekitlif octlvltlks li tkres rkqulrkb`y ruaks & pnalclks
Mubflif cnepaloick wltd oppalco`ak ruaks& pnalclks
Ikfntlotlif paois ng cnrrkctlni & gliblifwoys tn licrkosk cnepaloick
Bkglilif tdk tkres ng cnepaloick
enrko`stroct
Ni tdk frnuib ork portlcuaor pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks
oib tdnsk wdn osslst tdke tn fkt ni wltd tdk ganw ng tdklr kvkryboy algk.
Ni tdk glrst ruif, tdksk pknpak stnp tn cdkcj ni wdot tdky ork bnlif
oib, pkrdops, livkst snek tlek li nppnrtuilty gliblif oib prn`ake
snavlif. Ni tdls ruif tdky eoy osj gnr snek dkap li tdk gnre ng prnckss
cnisuatotlni nr cdoicks tn akori ikw sjlaas nr usk ikw kqulpekit nr
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Litkfrlty 33
glib woys litn ikw nppnrtuiltlks. Rdk skcnib, oib su`skqukit ruifs ng
tdls aobbkr ng o`stroctlni ork lepnskb `y tdk currkit systke ng rkfuao-
tlni. Ni tdk skcnib ruif, pknpak ork livnavkb li eojlif bkscrlptlnis ng
tdklr octlvltlks li tkres flvki `y oppalco`ak pnalclks oib rkfuaotlnis. Ni
tdls ruif, pknpak strlvk tn prkpork bncuekits tn stoiborb= tdk li-
spkctnrs fnob, Lg lt lsit bncuekitkb, lt wosit bnik, ruaks dkrk. Ni
tdk tdlrb ruif, lispkctnrs cotkfnrlzk tdk kvlbkick ovolao`ak tn tdke
grne rkvlkwlif bncuekitotlni oib `rlkg n`skrvotlnis oib litkrvlkws li
tdk tkres flvki `y pnalclks, rkfuaotlnis, oib litkrprktlvk fulbkaliks. Ni
tdls ruif, mubfekits ng cnepaloick nr ini-cnepaloick ork eobk. Ni
tdk gnurtd ruif, obelilstrotnrs oib lispkctnrs ikfntlotk o`nut tdk
cniskqukicks ng tdk lispkctnrs mubfekits o`nut cnepaloick. Ni tdls
ruif, paois ng cnrrkctlni ork ofrkkb oib tkcdilcoa osslstoick rkquksts
ork gnreuaotkb oib oiswkrkb. Ni tdk glgtd ruif, kxpkrts cnepktk tn
ligaukick outdnrltlks o`nut tdk bkgliltlni ng tdk cotkfnrlks oib tdk
lignreotlni tdot wlaa slfioa cnepaloick oib o`nut tdk kggkcts ng blggkr-kit jlibs ng soictlnis.
Xknpak alvk oib skkj nppnrtuiltlks oib snavk boy tn boy prn`akes ni
tdk frnuib oib ni tdk glrst ruif ng tdk aobbkr ng o`stroctlni. Rdk lssuks
ot tdls akvka ngtki bkeoib crkotlvlty, `ut tdky ork eobk ng tdk gocts oib
gkkalifs oib uibkrstoiblifs ng kvkryboy algk= Mnks pkrsnioa osslstoit ls
slcj ofoli: wdn wlaa glaa li sn dk coi fkt tn wnrj ni tlek> Ls o prn`ake
bkvkanplif wltd tdk scdkbuakb osslstoit> Bn wk ikkb tn rk-wnrj tdk
scdkbuak> Vdki nik cale`s tn tdk skcnib ruif oib o`nvk, tdk wnrab
`kflis tn annj vkry blggkrkit= Ls Mnks prnfroe paoi glilsdkb oib
slfikb> Dos dls bkitlst skit `ocj dls oiiuoa rkpnrt> Dovk dls dnurs ng
osslstoick `kki kitkrkb uibkr tdk prnpkr cotkfnrlks> Dovk wk bncu-
ekitkb prnfrkss ni aost ykors n`mkctlvks> Obelilstrotnrs, lispkctnrs,
oioaysts, oib eoiy prngksslnioa obvncotks spkib enst ng tdklr tlek ni
tdk tdlrb ruif nr dlfdkr: in wnibkr sn eoiy quoalty leprnvkekit
prnmkcts gncus ni leprnvlif tdk quoalty ng popkrwnrj.
O cnaakofuk wdn ls `ntd tdk entdkr ng o eoi wltd o bkvkanpekitoa
blso`lalty oib o skilnr prnfroe stogg eke`kr copturks tdk blggkrkick
tdot tdksk blggkrkicks li pkrspkctlvk eojk li tdls woy, L alvk algk wltd
ey sni oib tdki L fn tn wnrj oib rkob oib alstki tn bk`otks o`nutrkfuaotnry rkgnre oib quoalty ossuroick liblcotnrs. L tdlij tdot, os o
ene, L oe li oi kitlrkay blggkrkit envlk grne tdk nik tdk pknpak
toajlif o`nut quoalty ossuroick ork wotcdlif. Lts oaenst lepnssl`ak tn
skk tdk cniikctlni `ktwkki wdot wk ork alvlif oib wdot tdky ork
toajlif o`nut.
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Litkfrlty 32
Rn uibkrstoib tdk cniskqukicks ng tdls structurk nvkr tlek, cnislbkr
tdk twn prn`ake snavlif annps bkplctkb ni tdk aobbkr blofroe. *Rdk
`nttne prn`ake snavlif annp cnickris wdot ikkbs bnlif kvkryboy tn
npki up ikw nppnrtuiltlks oib tn bkoa wltd kvkryboy prn`akes: lt ls
dkrk tdot pknpak coi wnrj ni tdk enrk guiboekitoa cousks ng `kttkr
alvks gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks. Rdk tnp annp cnickris
eolitoli cnepaloick oib tdk ganw ng guibs tn tdk ofkicy: dkrk tdk
kggkct ni algk gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ls ot `kst
liblrkct. Nvkr tlek tdk tnp annp wlaa tkib tn bneliotk tdk `nttne annp=
oi licrkoslif oenuit ng octlvlty wlaa fn tnworb ruiilif up tdk scnrk ni
tdk o`stroct scnrk`norb ng popkrwnrj, cnst rkpnrts, oib cnepaloick.
Akss wnrj wlaa `k blrkctkb ot bkglilif oib snavlif tdk kvkryboy prn`-
akes tdot dovk tdk pntkitloa tn leprnvk quoalty ng algk.
Rdls bneliotlni ng tdk kvkryboy `y tdk o`stroct aorfkay doppkis
nutslbk cnisclnus oworkikss `kcousk pknpak wdn ork livnavkb li tdk
wnrj ng cnepaloick akori tn skk tdk o`stroctlnis tdky pursuk os enrkrkoa tdoi tdk cnicrktk prn`ake snavlif tdot kifofks pknpak. Rdky bn int
cdnnsk tn lfinrk octlvlty ot tdk `nttne ruif ng tdk aobbkr, lt ls slepay
livlsl`ak nr lrrkakvoit tn tdke. Xdlansnpdkr O.I. Vdltkdkob ioekb tdls
pkrckptuoa kggkct ng ottkitlni tdk goaaocy ng elspaockb cnicrktkikss.
Xknpak suggkr grne tdls goaaocy wdki tdky oct os lg wrltlif oi liblvlbuoa
prnfroe paoi li tdk cnrrkct gnre wos li ltskag sugglclkit tn cousk
leprnvkekit li kvkryboy algk. Rdls akobs tdk pknpak wdn stoib ni
dlfdkr ruifs ng tdk aobbkr ng o`stroctlni tn blscnuit tdk dorb kvkry boy
wnrj ng osslstlif pknpak li govnr ng tdk koslkr tosj ng eoilpuaotlif
sye`nas ni stogglif cnepalekits, scdkbuaks, paois, `ubfkts, oib prn-
gksslnioa rkcnrbs. Rdls blscnuitlif ls eobk eucd koslkr `y tdk cneeni
blselssoa oib lfinroick ng tdk wnrj ng corlif os must wnekis wnrj.
* Rdls ls o slepak vkrslni ng o cneeni skag bkgkotlif pottkri li dueoi systkes wdlcd snek systkes tdlijkrs dovk
coaakb sdlgtlif tdk urbki. Skk Skifk, X. (?
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Litkfrlty 3;
o`snr` ovolao`ak gakxl`lalty, rkgrkkzlif tdk systke ornuib prngksslnioa octlvlty. Xnsltlvk
kggkcts bkcrkoskb tn tdk pnlit wdkrk rkfuaotlni ls inw cnuitkrprnbuctlvk= enrk livkst-
ekit li lispkctnr trolilif, rkglikekit ng bkgliltlnis, tnnas, oib lickitlvks wlaa rksuat li
wnrsk pkrgnreoick.
Rdk akvkrofk li tdls sltuotlni alks li uibkrstoiblif tdls porobnx. @y frkotay wkojkilif
rkfuaotnry octlvlty wdlak sleuatoiknusay rolslif ottkitlni tn tdk sncloa akorilif eobk
pnssl`ak `y wnrjlif wltd litkfrlty, nvkr tlek, ni kvkryboy prn`akes, lt eoy `k pnssl`ak
tn `rkoj nut ng tdk trop crkotkb `y ykors ng kggnrt ot supkrglcloa cousks.
Bkoalif enrk kggkctlvkay wltd golaurks ng litkfrlty
Rdnufdt Kxpkrlekit
Nik stotk oaancotks o`nut $?,888 pkr calkit gnr cosk eoiofkekit skrvlcks. Stotk ruaks
eojk cosk eoiofkrs rkspnisl`ak gnr lisurlif tdot kocd ng tdklr calkits dos oi opprnprlotk
liblvlbuoa skrvlck paoi, wdlcd stotk stotutk bkgliks os ckitroa tn kggkctlvkay cnnrbliotkb,
liblvlbuoalzkb skrvlcks. Cosk eoiofkrs ork oasn rkspnisl`ak gnr rkprkskitlif tdklr calkits
litkrksts li o vorlkty ng ntdkr woys oib ork bkglikb, `y aow, os libkpkibkit ng skrvlck
prnvlbkrs.
Cnislbkr tdls oatkriotlvk tn tdk stotks prkskit proctlck ng alckislif oib rnutlikay lispkct-
lif skrvlcks.
Rdk stotk rkpkoas lts alckisurk aow oib oaa rkaotkb rkfuaotlnis gnr pknpak wdn dovk cosk
eoiofkrs. Rdk stotk jkkps tdk outdnrlty tn prnskcutk gnr o`usk nr ikfakct ng vuaikro`ak
obuats wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib prnvlbks tdk stotk bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks
ofkicy wltd tdk buty oib tdk copoclty tn blscnvkr oib livkstlfotk cnepaolits ng o`usk
oib ikfakct.
Cosk eoiofkrs ork rkqulrkb, kvkry slx enitds, tn glak o gnre gnr kocd calkit ni tdklr
coskanobs. Ni tdls gnre tdky ogglre tdot tdky dovk currkit pkrsnioa jinwakbfk ng tdk
pkrsnis alvlif sltuotlni oib tdot kltdkr o) tdky coi ogglre tdot tdk pkrsni ls alvlif li
sogk oib bkckit cnibltlnis, tdot tdk pkrsnis eniky ls opprnprlotkay eoiofkb, tdot tdk
pkrsni ls rkcklvlif ikkbkb dkoatd oib bkitoa cork, oib tdot tdk pkrsni ls rkcklvlif ot
akost elileoaay obkquotk osslstoick tn bkoa wltd tdk cniskqukicks oib vuaikro`laltlks
ng tdk pkrsnis portlcuaor blso`lalty, nr `) lg nik nr enrk ng tdksk cnibltlnis ls int ekt
tdot tdky ork pkrsnioaay livnavkb li kggnrts tn lisurk tdot tdky ork ekt. Rdls gnre ls oasn
cn-slfikb `y livnavkb skrvlck prnvlbkrs. Cnplks ng tdk gnre wnuab fn tn tdk pkrsni
oib tn livnavkb goelay eke`krs nr fuorblois. Os o cnibltlni ng guiblif, skrvlck prnvlbkrs wnuab sueeorlzk tdk gliblifs ng cosk
eoifkrs oib bkscrl`k tdk ligaukick tdksk dovk ni tdklr npkrotlnis.
Pkspnisl`ak stotk eoiofkrs wnuab tdk oublt o roibne soepak, soy ;%, ng tdksk gnres
`y occnepoiylif tdk rkspnisl`ak cosk eoiofkr tn vlslt tdk pkrsni livnavkb oib intlif
ofrkkekit nr blsofrkkekit wltd cosk eoiofkr mubfekits ni tdk gnre. Cnickris o`nut
cosk eoiofkekit mubfekits wlaa `kcnek port ng cosk eoiofkekit cnitroct ikfntlo-
tlnis.
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Litkfrlty 37
O pkrsni wdn ls tdk su`mkct ng tdls gnre wdn gkkas uisogk, nr oiynik wdn dos rkosni tn
`k cnickrikb gnr tdk pkrsnis sogkty, coi cnepka o tlekay oublt ng tdk sltuotlni `y
rkspnisl`ak stotk eoiofkrs.
Ls tdls oi obkquotk rkpaockekit gnr alckislif lispkctlnis>
O iue`kr ng pknpak soy in tn tdls prnpnsltlni gnr tdksk rkosnis= cosk eoiofkrs dovk
cosk anobs wdlcd ork tnn aorfk tn pkrelt tdke tn jinw wdktdkr nr int tdk pknpak ni tdklrcosk anobs ork sogk: cosk eoiofkrs eoy `k li cnigalct ng litkrkst oib tdus uirkalo`ak
mubfks ng pknpaks sogkty: oib cosk eoiofkrs aocj tdk outdnrlty tn cnepka uiwlaalif
skrvlck prnvlbkrs tn alstki tn tdke o`nut sogkty prn`akes.
Lg tdksk orfuekits ofolist osslfilif rkspnisl`lalty gnr sogkty tn cosk eoiofkrs skke
pkrsuoslvk, wdot rkosnis rkeoli gnr guiblif cosk eoiofkekit> Dnw coi sneknik wdn
coiint `k trustkb tn jinw o`nut oib oct tn updnab pknpaks pdyslcoa sogkty `k trustkb wltd
outdnrlty tn paoi gnr tdklr alvks> Dnw coi sneknik wdn aocjs tdk o`lalty nr outdnrlty tn
ikfntlotk wltd skrvlck prnvlbkrs `k oi obkquotk cnnrbliotnr ng o cnepakx skrvlck paoi>
Xknpak wdn prnvlbk osslstoick coi gola li litkfrlty li tdrkk blggkrkit
woys= tdky coi oct wltdnut litkfrlty `y nvkrtay o`uslif nr ikfakctlif
pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks: tdky coi bkgroub `y elsblrkct-
lif guibs oaancotkb tn osslst pknpak gnr pkrsnioa foli: oib, tdky coi gola
li tdk portlcuaors ng litkfrlty tdrnufd canskbikss, nr aocj ng cnisclnus-
ikss, nr golaurk ng octlni. Elxlif up tdk glrst twn jlibs ng golaurks,
wdlcd ork crlelioa, wltd tdk tdlrb, wdlcd ls int, rksuats li brlvlif tdk
skrvlck systke bkkpkr litn tdk gkor oib ligakxl`lalty wdlcd wlaa bkgkot
tdk sprkob ng kggkctlvkay litkrbkpkibkit rkaotlnisdlps.
@klif golr oib cakor `y int nvkr lbkitlgylif o`usk oib groub
Lt ls wnrtd intlclif tdot tdk intlni ng o`usk dos uibkrfnik cnislbkro`ak
ligaotlni nvkr tdk aost twkity ykors, usuoaay `y pknpak bkkpay cnickrikb
o`nut tdk kggkcts ng lifrolikb blscrleliotlni. Rdus, snek pknpak spkoj
ng cnifrkfotk skttlifs, oib tdk pknpak wdn wnrj li tdke, os o`uslvk:
snek rkforb golaurk tn rkspkct o pkrsnis cdnlcks os o`uslvk: oib snek
lbkitlgy tdk usk ng blsrkspkctgua aoifuofk, sucd os ao`kalif o pkrsni
ekitoaay rktorbkb, os o`uslvk. Oi ligaotkb bkgliltlni ng o`usk dos twn
uignrtuiotk cniskqukicks= lt livltks tdk livncotlni ng brostlc tdrkots gnr`kdovlnr tdot eoiy pknpak coit ykt skk tdk dore li: oib, lt iue`s
skisltlvlty oib `auits rkspnislvkikss tn n`vlnusay dnrrl`ak clrcue-
stoicks.
Vdlak froitlif tdk durt li cnifrkfotlif pknpak, bkiylif tdke cdnlck
oib ao`kalif tdke blsrkspkctguaay, lt ls lepnrtoit tn blstlifulsd tdksk
golaurks li tdk portlcuaors ng litkfrlty grne `kotlif pknpak, akttlif nr
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Litkfrlty 36
kvki kicnuroflif pknpak tn prky ni nik ointdkr, ancjlif nr tylif
pknpak up, storvlif pknpak, bkiylif pknpak ekblcoa cork, akttlif pknpak
alk uiottkibkb li tdklr nwi urlik, stkoalif pknpaks eniky, nr crukaay
bkprlvlif pknpak ng tdklr pnssksslnis, tdklr grkkbne ng envkekit, nr
tdklr grkkbne ng ossnclotlni, jkkplif pknpak swkatkrlif nr cnab nr li
n`vlnusay uisogk prkelsks. Li sdnrt, o`usk oib ikfakct sdnuab `k
bkglikb li o woy tdot oiy cltlzki ni o mury cnuab ofrkk wos o rkprkdki-
sl`ak woy tn trkot o dueoi `klif.
Rdk intlni ng groub ls snektleks slelaoray ligaotkb, ngtki `y pknpak li
nvkrslfdt rnaks wdn skkj tn kxpoib tdklr pnwkr nvkr tdk troisoctlnis ng
npkrotlif bkportekits. Ao`kalif enrk groub mustlglks troisgkrrlif pnwkr
owoy grne npkrotlnioaay rkspnisl`ak eoiofkrs oib tnworb lispkctnrs,
oioaysts oib oubltnrs. Vdktdkr tdls bkslrk gnr enrk pnwkr nvkr bktolas
cneks grne o `kalkg tdot pu`alc purpnsks wlaa `k `kttkr skrvkb, nr grne
enrk portlsoi entlvks, lt coi akob oubltnrs oib oioaysts tn caosslgy
blggkrkicks ng nptlni o`nut akfltleotk kxpkiblturks nr popkrwnrj krrnrsli tdk soek cotkfnry os cdorflif o eoiofkrs Ganrlbo vocotlni dnek ngg
tn calkit cork nr poylif pdyslclois gnr ekblcoa tksts tdky ikvkr eobk. Li
tdk litkrkst ng golrikss oib cakor tdlijlif, groub sdnuab niay `k livnjkb
li o cnitkxt wdkrk tdkrk ork sugglclkit frnuibs gnr crlelioa prnskcutlni.
]koanus nvkr-lbkitlglcotlni ng o`usk oib groub bktrocts grne kggkctlvk
litkrbkpkibkick=
XkrcklvkbO`usk/Groub Kxtkrioa Cnitrnang BktolasGakxl`lalty Kggkctlvk
Litkrbkpkibkick
licrkosks
bkcrkosks bkaoy
Frkotkr gakxl`lalty licrkosks tdk cdoicks tdot pknpak wlaa gnre kggkctlvk
litkrbkpkibkit rkaotlnisdlps oib, nvkr tlek, enrk kggkctlvk litkrbkpki-
bkick licrkosks gakxl`lalty. @ut, os kxtkrioa nvkrslfdt oib cnitrna ng tdk
bktolas ng osslstoick licrkosks, tdk cdoicks tdot skrvlck prnvlbkrs wlaa
`kdovk gakxl`ay li rkspnisk tn cdoiflif sltuotlnis bkcrkosks. Bkcrkoskb
gakxl`lalty bkcrkosks kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick. Os licrkosk li pkrcklvkb
o`usk nr groub licrkosks tdk cdoicks ng kxtkrioa cnitrna oib tdus bk-
crkosks gakxl`lalty oib tdki bkcrkosks kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick. Rdls
plcturk orfuks gnr prkskrvotlni ng gakxl`lalty `y ?) ovnlblif ligaotkb
rkpnrts ng o`usk oib groub, in eottkr dnw pnaltlcoaay uskgua sucd
kxoffkrotlni elfdt `k li tdk sdnrt rui: oib, 0) gliblif oatkriotlvks tn
kxtkrioa nvkrslfdt oib cnitrna ng bktolas os o rkspnisk tn tdnsk skrvlck
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Litkfrlty 34
prnvlbkrs wdn slepay aocj litkfrlty.
Bkoalif wltd tdnsk wdn aocj litkfrlty
[ignrtuiotkay, os o cniskqukick ng tdk sncloa bkvoauotlni ng pknpak
wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, skrvlcks coi ottroct pknpak wdn ork
nutrlfdt o`uslvk nr ikfakctgua. O usk oib ikfakct usuoaay rksuats grne
aozlikss oib skag-ckitkrkbikss, `ut lt coi `k oi kxprksslni ng crukaty.Vdotkvkr lts entlvk, lt ls slepay wrnif oib `kst skki oib trkotkb os oi
nggkisk ofolist tdk aow.
Rdkrk ork ot akost tdrkk cnepnikits ng oi kggkctlvk pnalck pnwkr.*
Glrst, o cakor oib wkaa pu`alclzkb buty tn rkpnrt tdk o`usk oib ikfakct ng
vuaikro`ak pknpak, licaublif prntkctlni ng wdlstak`anwkrs oib tdk wkaa
pu`alclzkb lepnsltlni ng gliks nr ntdkr pkioatlks ni outdnrlzkb pknpak
wdn gola tn rkpnrt anif-stoiblif pottkris ng o`usk wdlcd tdky dovk o
buty tn jinw o`nut (soy, tdk bkitlst wdn dos oi livkstekit li o iurslif
dnek, tdk `norb cdolr nr blrkctnr ng o ini-prnglt ofkicy, nr tdk o`uskb
nr ikfakctkb pkrsnis cosk eoiofkr). Os port ng tdklr nrlkitotlni tn
wnrj, ikw stogg sdnuab dovk tdk nppnrtuilty tn rkvlkw tdk gocts oib tdk
blspnsltlni ng o vorlkty ng cosks ng o`usk oib ikfakct, pkrdops li tdk
gnreot ng o truk crlek RW sdnw. Skcnib, tdk copoclty gnr tlekay
livkstlfotlni oib kggkctlvk prnskcutlni. Aow kignrckekit nvkranob, oib
wlbksprkob liskisltlvlty tn tdk dueoilty ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa
blso`laltlks oenif aow ngglckrs oib prnskcutnrs, eoy orfuk gnr livkstl-
fotnrs, oib kvki prnskcutnrs bkblcotkb tn tdls octlvlty.
*Rdls blscusslni ls vkry sjktcdy `kcousk nur purpnsk ls tn liblcotk blrkctlni, int tn su`stltutk gnr tdk bk`otk oib
kxpkrlekitotlni ikckssory tn pnalck o`usk oib ikfakct. Gnr kxoepak, wk ikfakct tdk vltoa lssuk ng prntkctlif tdk
uimustay occuskb.
Rdk tdlrb, oib pkrdops enst prn`akeotlc, cnepnikit ng oi kggkctlvk
rkspnisk tn o`usk oib ikfakct ls tdk copoclty tn fkikrotk oatkriotlvk
osslstoick oib, li tdk cosk ng pknpak dnuskb `y tdklr o`uskrs, oatkriotlvk
alvlif orroifkekits. Lio`lalty tn crkotk oatkriotlvks doestrlifs kggnrts ot
prntkctlni. Vdki systke eoiofkrs coi nggkr in ntdkr, sogkr rnng tn
sakkp uibkr, pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ork dnstofks tn
tdnsk wdn wnuab o`usk nr ikfakct tdke. *Xoligua prkssurks cnistroli
tdls copoclty= frnwlif oib licrkoslifay urfkit woltlif alsts, seoaa
licrkosks li uirkstrlctkb guiblif, oib bkoas tdot torfkt frnwtd li
systke copoclty tn portlcuaor caossks ng pknpak (k.f. rkslbkits ng oi
listltutlni wdlcd ls pkrelttkb tn cnitliuk rkcklvlif gkbkroa guibs nicnibltlni ng pnpuaotlni bkcalik, nr rkslbkits ng iurslif dneks blslitkr-
kstkb li ekktlif rkqulrkekits tn prnvlbk octlvk trkotekit tn pknpak
wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks). Oaa ng tdksk prkssurks ng
nvkrcneeltekit cnitrl`utk tn eoiofkrloa prn`akes tdot coi `kcnek
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Litkfrlty 3
Flvki tdot tdk lispkctnrs prkskitay dovk tdk outdnrlty tn lbkitlgy enst lg int oaa ng tdk
prn`akes surgockb `y tdk kxtkrioa tkoe, oib flvki tdot tdk lispkctnrs ork copo`ak ng
corrylif nut tdklr butlks (libkkb, eoiy ng tdke ork dlfday sjlaakb pknpak wdn ork pkrsni-
oaay cneelttkb tn leprnvlif algk gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks), bnks lt eojk
skisk tn cnicaubk tdot tdls cosk mustlglks enrk rkfuaotnry outdnrlty, enrk livkstekit li
lispkctlnis oib lispkctnrs, nr enrk trolilif gnr lispkctnrs>
Lg ynu dob `kki ni o woltlif alst gnr skrvlcks gnr tdk ykors tdksk sltuotlnis wkit
uieoiofkb, wnuab ynu gkka tdot tdk pu`alc eniky spkit ni cnepaloick octlvltlks gnr tdls
prnvlbkr wos wkaa spkit>
Lg nggkrkb o dnek `y tdls prnvlbkr, wnuab ynu gkka skcurk oib cnegnrto`ak `kcousk
lispkctnrs vlslt rkfuaoray>
Vdki tdk systke bkvkanps tdk copoclty tn trkot crlelioas os crlelioas,
tdot akovks tdk rkst ng us= wkaa litkitlnikb oib goaal`ak pknpak wdn ikkb
tn akori tn `k enrk kggkctlvkay litkrbkpkibkit.
@kcousk wk dovk frnwi up li o cuaturk tdot bkvoauks pknpak wltd
bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, wk eust cnitliunusay rolsk nur cnisclnus-
ikss ng tdk eoiy woys wk rkprnbuck tdls bkvoauotlni. Dkrk ls tdk
cnitkxt gnr cnigrnitlif nik ointdkr gnr blsrkspkctgua aoifuofk oib
tdnufdt pottkris, gnr lfinrlif tdk nppnrtuiltlks socrlglckb wdki skrvlcks
skfrkfotk oib cnifrkfotk pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, gnr
uibkrkstleotlif pknpaks o`laltlks, gnr iorrnwlif pknpaks kxkrclsk ng
tdklr rlfdts. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr bk`otk nvkr tdk rkaotlvk cnsts oib
`kikglts ng blggkrkit snautlnis tn tdk eoiy prn`akes ng ossurlif pknpak
osslstoick gncuskb ni nppnrtuilty.
@kcousk eoiy ng us licalik tn liblvlbuoalse oib skag-ckitkrkbikss, wk
eust cnitliuoaay akori tn npki nur dkorts tn tdk vnlcks ng pknpak wltd
bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib tdk ikkbs ng nur wdnak cneeuiltlks.Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr us tn fulbk nik ointdkr tn uibkrstoib tdk woys
nur algk stnrlks litkr-wkovk wltd tdnsk ng tdk pknpak wk osslst, tn alstki
wltd nur dkorts oib nur ores oib akfs os wkaa os wltd nur kors oib
elibs, tn livltk ntdkr cltlzkis tn sdork tdk alvks oib litkrksts ng pknpak
wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr us tn bkkpki nur
uibkrstoiblif ng nurskavks, ng nik ointdkr, oib ng tdk kekrflif ekoi-
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Litkfrlty 2?
lif cneeuilty li tdls ofk ng liblvlbuoa grkkbne.
@kcousk wk glib nurskavks kieksdkb li o tdnusoib fnnb rkosnis int
tn tojk oiy octlni wdlcd wlaa blsrupt tdlifs `y npkilif up o ikw
nppnrtuilty tn o pkrsni wltd o bkvkanpekitoa blso`lalty, oib `kcousk
kvkry octlni dos lts sdobnw ng lepkrgkct rkoalzotlni oib uilitkibkb
cniskqukick, wk eust cnitliuoaay akori tn mnli enrk kggkctlvkay wltd
pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks oib tdklr goelalks oib grlkibs tn
eojk cdoifks. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr us tn kicnurofk nik ointdkr tn
oct ni wdot wk soy wk `kalkvk, tn rkgakct ni wdot wk dovk akorikb grne
tdk rksuats ng nur octlni, tn paoi li woys tdot livnavk wlbkilif clrcaks
ng pknpak li eojlif cdoifk. Dkrk ls tdk cnitkxt gnr tdnufdtgua kxpkrl-
ekitotlni, li cnepoiy wltd pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks,
wdlcd wlaa dkap us glfurk nut dnw tn nvkrcnek tdk ikxt skt ng `orrlkrs
oib rkoalzk tdk ikxt nppnrtuilty.
Rdksk gnres ng akorilif coiint `k cnkrckb: tdky rkqulrk tdot pknpak
cneelt grne grkkbne. In eottkr dnw skisltlvk tdk proctltlnikr ngrkfuaotlni, tdk fksturk ng rkfuaotlif jlaas tdk jlib ng akorilif ikckssory
tn licrkoskb cnisclnusikss, frkotkr dkort, oib `kttkr oalfikb octlni gnr
cdoifk.
Rdnsk wdn woit tn iurturk akorilif gnr frkotkr litkfrlty wlaa livkst
su`stoitloaay li snek tdlifs oib stnp bnlif ntdkrs. Rdky wlaa livkst
su`stoitloaay li
eoiy woys tn strkiftdki tdk vnlcks ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa
blso`laltlks licaublif guiblif, bkvkanplif oib kicnuroflif
nrfoilzotlnis (aljk Xknpak Glrst) libkpkibkit ng skrvlck skttlifs pkkr cnuiskalif ng tdk snrt proctlckb succkssguaay li eoiy Cki-
tkrs gnr Libkpkibkit Alvlif
nrfoilzotlnis ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks tn bk-
vkanp tdklr nwi akorilif octlvltlks, tdklr nwi pkrspkctlvks ni
pnalcy, oib tdklr nwi oaaloicks
kxtkislvk kxpkrlekits tn blscnvkr woys tn goclaltotk kggkctlvk
portlclpotlni li paoiilif oib fnvkrioick octlvltlks
eoiy jlibs ng cnisuatotlnis oib kvoauotlnis livltkb `y livnavkb
pknpakeoiy jlibs ng nccoslnis gnr stuby ng tdk dlstnry oib byioelcs ng
sncloa bkvoauotlni oib tdk woys skrvlck proctlcks uitdlijlifay
rkprnbuck sncloa bkvoauotlni
corkgua stuby ng octuoa listoicks ng o`usk, ikfakct, oib groub oib
wlbk blsskeliotlni ng oioaysls ng tdklr cousks oib cniskqukicks
eoiy nppnrtuiltlks tn stuby oib bk`otk tdk frnwlif `osk ng proctlcoa
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Litkfrlty 20
jinwakbfk rkakvoit tn prnvlblif fnnb osslstoick
eoiy nppnrtuiltlks tn gnre eutuoaay suppnrtlvk oib eutuoaay cdoa-
akiflif rkaotlnisdlps wltd ntdkrs li tdk soek wnrj
Rdnsk wdn woit tn iurturk akorilif gnr litkfrlty wlaa stnp
trylif tn cnkrck cnisclnusikss, npkiikss, oib octlni, li govnr ng
npkiay livltlif oib mnlilif octlvkay li akoriliftrylif tn eoilpuaotk pknpak litn osskit tn wdot skkes aljk o pnsltlvk
vlslni, li govnr ng cakoray cneeuilcotlif niks nwi vlslni oib
octlvkay livltlif ntdkrs tn alij tdklr vlslnis tn lt
trylif tn usk rkfuaotnry outdnrlty li paock ng npki ottkepts ot pkrsuo-
slni oib prliclpakb ikfntlotlni
Rdk ekois tn akorilif gnr kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick ork int ksntkrlc. Oiynik wdn coi
jkkp tdk kakekits ng litkfrlty cnisclnusikss, npkiikss, oib octlni ot tdk ckitkr ng tdklrwnrj gnr kvki o enekit wlaa akori kinufd tn tojk tdk ikxt stkp.
Rdk pntkitloa cnitrl`utlni ng Rntoa _uoalty Eoiofkekit
Rntoa _uoalty Eoiofkekit (R_E), oib lts eoiy ocrniyekb cnuslis,
dos folikb currkicy os o woy nut ng tdk rkfuaotlni trop. Eoiy stotk
dueoi skrvlck `urkoucroclks dovk ke`rockb snek prnckss gnr cnitliu-
nus leprnvkekit os o cnepakekit tn tdk wnrj ng lts lispkctnrs. O
tdnrnufd osskssekit ng tdls frnwlif livkstekit li quoalty leprnvkekit
octlvltlks ls `kynib nur prkskit scnpk, `ut wk wlaa `rlkgay lbkitlgy wdot
wk `kalkvk ls lts frkotkst pntkitloa cnitrl`utlni.
V. Kbworbs Bkeelif, nik ng tdk enst grkqukitay cltkb akobkrs ng tdk
envk tnworb `kttkr quoalty, nutaliks tdk frkotkst cnitrl`utlni ng R_E
li dls Xrliclpaks gnr Rroisgnreotlni, *li portlcuaor dls ?2 Xnlits gnr
Eoiofkekit. Lt oppkors tdot Bkeelifs lbkos o`nut tdk rnak ng eoi-
ofkekit fkt eucd akss ottkitlni tdoi tdk tkcdilquks ng stotlstlcoaay
`oskb prn`ake snavlif gnr grnit alik wnrjkrs bkrlvkb, li port, grne dls
wnrj.
*Bkeelif, V. (?
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Litkfrlty 23
crotlc, prngksslnioa wnrj tn glx bkgkctlvk pknpak coiint leprnvk tdk
bktolas ng tdklr pkrgnreoick uitla tdky troisgnre tdk bkslfi ng tdklr
skrvlcks oib tdk ioturk ng tdklr rkaotlnisdlp wltd tdk pknpak wltd bkvka-
npekitoa blso`laltlks wdn rkay ni tdke. Skrvlcks wdlcd dovk int
bkvkanpkb o cnislstkit prnckss gnr osslstlif pknpak tn blscnvkr oib
bkvkanp ikw nppnrtuiltlks gnr tdkeskavks, eust gncus ni tdls `kgnrk
tdky cdnnsk iorrnw fofk leprnvkekit prnmkcts.
Rdnufdtgua cnislbkrotlni ng skvkroa ng tdk ?2 Xnlits gnr Eoiofk-
ekit wnuab, lt skkes tn us, suppnrt nur pnsltlni tdot tdk lispkctlni-
cnrrkctlni opprnocd dos anif slick nutalvkb lts uskguaikss.
Rdnufdt Kxpkrlekit
Bkvkanp o cnepkaalif orfuekit ofolisttdksk tdrkk Xnlits gnr Eoiofkekit.
3. Ckosk bkpkibkick ni lispkctlni tn leprnvk quoalty. Kaleliotk tdk ikkb gnr lispkctlni
ni o eoss `osls `y `ulablif quoalty litn tdk prnbuct li tdk glrst paock.4. Brlvk nut gkor, sn tdot kvkrynik eoy wnrj kggkctlvkay gnr tdk cnepoiy.
?8. Kaleliotk sanfois, kxdnrtotlnis, oib torfkts gnr tdk wnrj gnrck osjlif gnr zkrn bkgkcts
oib ikw akvkas ng prnbuctlvlty. Sucd kxdnrtotlnis niay crkotk obvkrsorloa rkaotlnisdlps,
os tdk `uaj ng tdk cousks ng anw quoalty oib anw prnbuctlvlty `kanif tn tdk systke oib
tdus alk `kynib tdk pnwkr ng tdk wnrj gnrck.
Xkrdops tdk enst dkapgua lislfdt Bkeelif nggkrs litn nrfoilzotlnioa
troisgnreotlni cneks grne dls lislstkick tdot akobkrs coi niay leprnvk
quoalty lg tdky ork cnitliuoaay bkkpkilif tdklr uibkrstoiblif ng tdkportlcuaor systke tdky ork akoblif. @kttkr quoalty bnks int rksuat grne
tkcdilquk `ut grne leekrslni li tdlijlif o`nut, kxpkrlekitlif wltd,
oib akorilif grne oib o`nut tdk systke nik akobs.
@ulablif ni tdls lislfdt, Jle oib @urcdlaa bkenistrotk tdk uskguaikss
ng cakoray lbkitlgylif snek ng tdk jky rkaotlnisdlps tdot ork aljkay tn
alelt quoalty leprnvkekit.* Gnaanwlif tdklr kxoepak, wk wnuab lbki-
tlgy twn crucloa, litkrrkaotkb alelts tn tdk frnwtd ng kggkctlvk litkrbk-
pkibkick li skrvlcks tn pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.
Jle, B. & @urcdlaa, F. (?
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Litkfrlty 22
gncuskb suppnrt systkes wdlcd nrfoilzk oib rknrfoilzk li rkspnisk
tn cdoiflif pkrsnioa oib cneeuilty clrcuestoicks. Rdkrk prn`o`ay
ls o alelt tn tdk iue`kr ng ofkiclks rkoby tn rkblrkct tdkeskavks, sn
tdk iue`kr ng fnnb kxoepaks coi `k kxpkctkb tn frnw roplbay gnr o
wdlak oib tdki topkr ngg uitla akss vkiturksnek ofkiclks mnli tdk
envk.
Rdk iue`kr ng ofkiclks wlaalif tn rkstructurk oib rkbkslfi tdke-
skavks bkpkibs, li slfilglcoit port, ni tdk bkfrkk ng cnkrclni kxkr-
clskb `y tdk aorfkr systke. Rdk enrk cnkrclni, tdk enrk bkgkislvk
`kdovlnr, licaublif sucd panys os rk-ao`kalif `uslikss os usuoa wltd
bkslrkb tkres, `orfolilif tn ksto`alsd tdot `uslikss os usuoa ls wdot
pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks ikkb nr woit, oib bkvkanplif
cnuitkr tdrkots tdrnufd kxpoislni oib cnoaltlni. Rdk enrk cnkrclni,
tdk akss akorilif.
Rdls slepak oioaysls suffksts tdot tdkrk eoy `k slfilglcoit akvkrofk li
systke obelilstrotnrs sdlgtlif grne cnkrclvk ekosurks tn pkrsuoslvkopprnocdks. Gnr kxoepak, envlif quoalty leprnvkekit grne oi kxtkr-
ioaay kignrckb rkqulrkekit tn oi kxpalclt port ng cnitroct ikfntlotlni:
gliblif kggkctlvk woys tn sdork tdk blrkctlnis suffkstkb `y tdk lbko ng
kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick oib osjlif ofkicy akobkrs tn kirnaa li tdklr
pursult: strkiftdkilif tdk prkskick ng pknpak wltd blso`laltlks li tdk
cnitroctlif prnckss: licrkoslif tdk nppnrtuiltlks gnr pknpak tn stort up
ikw ofkiclks, oib bkvkanplif woys tn `ulab iktwnrjs ng pknpak cne-
elttkb tn akorilif dnw tn nrfoilzk tn licrkosk kggkctlvk litkrbkpki-
bkick. Pkfuaotlif tdk glkab `y sdorkb akorilif oib kxpalclt ikfntlotlni
eoy skke sanwkr tdoi rkqulrlif ikw structurks, `ut, li tdk anif rui, lt
eoy `k in sanwkr tdoi tdk kggkcts ng trylif tn pusd pknpak litn akorilif
ofolist tdklr wlaa.
Litkfrlty os o fulbk tn pnalcy
Stogg pknpak cneelttkb tn kggkctlvk litkrbkpkibkick skk tdklr rkaotlni-
sdlps li ktdlcoa rotdkr tdoi tkcdilcoa tkres. Rdky gkka coaakb ni tn glfurk
nut dnw tn bn tdk rlfdt tdlif, grne tdk pnlit ng vlkw ng pkrsnioa corlif
oib mustlck: int tdk cnrrkct tdlif, grne tdk pnlit ng vlkw ng stotk nr
gkbkroa rkfuaotlnis. Rdky rkgroli grne dorelif pknpak int `kcouskdorelif pknpak wnuab `rkoj o ruak, `ut `kcousk tdky cork gnr pknpak.
Rdky bn int stkoa `kcousk tdky ork fkikroaay dnikst, int `kcousk tdky
gkor `klif coufdt. Rdky ork rkspkctgua int `kcousk ng ruaks `ut `kcousk
tdky jinw pknpak os pknpak. Rdky bn int rkspnib pnsltlvkay tn pknpak
wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`aks `kcousk lt ls rkqulrkb `y tdklr mn` bkscrlp-
tlni. Rdky jkkp tdklr mn`s (snektleks li spltk ng tdklr mn` bkscrlptlnis)
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Litkfrlty 2;
`kcousk tdklr mn`s prnvlbk nppnrtuiltlks tn bn pnsltlvk tdlifs wltd
pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.
Rdk rksnurcks rkprkskitkb `y pknpak wdn prnvlbk skrvlcks wltd
dniksty, corlif, pkrsnioa jinwakbfk, oib cneeltekit tn octlvk,
ktdlcoa prn`ake snavlif ork voauo`ak `kynib cneputotlni. Oiy ekoi-
lifgua cdoifk li tdk bkvoaukb sncloa stotus ng pknpak wltd bkvkanpeki-
toa blso`laltlks bkpkibs, li slfilglcoit port, ni tdksk rksnurcks.
@ut tdksk prkclnus rksnurcks ork koslay blscnuitkb, oib tdkrk`y
frkotay blelilsdkb li tdklr kggkcts. Goclak obelilstrotnrs oib akflsaotnrs,
prknccuplkb wltd stkrkntypks ng wostkgua oib o`uslvk prnvlbkrs, obb
enrk prnckburks oib enrk ruaks li rkspnisk tn scoiboas, crlsks, oib
rkgnre kggnrts. Cdoaakifkb, tdky pnlit trluepdoitay tn tdnsk wdn
cneelt o`usk, oib tdky seufay rkelib tdk cdoaakifkr tdot tdk toxpoykr
bkeoibs occnuito`lalty gnr tdk kxpkiblturk ng pu`alc guibs. Rdls skag-
rlfdtknus ottltubk ls skoakb li paock wltd tdk uicrltlcoa `kalkg tdot fnnb
pknpak wlaa dovk in trnu`ak gnaanwlif tdk ruaks. Rdky eoy cnepaoli,
fnks tdk cnepaockit rkgroli, `ut tdky wlaa cnepay.
@kynib tdk paoli `ob eoiikrs ng tojlif pknpaks cneeltekit gnr
froitkb, tdls sdnrt slfdtkb opprnocd krnbks tdk gnuibotlni gnr fnnb
quoalty skrvlcks. Lt pnwkrguaay sdopks tdk caleotk oib tdk inres wltdli
wdlcd skrvlcks bkvkanp oib npkrotk, slfioalif tdot cnignrelty wltd
`urkoucrotlc spkclglcotlnis gnr prngksslnioa octlvlty ls sugglclkit gnr
kggkctlvk skrvlck. Lt cnitrl`utks tn pu`alc oib akflsaotlvk cyilclse `y
litkrprktlif skrvlck wnrjkrs os vkioa, aozy, oib stuplb. Lt brlvks up
troisoctlni cnsts= kvki tdk slepakst cdoifks ork eobk enrk cnepakx.Oib, lt fkikrotks cnigalct, bkgkislvk `kdovlnr, oib blsrkspkct gnr tdk
systke wdki wdot ls cnrrkct, occnrblif tn tdk ruaks, kltdkr bnksit glt
tdk bkeoibs ng o portlcuaor pkrsnis clrcuestoicks nr ls potkitay
gnnalsd (aljk tdk lispkctnrs nbbay ektopdyslcoa mubfekit= Lg lts int
bncuekitkb, lt wosit bnik). Cnkrclvk tkcdilquks eojk in enrk skisk,
oib ork in enrk rlfdt, wdki tdky ork oppalkb ocrnss tdk `norb tn stogg
oib ofkiclks tdoi tdky bn wdki tdky ork oppalkb tn pknpak wltd
bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.*
*Gnr o pkrsuoslvk oppalcotlni ng tdls `oslc akssni ng oppalkb `kdovlnroa oioaysls, oib o bkscrlptlni ng tdk trkekibnus
cnsts ng lfinrlif lt, li nrfoilzotlnioa algk oib pnalcy oioaysls, skk Slbeoi, E. (?
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lislstkick ni gnreoa cnrrkctikss ot tdk kxpkisk ng liltlotlvk. Rdk kivl-
rniekit `kflis tn skakct gnr ofkiclks oib pknpak wdn glib cnegnrt oib
rkworb li cnepaloick gnr lts nwi sojk. Sucd ofkiclks oib sucd pknpak
coi, ot tdklr `kst, `k in enrk tdoi panbblifay dueoik jkkpkrs. Rdky
coiint cnitrl`utk tn tdk wnrj ng licrkoslif tdk ekosurk ng kvkryboy
mustlck ovolao`ak tn pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks.
Oakxls bk Rncqukvlaak wrntk li ?428 o`nut tdk snrt ng bkspntlse wdlcd
tdk portlclpoits li tdk Oekrlcoi bkencrotlc kxpkrlekit sdnuab gkor. Lts
wnrtd cneporlif rkfuaotkb algk gnr pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`lal-
tlks oib tdnsk wdn osslst tdke wltd dls spkcuaotlni=
ZRdlsU leekisk oib tutkaory pnwkr cnvkrs tdk surgock
ng snclkty wltd o iktwnrj ng seoaa cnepalcotkb ruaks,
eliutk oib uilgnre, tdrnufd wdlcd tdk enst nrlflioa
elibs oib tdk enst kikrfktlc cdoroctkrs coiint
pkiktrotkRdk wlaa ng eoi ZslcU ls int sdottkrkb, `ut
sngtkikb, `kit, oib fulbkb: eki ork skabne gnrckb `y lt
tn oct, `ut tdky ork cnistoitay rkstrolikb grne octlif=
sucd o pnwkr bnks int bkstrny, `ut lt prkvkits kxlstkick:
lt bnks int tyroiilzk, `ut lt cneprkssks, kikrvotks,
kxtlifulsdks, oib stupkglks pknpak, tlaa tZdky orkU
rkbuckb tn `k intdlif `kttkr tdoi o gancj ng tlelb oib
libustrlnus oileoas, ng wdlcd tdk fnvkriekit ls tdk
sdkpdkrb
Akobkrs wdn woit oi oatkriotlvk tn tdls gnre ng poroaysls coi dovk
nik, ot o prlck. Rdky eust rlsj eojlif lt paoli tdot tdk sogkty ng pknpakwltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks, oib tdk quoalty ng tdk osslstoick tdky
rkcklvk, bkpkibs enstay ni clvlc vlrtuk, oib portlcuaoray ni tdk pkrsnioa
oib nrfoilzotlnioa litkfrlty ng tdnsk wdn prnvlbk pu`alcay guibkb
osslstoick.*Rdky eust rlsj ocjinwakbflif tdot `urkoucrotlc nrfoilzo-
tlnioa prliclpaks oppay sn pnnray tn suppnrtlif cdoiflif alvks li cdoif-
lif cneeuiltlks tdot pknpak wltd bkvkanpekitoa blso`laltlks coi niay
dovk bkckit quoalty skrvlcks wdki tdnsk wdn prnvlbk tdke akt fn ng
`urkoucrocy li govnr ng nrfoilzotlnioa gnres wdlcd ork enrk gakxl`ak
oib `kttkr o`ak tn suppnrt akorilif. Li sdnrt, `urkoucrots eust pu`alcay
oib cnislstkitay coaa ottkitlni tn tdk goct tdot oaa tdk `urkoucrotlc ikw
cantdks tdk kepkrnr dos `kki `uylif gnr tdk post gnrty ykors dovk anif
slick ckoskb tn prnvlbk rkakvoit cnvkr.