ASEN 5519 Fundamentals of Spectroscopy for Optical Remote...
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ASEN 5519
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy
for Optical Remote Sensing
Xinzhao Chu
University of Colorado at Boulder
Spectroscopy Course in Fall 2009
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Concept of Remote Sensing Remote Sensing is the science and technology of obtaining information
about an object without having the sensor in direct physical contact withthe object. -- opposite to in-situ methods
Radiation interacting with an object to acquire its information remotely
SODAR: Sound Detection And Ranging
RADAR: Radiowave Detection And Ranging
LIDAR: Light Detection And Ranging
ActiveRemoteSensing
AreciboDRI, Nevada
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Light Detection And Ranging
CloudCloud
LIDAR is a very promising remotesensing tool due to its highresolution and accuracy.
In combination of modern laserspectroscopy methods, LIDAR candetect variety of species and keyparameters, with wide applications.
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Light Detection And Ranging
30 km
75 km
120 km
Ground
Time of Flight Range / Altitude R = C t / 2
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“Fancy” Lidar Architecture
Transceiver(Light Source,
Light Collection, Lidar Detection)
Data Acquisition & Control System
Courtesy toGeary Schwemmer
HolographicOpticalElement(HOE)
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From Searchlight to Modern Lidar Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) started with using CW searchlights to
measure stratospheric aerosols and molecular density in 1930s. Hulburt [1937] pioneered the searchlight technique. Elterman [1951, 1954, 1966]
pushed the searchlight lidar to a high level and made practical devices. The first laser - a ruby laser was invented in 1960 by Schawlow and Townes
[1958] (fundamental work) and Maiman [1960] (construction). The first giant-pulsetechnique (Q-Switch) was invented by McClung and Hellwarth [1962].
The first laser studies of the atmosphere were undertaken by Fiocco andSmullin [1963] for upper region and by Ligda [1963] for troposphere.
From Aerosol Detection to Spectral Analysis The first application of lidar was the detection of atmospheric aerosols and
density: detecting only the scattering intensity but no spectral information.
An important advance in lidar was the recognition that the spectra of thedetected radiation contained highly specific information related to the species,which could be used to determine the composition of the object region. Laser-based spectral analysis added a new dimension to lidar and made possible anextraordinary variety of applications, ranging from groundbased probing of thetrace-constituent distribution in the tenuous outer reaches of the atmosphere, tolower atmosphere constituents, to airborne chlorophyll mapping of the oceans toestablish rich fishing areas.
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Physical Interaction
Elastic Scatteringby Aerosols and Clouds
Elastic ScatteringBy Air Molecules
Absorption by Atoms and Molecules
Inelastic Scattering
Resonance Fluorescence By Atoms
Doppler Shift
Device
Mie Lidar
Rayleigh Lidar
DIAL
Raman Lidar
Resonance Fluorescence
Lidar
Wind Lidar
ObservablesAerosols, Clouds:
Geometry, Thickness
Gaseous Pollutants
Ozone
Humidity (H2O)
Aerosols, Clouds:Optical DensityTemperature in
Lower Atmosphere
Stratos & MesosDensity & Temp
Temperature, WindDensity, Clouds
in Mid-Upper Atmos
Wind, Turbulence
Reflection from Surfaces & Time of flight
Laser Range FinderLaser Altimeter
Topography, Target
Laser Induced Fluorescence Fluorescence Lidar Marine, Vegetation
Boltzmann Distribution
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Elastic and Inelastic ScatteringAbs
orpt
ion
Fluo
resc
ence
Atomic absorption &(resonance) fluorescence
Ray
leig
h
Ram
an
Ram
an
Abs
orpt
ion
Fluo
resc
ence
virtual level
Molecular elastic and inelastic scattering,absorption and fluorescence
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Physical Interactions in Lidar
150 200 250 300 3500
20
40
60
80
100
120
Temperature (K)
Alt
itude
(km
)
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Mesopause
Stratopause
Tropopause
Airglow & Meteoric LayersFe, Na, K, Ca, OH, O, O2
PMC
OzonePSC
AerosolsClouds
70-120 km and above 120 km:resonance fluorescence (Fe, Na,K, He, O, N2
+) Doppler, Boltzmann,differential absorption lidar
Airglow, FP Interferometer
Molecule & aerosol scattering,Rayleigh and Raman integration ,direct detection Doppler lidar
Molecular species, differentialabsorption and Raman lidar
Molecule & aerosol scatteringHigh-spectral resolution lidar,Coherent detection Doppler lidar,Direct detection Doppler lidar,Direct motion detection tech(tracking aerosols, LDV, LTV)
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Na Doppler (Wind & Temp) Lidar
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
Abso
rptio
n Cr
oss-S
ectio
n (x
10-1
6 m2 )
Frequency Offset (MHz)
150 K
200 K
250 K
D2b
D2a
0
2
4
6
8
10
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
Abso
rptio
n Cro
ss-S
ectio
n (x1
0-16 m
2 )
Frequency Offset (MHz)
0 m/s
50 m/s
100 m/s
D =kBT
M 02
= 1vRc
Resonance Fluorescence, Frequency Analyzer in Atmosphere
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Full-Diurnal Multiple-Beam Obs.
[Yuan et al., JGR, 2008]
Dr. Chiao-Yao Shewith CSU Na lidar
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Large Aperture for High Precision
Momentum flux
climatology
Maui, Hawaii
[Gardner and Liu, JGR, 2007]
UIUC Na Wind & Temperature LidarCoupled with Large Telescope
[Chu et al., JGR, 2005]
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CEDAR Science: Meteor & Metal Species
Meteor from extraterrestrial
Na LidarBeam
[Chu et al., 2000]
[Plane, 2003]
Lidar detection of persistent meteortrails during Leonid Shower 1998
Meteor ablation deposits metallic atoms
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Fe Boltzmann Temperature LIDAR
z5F0
a5D
3d64s4p
3d6 4s2
J'=1J'=2J'=3J'=4
J'=5
J=0J=1J=2J=3
J=4
372nm
100%
374nm
91%
368nm
9%
E 416cm 1
[Gelbwachs, 1994; Chu et al., 2002]
P2(J = 3)
P1(J = 4)=g2g1exp( E kBT)
T =E / kB
lng2g1
P1P2
Rothera
South Pole
Electra
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PMC Hemispheric Difference &
Fe/PMC Heterogeneous Chemistry
Southern PMC are ~ 1 kmHigher than Northern PMC
Earth Orbital Eccentricityand Gravity Wave Differences
81.5
82
82.5
83
83.5
84
84.5
85
85.5
40 50 60 70 80 90
Alti
tude
(km
)
Latitude (degree)
Rothera
South PoleSouthern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
North Pole
[Chu et al., JGR, 2003, 2006]
Fe
PMC
South Pole
Heterogeneous Removal ofMesospheric Fe Atoms by
PMC Ice Particles Observedby the Fe Boltzmann Lidar
[Plane et al., Science, 2004]
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Shuttle Formed High-Z Sporadic Fe
Columbia SpaceShuttle launched
on Jan 16, 2003
[Stevens et al., GRL, 2005]
High-AltitudeSporadic Fe layer
detected by FeBoltzmann Lidar
on Jan 19, 2003at Rothera (67.5S)
Lyman Imagesfrom
GUVI/TIMED
Causes: ShuttleEngine Ablation!
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DIAL & Raman Lidar for Trace Gases
The atmosphere has manytrace gases from natural oranthropogenic sources, likeH2O, O3, CO2, NOx, CFC,SO2, CH4, NH3, VOC, etc.
Can we use resonancefluorescence to detect them?
Quenching effects due tocollisions make fluorescenceimpossible in loweratmosphere for molecules.
We still need spectroscopydetection - differentialabsorption and Raman lidars!
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Raman Lidar for Water Vapor
H2O molecules exhibit specific spectra - fingerprints!
Raman lidar catches this ‘fingerprints’ and avoid the aerosolscattering in the Raman-shifted channel. Thus, only aerosolextinction will be dealt with in deriving H2O mixing ratio.
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DIAL for Ozone in Two Decades
Tsukuba (36N, 140E), Japan[Tatarov et al., ILRC, 2008]
abs = abs( ON ) abs( OFF )
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Rayleigh + Raman Integration Lidar
Density Ratio Temperature
+
Hydrostatic Equation
dP = gdz
)(
)()(
1
)(
)()( )(
z
rdrrg
Rz
zzTzT
oz
z
oo +=
Ideal Gas Law
RTP =
[Keckhut et al., 1990]
Temperature (K)A
ltitu
de (
km) Rayleigh
Raman
Searchlight, Falling Sphere
Rayleigh Lidar, VR-Raman Lidar
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Direction-Detection Doppler Lidar
Fringe-Imaging
AerosolScattering
MolecularScattering
In lower atmosphere, Rayleighand Mie scattering experiencesDoppler shift and broadening.
However, there is no frequencyanalyzer in the atmosphere, sothe receiver must be equippedwith narrowband frequencyanalyzers for spectral analysis.
Double-Edge Filter
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Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar
“Heterodyne” Detection from aerosol scattering: the return signal isoptically mixed with a local oscillator laser, and the resulting beat signalhas the frequency (except for a fixed offset) equal to the Doppler shift.
fbeat = fLO fSig
= f + foffset
CEDAR Lidar Tutorial NOAA HRDL
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Backscatter Cross-Section Comparison
Two-photon processInelastic scattering, instantaneous
10-30 cm2sr-1Raman Scattering(Wavelength Dependent)
Two-photon processElastic scattering, instantaneous
10-27 cm2sr-1Rayleigh Scattering(Wavelength Dependent)
Two single-photon processInelastic scattering, delayed (lifetime)
10-19 cm2sr-1Fluorescence FromMolecule, Liquid, Solid
Single-photon process10-19 cm2sr-1Molecular Absorption
Two single-photon process (absorptionand spontaneous emission)Delayed (radiative lifetime)
10-13 cm2sr-1Atomic Absorption andResonance Fluorescence
Two-photon processElastic scattering, instantaneous
10-8 - 10-10 cm2sr-1Mie (Aerosol) Scattering
MechanismBackscatterCross-Section
Physical Process
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Mobile Solid-State Doppler Lidar
NSF Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) mobile Fe-resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler lidar is an advanced resonance fluorescence lidarbeing developed at the University of Colorado, Boulder. It is based onPulsed Alexandrite Ring Laser (PARL) for simultaneous measurements oftemperature (30-110 km), wind (75-110 km), Fe density (75-115 km),aerosols/clouds (10-100 km), and gravity waves in both day and nightthrough an entire year with high accuracy, precision, & resolution.
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Extending Measurement Range
Extending downward:-- Various edge-filter techniques are beingdeveloped to probe lower atmosphere windand temperature simultaneously
-- White-light lidar
Extending upward:
-- Thermosphere Helium (He) lidar
-- Aurora N2+ resonance lidar
Driven by Whole Atmosphere Science !!!
[Kasparian et al., 2003]
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Lidar into Space
ESA feasibility study: to develop a resonance fluorescence Doppler lidar to profilewind & temperature in MLT for wave dynamics, thermal & chemistry studies.
1971
Apollo (Moon)laser altimeter
LITE (Earth)aerosol/cloud
1994 1996
SLA (Earth)laser altimeter
MOLA (Mars)laser altimeter
2003 2006 2007-2008 2010
ICESat I, II (Earth)GLAS, clouds
CALIPSO (Earth)aerosol/cloud
Phoenix (Mars)aerosol/cloud
ADM-Aeolus(Earth)1-D wind
2013
Earth-CAREClouds, aerosols
Future
DIAL forCO2, O3
3-DWinds(Earth)
Resonancefluorescencelidar (Earth)
Laser altimeter Aerosol/cloud DIAL & wind Resonance fluorescence
CALIPSO
Greece-USA-Canada-UK
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Passive Optical Remote Sensing
NOAA Dobson Spectrometerto measure ozonefrom the ground
305 and 325 nm
D. S.
O3
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Passive: All-Sky-Camera for Airglow
Courtesy of Takuji Nakamura
(NIPR) and Jia Yue (CSU)
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The SABER Instrument Aboardthe TIMED Satellite
TIMED: Thermosphere, Ionosphere,
Mesosphere Energetics & Dynamics
SABER: Sounding of the Atmosphere
Using Broadband Emission Radiometry
SABER instrument:
• Limb scanning infrared radiometer
• 10 broadband channels (1.27-17 m)
• Products: kinetic temperature, CO2, O3,
H2O, NO, O2, OH, O, H
[Courtesy of Dr. Artem Feofilov et al., NASA, 2007]
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Concepts of Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction betweenradiation (photons, phonons, or particles) and matter.
Spectroscopy is the study of matter by investigatingradiation (photons, phonons, or particles) that is absorbed,emitted, or scattered by the matter under investigation.
The radiation includes all forms of electromagneticradiation and non-electromagnetic radiation.
-- EM radiation (photons): radiowaves, microwaves, infraredlight, visible light, ultra-violet light, X-ray, etc.
-- Non-EM radiation: phonons (acoustic wave), electrons, etc.
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Classification of Spectroscopy
According to radiation used in the study, spectroscopy can beclassified to three main types of spectroscopy:
EM spectroscopy, Acoustic Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy.
We deal with EM spectroscopy here.
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Methods to Study Spectroscopy
Two main types of study of spectroscopy -
(1) Fundamental study of matter structure (e.g., atomic ormolecular structure, etc.)
Spectrum study (wavelength, transition probability, etc.) isthe fundamental method to study atomic and molecularstructures.
(2) Applied study of environmental properties (e.g., remotesensing of atmosphere parameters, chemical analysis)
Identification of chemical composition and measurement oftheir quantity using spectroscopy.
Measurement of environmental conditions like wind andtemperature through spectroscopy analysis.
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Why to Study Spectroscopy?
Spectroscopy is the fundamental for many modern sciences andtechnologies. Spectroscopy has found very wide applications.
-- Spectroscopy is an very important approach to study the fundamentalmatter (fundamental particles, atoms, molecules, etc.) structure andinternal interaction.
-- Spectroscopy is often used in physics and analytical chemistry for theidentification of substances through the spectrum emitted from them orabsorbed in them.
-- Spectroscopy is also heavily used in astronomy and remote sensing. Theyare used either to measure the chemical composition and physicalproperties of objects or to measure related environmental properties likevelocities and temperatures from the Doppler shift and broadening ofspectral lines.
Spectroscopy is the fundamental for all remote sensing technologies.
We want to give students the abilities and fundamental knowledge tolearn more things -
“Teach students the skills to learn new things”.
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Lidar & Atmosphere Research
Instrumentation: to produce lidar tools Design, development, test, calibration
Deployment: new lidar data Installation, operation, data collection
Science Study: new atmosphere knowledge Literature survey, ideas generation, simulation
Data Analysis: new atmosphere data Data retrieval, data analysis
AMO Physics and Lidar Theory: Spectroscopy, Principles, Laser, Optics, Simulation
Numerical Modeling: to produce model tools …
Atmospheric Theory and Space Physics: Principles, Equations, …
Data Analysis: new modeling data Simulation run, data analysis, …
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Concluding Remarks
Spectroscopy is the fundamental for lidar and passiveoptical remote sensing, which is very important in fullunderstanding of the principles and technologies,innovation of new technologies and instrumentation, andfully utilizing these remote sensing approaches to studyenvironment, atmosphere, and space.
Spectroscopy has also found wide applications in manyother modern sciences and technologies, making it a “must-learn” knowledge.
Study of spectroscopy will inspire us for future lidarinnovation or even revolution so that we can answer manyopen questions in atmosphere and space research.
Through the spectroscopy class, we try to help you to gainthe high abilities and skills to learn new things.