Assessment Procedures:Assessment Procedures:Observational Techniques,Observational Techniques,Peer Appraisal, and Self-Peer Appraisal, and Self-

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Chapter 13Chapter 13

June 25, 2007June 25, 2007

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Anecdotal RecordsAnecdotal Records

Anecdotal RecordsAnecdotal Records: is the least : is the least structured observational technique. An structured observational technique. An anecdotal record is a factual descriptions anecdotal record is a factual descriptions of the meaningful incidents and events of the meaningful incidents and events that the teacher has observed.that the teacher has observed.

A A good anecdotal recordgood anecdotal record keeps the keeps the objective description of an incident objective description of an incident separate from any interpretation of the separate from any interpretation of the behavior’s meaning. A teacher daily behavior’s meaning. A teacher daily observations provides a wealth of observations provides a wealth of information.information.

(Figure 13.1)pg.306(Figure 13.1)pg.306

Uses of Anecdotal Uses of Anecdotal RecordsRecords Anecdotal records can be used for: Anecdotal records can be used for:

obtaining data pertinent to a variety of obtaining data pertinent to a variety of learning outcomes and to many aspects learning outcomes and to many aspects of personal and social development. It is of personal and social development. It is important that Anecdotal records be used important that Anecdotal records be used in a natural setting.in a natural setting.

The potential usefulness of the Anecdotal The potential usefulness of the Anecdotal method is shown in (Table 13.1) pg.206method is shown in (Table 13.1) pg.206

The problem in using Anecdotal records: The problem in using Anecdotal records: is not so much what can be assessed as is not so much what can be assessed as what should be assessed with this what should be assessed with this method.method.

What Behaviors to What Behaviors to Observe and RecordObserve and Record

General Framework for ObservationsGeneral Framework for Observations1. Confining our observation to those 1. Confining our observation to those areas of behaviors that cannot be areas of behaviors that cannot be assessed by other means.assessed by other means.2. Limiting our observation of all 2. Limiting our observation of all students at any given time to just a students at any given time to just a few types of behavior.few types of behavior.3. Restricting the use of extensive 3. Restricting the use of extensive observation of behaviors to those few observation of behaviors to those few students who are most in need of students who are most in need of special help.special help.

Advantages and Advantages and Limitations of Anecdotal Limitations of Anecdotal

RecordsRecordsAdvantagesAdvantages

1.They depict actual 1.They depict actual behavior in natural behavior in natural situation.situation.

2. Facilitate gathering 2. Facilitate gathering evidence on evidence on events.events.

LimitationsLimitations1. Amount of time 1. Amount of time

required to required to maintain an maintain an adequate system adequate system of records.of records.

2. The difficultly of 2. The difficultly of being objective being objective when observing when observing and reporting and reporting student behavior.student behavior.

Effective Use of Effective Use of Anecdotal RecordsAnecdotal Records

1.1. Determine in advance what to observe, but Determine in advance what to observe, but be alert for unusual behavior.be alert for unusual behavior.

2.2. Analyze observational records for possible Analyze observational records for possible sources of bias.sources of bias.

3.3. Observe and record enough of the situation Observe and record enough of the situation to make the behavior meaningfulto make the behavior meaningful

4.4. Make a record of the incident as soon after Make a record of the incident as soon after the observation as possible.the observation as possible.

5.5. Limit each anecdote to a brief description Limit each anecdote to a brief description of a single incident.of a single incident.

Effective Use of Effective Use of Anecdotal RecordsAnecdotal Records6. Keep factual description of the incident and 6. Keep factual description of the incident and

your interpretation of its separate.your interpretation of its separate.

7. Record both positive and negative behavioral 7. Record both positive and negative behavioral incidents.incidents.

8. Collect a number of anecdotes on a student 8. Collect a number of anecdotes on a student before drawing inferences concerning typical before drawing inferences concerning typical behavior.behavior.

9. Obtain practice in writing anecdotal records.9. Obtain practice in writing anecdotal records.

Peer AppraisalPeer Appraisal

Peer Appraisal: when students rate Peer Appraisal: when students rate their peers, using the same criterion as their peers, using the same criterion as the teacher.the teacher.

Two Techniques Used in Peer AppraisalTwo Techniques Used in Peer Appraisal1. 1. Guess-Who TechniqueGuess-Who Technique: each student is : each student is

presented with a series of brief presented with a series of brief behavior descriptions and asked to behavior descriptions and asked to name those students who best fit each name those students who best fit each description. The description is limited description. The description is limited to either positive or negative to either positive or negative characteristic. (pg. 314)characteristic. (pg. 314)

Scoring (pg. 315)Scoring (pg. 315)

Peer AppraisalPeer Appraisal

2. 2. Sociometric TechniqueSociometric Technique: a method for assessing : a method for assessing the social acceptance of individual students the social acceptance of individual students and the structure of a group. (pg. 317 Figure and the structure of a group. (pg. 317 Figure 13.4)13.4)

Guidelines for Sociometric ChoosingGuidelines for Sociometric Choosing::

A.A. The choices should be real choices that are The choices should be real choices that are natural parts of classroom activities.natural parts of classroom activities.

B.B. The basis for choice and the restriction on The basis for choice and the restriction on the choosing should be made clear.the choosing should be made clear.

C.C. All students should equally free to participate All students should equally free to participate in the activity or situation.in the activity or situation.

Peer AppraisalPeer Appraisal

Guidelines for Sociometric ChoosingGuidelines for Sociometric Choosing::

D.D. The choices each student makes should be The choices each student makes should be kept confidentialkept confidential

E. E. The choices should be actually used to The choices should be actually used to organize or rearranges groups.organize or rearranges groups.

Sociogram:Sociogram: a way of organizing sociomertic a way of organizing sociomertic data which can help the teacher organize a data which can help the teacher organize a classroom group.classroom group.

Self-Report Self-Report TechniquesTechniques

Methods of Self-ReportMethods of Self-Report

The best method of self-report is the The best method of self-report is the Personal Personal Interview: face-to-face contract has several Interview: face-to-face contract has several advantages as a self repot procedure.advantages as a self repot procedure.

1.1. Flexible, interviewers can clarify questionsFlexible, interviewers can clarify questions

2.2. Interviewers can observe intervieweesInterviewers can observe interviewees

3.3. Interview makes possible not only Interview makes possible not only collecting information from interviewees collecting information from interviewees but also sharing information with them.but also sharing information with them.

Self-Report Self-Report TechniquesTechniques

Personal Interview has two serious Personal Interview has two serious problems, problems, First it is extremely time First it is extremely time consuming. Second, the information consuming. Second, the information gained is not a standard from for one gained is not a standard from for one person to another.person to another.

Self-Report techniques can be useful in Self-Report techniques can be useful in subject matter from English to Math.subject matter from English to Math.

Self-Report Self-Report TechniquesTechniques

Self-Report are most effective if the Self-Report are most effective if the respondent out both willing and able respondent out both willing and able to report accurately.to report accurately.

Peer rating and self-report Peer rating and self-report inventories can provide useful inventories can provide useful information for students information for students performance performance through tests results, through tests results, observational data, and other observational data, and other information concerning studentsinformation concerning students..

Self-Report Self-Report TechniquesTechniques

Other Types of Self-ReportOther Types of Self-Report

Attitude Measurement:Attitude Measurement: having the having the students measure how much they students measure how much they enjoy a variety of lessons the teacher enjoy a variety of lessons the teacher teach.teach.

Interest Inventories:Interest Inventories: when the teacher when the teacher list the lesson or topic the class will list the lesson or topic the class will study. The students then rank what study. The students then rank what they our most interested in studying.they our most interested in studying.

Self-Report Self-Report TechniquesTechniques

Other Types of Self-ReportOther Types of Self-ReportPersonality Inventories:Personality Inventories: when the when the

teacher provides a list of questions to teacher provides a list of questions to the student individually. This will help the student individually. This will help the teacher have an idea of the the teacher have an idea of the student behavior and their personality student behavior and their personality towards learning.towards learning.

Projective Techniques: Projective Techniques: psychiatric psychiatric techniques perform by license doctors. techniques perform by license doctors. Example Rorschach Test.Example Rorschach Test.

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