ASAM Disclosure of ASAM CANNABIS - Home | MultiVie. Levounis_Handout.pdf6...

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1 Petros Levounis, MD, MA Chair, Department of Psychiatry Rutgers New Jersey Medical School CANNABIS ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships Content of Activity: ASAM Review Course 2014 Name Commercial Interests Relevant Financial Relationships: What Was Received Relevant Financial Relationships: For What Role No Relevant Financial Relationships with Any Commercial Interests Petros Levounis x StreetDrugs.com En.wikipedia.org. Outline 1. Effects 2. Chemistry and Neurobiology 3. Intoxication 4. Withdrawal 5. LongTerm Effects 6. Treatments 7. Special Topics 8. Summary 1 Effects

Transcript of ASAM Disclosure of ASAM CANNABIS - Home | MultiVie. Levounis_Handout.pdf6...

Page 1: ASAM Disclosure of ASAM CANNABIS - Home | MultiVie. Levounis_Handout.pdf6 Meier,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,2012. 4. IQ Drop 5. Psychosis Caspi,Biol Psychiatry, 2005. 6. Psychiatric Co‐Morbidity

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Petros Levounis, MD, MAChair, Department of Psychiatry

Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

CANNABIS

ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships 

Content of Activity: ASAM  Review Course 2014

Name Commercial Interests

Relevant Financial

Relationships: What Was Received

Relevant Financial

Relationships: For What Role

No Relevant Financial

Relationships with Any

Commercial Interests

Petros Levounis x

StreetDrugs.com En.wikipedia.org.

Outline

1. Effects2. Chemistry and Neurobiology3. Intoxication4. Withdrawal5. Long‐Term Effects6. Treatments7. Special Topics8. Summary

1Effects

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“Why drink and drive,

when you can smoke and fly.”

“If we all had a bong,

we’d all get along.”

• Mild euphoria and relaxation

• The giggles

• Increased sensitivity to external stimuli: Colors seem brighter

Smells are more pungent

• Distortion of time perception

Pleasurable Effects

2Chemistry and Neurobiology

The Molecular Structure

Api.Freebase.com

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Biphasic Distribution

Heather, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001

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• Casual use: Up to 10 days in urine 50% positive in hair samples

• Heavy use: Up to 30 days in urine 85% positive in hair samples

• Weight loss gives serial UTox spike.• Dronabinol gives positive test.• Passive inhalation gives negative test.

Toxicology TestingAverage THC % 

The University of Mississippi Potency Monitoring Project.

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• THC activates the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors: CB1 has high density in cerebellum, basal ganglia, 

hippocampus, cerebral cortex

CB1 has low density in the brainstem, hence low risk of respiratory depression

CB2 is found in spleen, hematopoietic cell lines, mast cells.

• Anandamide is the endogenous ligand.

The Cannabinoid System

3Intoxication

Routes of Administration

Smoked marijuana: Reaches the brain in minutes

Effects last 1 ‐ 3 hours

Delivers a lot of THC into the bloodstream

Eating or drinking marijuana: Takes ½ ‐ 1 hour to have an effect

Effects last up to 4 hours

Delivers significantly less THC into the bloodstream

• Adrenergic look‐alike: Tachycardia Tachypnea Tremors Vasoconstriction Orthostatic hypotension

• Conjunctival injection

• Appetite increase

Physiological Effects

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• Short‐term memory impairment

• Judgment impairment…leading to risky sexual behaviors

• Motor coordination impairment…interfering with driving skills

Neurocognitive Effects

• Psychosis, sometimes called “hemp insanity.”

• Acute psychotic episodes tend to occur when a high dose of cannabis is consumed in food and drink rather than smoked.

Psychiatric Effects

• Danger in operating a motor vehicle: Delayed reaction time

Decreased hand‐eye coordination

Altered time perception

Driving Under the Influence 1

If drunk –

you run the RED lights

If stoned –

you stop at the GREEN lights

Driving Under the Influence 2

• THC impairs primarily automatic driving functions, which can be compensated effectively with behavioral strategies.

• Alcohol impairs complex tasks requiring conscious control.

• Combining THC with alcohol eliminates the compensatory strategies and results in impairment even at doses that would be insignificant for either drug alone.

Driving Under the Influence 3

Srewell, Am J Addictions, 2009.

4Withdrawal

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• Irritability and restlessness• Insomnia• Appetite decrease

• Withdrawal syndrome is not: As painful as heroin withdrawal, As dangerous as alcohol withdrawal, or As long‐lasting as cocaine withdrawal

• No indication for treatment

The Withdrawal Syndrome

5Long‐Term Effects

Tobacco 32 %

Heroin 23 %

Cocaine 17 %

Alcohol 15 %

Sedatives 9 %

Cannabis 9 %

1. Addiction

Anthony, Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 1994.

• 9% of people who use marijuana will become addicted.

• The risk increases to 17% in people who start using in their teens.

• The risk increases to 25 to 50% in people who are daily users (most of whom started using marijuana early in adolescence).

Increasing Addiction Risk

Zalesky, Brain, 2012. 

2. Altered Brain Development

Meier, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2012.

3. Attention and Memory

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Meier, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2012.

4. IQ Drop 5. Psychosis

Caspi, Biol Psychiatry, 2005.

6. Psychiatric Co‐Morbidity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Perc

ent (

SE)

Marijuana General Population

61

20

49

16

47

1720

4

24

3

10

2

9

1

14

4

21

5

27

9

21

4

NESARC, 2005; slide courtesy of Dr. Frances Levin. Fergusson and Boden, Addiction, 2008.

7. Poor Life Outcomes

• Cancer Cannabis has up to 70% more carninogens than tobacco.

However, evidence of causality is inconclusive.

• Bronchitis and chronic cough

• Warning for Coronary Artery Disease

• Amotivational syndrome debate

8. And the ongoing debates…

6Treatments

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• Motivational Enhancement Therapy

• Cognitive Behavior Therapy

• Contingency Management

• Family‐Based Programs

Psychosocial Treatments

V CBT CBT+ V

V CBT CBT+ V

Wee

ks o

f Con

tinuo

us A

bstin

ence

3 Month A

bstinence Rate

6.9

3.5 (a)

5.3 17%20%

43% (b,c)

(a) V vs. CBT comparison, p < .05(b) CBT+V vs. CBT comparison, p < .05(c) CBT+V vs. V comparison, p < .05

Vouchers and CBT

Budney, J Consult Clinical Psychology, 2006; slide courtesy of Dr. Frances Levin.

Aerobic Exercise Non‐randomized small trial (N=12)

Reduction in marijuana use during 2 week daily 30 minute treadmill exercise session and at follow up. 

Computer‐Delivered Therapy 12 week non‐randomized comparison (N= 38) in person versus computer delivered MET/CBT/CM.

No difference between the 2 groups in reduction in use.

New Psychosocial Treatment Directions

Buchowski 2011; Budney 2010.

• No FDA approved medications, but active research on:

Agonists (dronabinol, nabilone)

Antagonists (rimonabant)

Anti‐craving agents (lofexidine)

Combinations (dronabinol and lofexidine)

Pharmacological Treatments

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Reten

tion Probab

ility

Log Rank Wilcoxon:  P= 0.0249Time to drop

Week

Dronabinol

Levin, Drug Alcohol Depend, 2011; slide courtesy of Dr. Frances Levin.

BaclofenBupropionBuspironeMirtazapineNaltrexoneNefazodoneQuetiapineValproate

Negative Pharmacological Studies

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7Special Topics

Adolescence

MonitoringTheFuture.org; Volkow, NEJM, 2014. 

• Endocannabinoid system plays a role in the control of brain maturation, particularly emotional responses.

• Babies exposed to THC: Neurological development

• Children exposed to THC: Problem‐solving skills, memory, attention

• THC‐specific vs. associated environmental factors

Pregnancy

Medical Marijuana

Pain (cancer, multiple sclerosis)

Nausea (cancer)

Loss of appetite and wasting (HIV/AIDS)

Increased ocular pressure (glaucoma)

Inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’sdisease, ulcerative colitis)

Epilepsy

Therapeutic Potential

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• Mouth spray

50% Plant‐derived THC 50% Cannabidiol

• Available only in UK and Canada

• Indicated for the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Sativex ®

Synthetic Cannabinoids

En.wikipedia.org.

• Spice, Spice Gold, Spice Diamond• K2, K2 Blonde• Aroma• Yucatan Fire• XXX• Black Box• Zombie• Skunk• Moon Rocks• Bizarro

Names• 3 grams of synthetic cannabinoids sprayed on vegetable matter, herbal incense or meditation potpourris

• Labeled “not for human consumption”

• No age restriction

• Sold in stores or on the Internet as “legal high”

Spice (brand)

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Delta‐9‐Tetra‐Hydro‐Cannabinol

Api.Freebase.com.

HU‐210

En.wikipedia.org.

• 5‐fold higher affinity to CB1 receptor.

• 10‐fold higher affinity to CB2 receptor.

• 2 to 3 times more likely to be associated with sympathomimetic effects.

• Approximately 5 times more likely to be associated with hallucinations.

SC Neurobiology

Forrester MB, Kleinschmidt K, Schwarz E, Young A. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:1006–11.

Cannabidiol

Morgan, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2008.

• Cannabimimetic Agents are Schedule I.

• “Unless specifically exempted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of cannabimimetic agents, or which contains their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation.”

Synthetic Drug AbusePrevention Act of 2012

8Summary

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1. Marijuana is addictive but not as addictive as nicotine, heroin, cocaine, or alcohol.

2. Intoxication concerns: Impaired short‐term memory, impaired motor coordination, altered judgment, and psychosis.

3. Long‐term concerns: Altered brain development, cognitive impairments, psychosis (with genetics), and life achievements. 

4. Psychotherapy (CBT/MI/vouchers) works well.

5. Pharmacotherapy has not be proven effective—at least not yet—but dronabinol may be promising.

Thank you