Capacitive Storage for Wind Energy Generated by Piezoelectric
Assessing the costs of energy storage: An integrated wind ...fkd/courses/egee580/... · An...
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Assessing the costs of
energy storage:
An integrated wind turbine
and energy-storage system
April 28, 2009
Clayton Barrows
Alisha Fernandez
Brian Marpoe
Luke Witmer
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Objective
To design a profitable energy storage system that is suitable
for integration with utility scale wind electricity generation
in Pennsylvania.
Problem Statement
As intermittent generation increases, development of
energy storage is necessary to ensure the reliability of the
system; however the technical and economic feasibility of
new storage is not proven in Pennsylvania.
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Outline
Selection of generation technologies
Selection of storage technologies
Designing a Greenfield system
Locations
Operation
Sizing
Profit Optimization: Size sensitivity
Wind Integrated Storage System Model (WISSM)
Stand-Alone Storage System Model (SASSM)
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Selecting generation technologies in PA
Wind
Hydro
Geothermal
Solar
Biofuels
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Wind Resource Map
http://www.wppsef.org/wind.html4/28/095
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Selecting storage technologies in PA
PHS
70-75 %
NW and SE
435 to 1110 MW
> 6800 MWh
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CAES
80 %
West and North
50 to 350 MW
2500-17,500 MWh
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CAES: Storage Potential
Ridge Energy Storage & Grid Services L.P. (2005). The Economic Impact of CAES on Wind in TX, OK, and NM. Texas State Energy Conservation Office.
Schainker, R. B., Mehta, B., & Pollak, R. (1993). Overview of CAES Technology. American Power Conference, (pp. 992-997).
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Designing the Greenfield system
Site selection
Data collection
Operating characteristics
Levelized costs
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Current and Projected Wind Farms
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Levelized Costs of Energy
Energy Generation or Storage Option Levelized Cost of Energy [$/kWh]
Pumped-hydro Storage (PHS) $0.010/kWh
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) $0.034/kWh
Wind Generator $0.026/kWh
Natural Gas Non-Peaking Generator $0.038/kWh
Coal Generator $0.045/kWh
Natural Gas Peaking Generator $0.387/kWh
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How to size a storage system?
Technical characteristics
Power rating
Discharge time
Recharge time
Economic goals
Costs: Capital, and operations
Timeframe when storage or generation is profitable
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Operating characteristics WISSM
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Wind
Pe > Cs
Available
CapacitySell
Store
Storage
Pe > Cs
Available
Energy
Sell
Do Nothing
EndEnd
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
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Operating characteristics SASSM
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PE > CS
Sell to grid
PE < CS
Buy for storage
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Results sizing sensitivity analysis
Capital and operating costs for CAES always exceed
revenues
WISSM yields negative profits from poor wind data
SASSM yields negative profits from small price variability
For Greenfield site
Storage is not profitable
Necessary for profitable site
Higher price peaks
More consistent daily wind
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Policy
Goals:
Mandate the construction of storage
Necessary for reliability
Improve the profitability of storage
Construction cost subsidies
CO2 tax
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Technology CO2emissions
(lbs/kWh)
Wind-storage 0.00050
NG Turbine 0.00134
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Policy
By adjusting the cost structure
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Summary
With increasing amounts of intermittent generation,
energy storage becomes crucial to maintain a reliable
system
CAES is the most promising storage technology
Storage is not profitable in PA
Incentivize construction of storage
CO2 tax
Construction cost subsidies
Generation dispatchability mandates
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Questions?
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Thermodynamics
Assumptions:
1) Isentropic Turbine (Adiabatic-
Reversible)
2) Steady State
3) T1,air=60°F
4) P1=50Bar=5MPa
5) P2=1atm=0.1MPa
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