aRzrda bibliur iudaizmSi - tsas.ge...2019/11/07 · wigni warmoadgens damxmare saxelmZRvanelos,...

aRzrda bibliur

iudaizmSi

avTandil asaTiani

TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY

UPBRINGING IN BIBLICAL JUDAISM

THE PUBLISHING HOUSE OF TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY AND SEMINARY

TBILISI

2016

Tbilisis sasuliero akademia

aRzrda bibliur iudaizmSi

Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi

2016

wigni warmoadgens damxmare saxelmZRvanelos, romelSic ganx-ilulia aRzrdis sakiTxebi bibliur iudaizmSi. dasabuTebu-lia RvTiuri samyaros roli aRzrdaSi, kanonis anu rju-lis pedagogikis primati da sibrZnis didaqtika iudaizmSi. gaanalizebulia iudaisturi da antikuri aRzrdis sistemebi da mocemulia iudaisturi aRmzrdelobiTi tradiciis Tana-medrove interpretacia.wigni daxmarebas gauwevs studentebs qristianuli peda-

gogikis SeswavlaSi. masSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi sainteresoa, agreTve, religiis pedagogikis sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebisa da multikulturul sazogadoebaSi tolerantobis aRzrdis problemebze momuSave pedagogebisaTvis.

The present book represents a supplementary text-book which gives a discourse on the issues of pedagogy in biblical Judaism. It cor-roborates the role of the divine world in the upbringing of children, the primate of the pedagogy of law which is the Great Canon Law and the didactics of wisdom in Judaism. It gives an analysis of sys-tems applied in Judaic and Classical upbringing, and a study of a con-temporary interpretation ofupbringing in Judaic tradition. The book will be a helpful guide for students involved in the study of Christian Pedagogy. The issues it offers the reader will also be interestingfor scholars working in the field of Pedagogy and teachers working at the problems related to the inculcation of tolerance inthe process of upbringing within a multicultural community.

© Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis gamomcemloba

ISBN 978-9941-9473-0-8

redaqtori imer basilaZe

pedagogikis doqtori, quTaisis ak. wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi.

recenzentebi: rusudan wiqvaZe

filosofiis doqtori, Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis profesori.

xaTuna memaniSvili

filologiis doqtori, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis profesori.

EDITOR IMER BASILADZE

PHD of Pedagogy, Professor of Akaki Tsereteli State University of Kutaisi, Academician of the Academy of educational sciences of Georgia.

REVIEWERS: RUSUDAN TSIKVADZE

PHD of Philosophy, Professor of Tbilisi Theological Academy and Seminary.

KHATUNA MEMANISHVILI

PHD of Philology, Professor of Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of Tbilisi.

7

winaTqma

`gainaTeT yoveldRiuri cxovreba mcnebebis

sanTliTa da Toris SuqiT~

(Talmudi)

ebraelTa dramatuli istoria ramdenime aTa s

wleuls iTvlis. saukuneTa qartexilebSi SeinarCu

na am uZvelesma xalxma erovnuli TviTmyofadoba da

rwmena, raSic gadamwyveti roli tradiciebis mamidan

Svilze gadacemam da umTavresi ebrauli wignebis –

Toras swavlebam Seasrula: `da gaumeore isini (To

ras sityvebi) Sens Svilebs~ [dvarim 6:7]1, _ auwyebda

rCeuli eris Svilebs RvTis sityva.

ebrauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, vinc moses kanonebs

aswavlis bavSvs, igivea, TiTqos Tavad gaeCinos igi.

e.i. maswavlebeli, romelic bavSvs Toras aswavlis,

adamians `qmnis~, mis formirebaSi monawileobs da

misi damsaxureba biologiur mSoblebze aranaklebia.

amitomac damkvidrda israelianebSi maswavleblis

mimarT gansakuTrebuli mowiweba da pativiscema.

religiis arseba RmerTsa daadamians Soris kavSir

Si gamoixateba. religiis struqturis ZiriTadi ele

mentia religiuri cnobiereba, romelic warmoadgens

1 naSromSi paralelurad viyenebT Toras anu moses xuTwigneulis qarTul da ebraul saxeldebebs: dabadeba – bereSiTi, gamosvlaTa – SmoTi, levitelTa – vaikra, ricxvTa – bemidbari, meore rjuli – dvarimi.

98

ideebisa da Cveulebebis erTobliobas, rac morwmu

neTaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare,

religiuri cnobiereba iyofa or nawilad – religi

ur ideologiad da religiur fsiqologiad.

adamianis aRzrdaSi wamyvania religiuri ideolo

gia, romelic warmoadgens SexedulebaTa sistemas

samyaros, sazogadoebisa da adamianis Sesaxeb.

iudaizmis istoriaSi gamoiyofa oTxi periodi:

pirveli dakavSirebulia iahves kultTan da mono

Teizmis CamoyalibebasTan, igi XVXIV ssSi iwyeba da

RmerTis mier abraamis gamorCeviT sruldeba. meore,

e. w. palestinur periodSi Camoyalibebas iwyebs iu

dauri religiuri tradicia, mis kvaldakval uqmdeba

Zveli RvTaebebis Tayvaniscema. am periodis dasasru

lad miCneulia Zv. w. aR.is 586 weli, roca babilonis

mefem daipyro ierusalimi, daangria misi taZari da

ebralebi tyved waiyvana. Mmesame periods uwodeben

`meore taZris xanas~, romelic dakavSirebulia babi

lonis tyveobidan iudevelTa gaTavisuflebasa da

ierusalimis taZris aRdgenasTan, rac Zv. w. aR.is 538

wels moxda. xolo ax. w. aR.is IIV ssebSi anu meoTxe

periodSi, romelsac ,,diasporis periods~ uwode

ben, mTavrdeba iudauri religiis Camoyalibeba.

iudaizmis wminda wigns Tanaxi hqvia. saxelwode

ba `Tanax~ miRebulia misi Semadgeneli sami nawilis

sawyisi asoebidan: T Tora (moses xuTwigneuli), n

nabiim (winaswarmetyvelni), x qeTubim (werilni, ,,q~

bgera ,,x~ d Seicvala momdevno xmovnis gavleniT).

winamdebare narkvevis ZiriTad wyaros swored Tanaxi

warmoadgens, romelsac ebraul bibliasac uwodeben.

iudaizmi Tavidanve Zalian kargad grZnobda

adamianis saidumlos, magram metismetad iyo da

moCilebuli rjulis mcnebebs, radgan cxovrebis

Sefasebisas utilitarizmidan amodioda. Tumca, wi

naswarmetyvelTa gamocxadebis safuZvelze, mainc im

azramde midioda, rom religiuri principebiT Sesa

Zlebelia cxovrebis gasxivosneba. marTalia, Zvelma

aRTqmam SeiZina mesianisturi molodini, magram mas

ar miscemia yvelaze mTavari _ gamocxadeba RmerT

kacis Sesaxeb, romelsac pedagogikisaTvis bazisuri

mniSvneloba aqvs.

`rwmena aRzrdis wyalobiT idgams suls~, wer

da dekanozi vasili zenkovski, _ “misive wyalobiT

eZleva suls feriscvalebisa da gabrwyinebis Sesa

Zlebloba, _ Tumca es Tavis TavSi ukve gulisxmobs

`sikeTis sawindars~, romelic cxovrobs misi cx

ovrebis bunebrivi dialeqtikisgan damoukideblad~

[4,37]1.

aRzrda aris adamianis sulier samyarosTan

mimarTebis yvelaze marTebuli gza. swored aRzr

dam unda SeanivTos adamianis yofiTi moTxovnebi da

molodini maradiulobis RvTiur kanonebs. aRzrda

unda iqces adamianis momzadebis erTaderT saSuale

bad ara mxolod amsofliuri cxovrebisaTvis, aramed

maradiuli sulieri arsebobisaTvis.

magram aRzrda am urTules amocanas mxolod ma

1 iq, sadac frCxilebSi miTiTebul cifrebTan ar aris wignis dasaxeleba, igulisxmeba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi Sesuli wignebis rigiTi nomeri da

gverdi.

11

RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli

10

Sin Seasrulebs, roca aRzrdis procesi liturgiad

iqceva, roca aRmzrdelSi mRvdelmsaxuris grZno

ba gaiRviZebs [7,33]. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

aRsazrdelisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba bavSvis

cxov rebis pirvel wlebSi.

radgan pedagogika socialuri mecnierebaa, am

sferoSi mecnieruli kvlevaZiebisaTvis gansa

kuTrebulia dakvirvebis, gamocdilebisa da eqspe

rimentebis roli. magram aRzrdis procesSi mxolod

gansjaze damyarebuli midgoma Sedegis momtani

ver iqneba. srulfasovani pedagogika mxolod maSin

gveqneba, roca mxolod garegnulze dakvirvebiTa da

misi gansjiT ki ar davkmayofildebiT, aramed Sinaga

nad da Rrmad aRviqvamT samyaros saidumloebebs, ro

melTa Soris yvelaze didi saocreba RvTis msgavsad

da xatad Seqmnili adamianis aRzrdaa.

winamdebare naSromi qarTul enaze iudaizmSi aR

zrdis Sesaxebnarkvevis Seqmnis pirveli mcdelobaa.

bunebrivia, wamoWril kiTxvebze Cveneuli pasuxebic

ver iqneba yovlismomcveli da uxarvezo. amitom yve

la saqmian SeniSvnas da winadadebas madlierebiT mi

viRebT.

RvTiuri samyaro – aRzrdis safuZveli

Tora gvauwyebs, rom xiluli samyaro RmerTma eqvs dReSi Seqmna. Tumca, dabadebis wignSi

miTiTebuli eqvsi dRe Cveulebriv dReRames ar

niSnavs, radgan dReRamis monacvleoba damo

kidebulia mzis arsebobaze, romelic mxolod

meoTxe dRes warmoiSva. manamde ki `miwa iyo usa

xurudaburi, da iyo bneli ufrskrulis pirze.

da suli iZvroda wylis pirze~ [dab. 1:1]. RmerTma

daiwyo am udaburebisa da qaosisagan mwyobri

sistemis Camoyalibeba, rac eqvsi dRis ganmav

1312

avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli

lobaSi mimdinareoda.

meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna myari sivrce. mes

ame dRes igi qmnis xmeleTsa da zRvas da gamo

yofs erTmaneTisgan. meoTxe dRes RmerTi qmnis

mzes, mTvaresa da sxva mnaTobebs, rac dRisa da

Ramis monacvleobis dasawyisia. mexuTe dRes

RvTis nebiT zRvaSi warmoiSvnen Tevzebi da qve

warmavlebi, xolo haerSi _ frinvelebi. bolos

ki, meeqvse dRes, uflis brZanebiT iqmnebian cxo

velebi da adamianebi.

kidev erTi sayuradRebo detalia gamosayofi

_ kerZod, aq araferia naTqvami meSvide dReze,

romelic jer ar dasrulebula, xolo bibli

uri eqvsi dRe aris eqvsi Tanmimdevruli etapi

Sesaqmisa, romelic gzadagza viTardeba, vidre

RmerTi ar Seqmnis adamians _ miwieri samyaros

gvirgvins.

radgan RvTis pirvelive qmedeba usaxuruda

buri, qaosuri samyaros gardaqmnisaken aris

mimarTuli, amiT, faqtobrivad, sacnauri xdeba

uzenaesi Semoqmedis yovlisSemZleoba, romelic

udides sikeTes uyris safuZvels. marTalia, misi

qmedeba materializebulia, magram mis mier sasike

To Zvrebi sityvis ZaliT xdeba da amiT samyaroc

TandaTan srulyofilebas iZens. rogorc biblia

gvaswavlis, RmerTma adams met yvelebis unari

uboZa. es unari Tavad RmerTs hqonda. maSasadame,

es aqtic cxadyofs, rom adamiani RvTis xatadaa

Seqmnili. enis saSualebiT ara marto adamianebi

amyareben erTmaneTTan kav Sirs, aramed, rogorc

bibliaSi vkiTxulobT, roca RmerTi edemis baR

Si Camodioda da adamians elaparakeboda, ada

mianic elaparakeboda RmerTs. es urTierToba

adam sa da mis Semqmnels Soris yovelgvari SiSis

grZnobisagan Tavisufali, siyvaruliT gamTbari

da gonivruli iyo. e. i. RvTiuri samyaro araTu

gamoricxavs, aramed amkvidrebs wesrigs da har

monias, romlis upirvelesi Semoqmedi RmerTia;

xolo qaosi da uwesrigoba mravali mankierebi

sa da borotebis saTavea, amdenad, igi RvTiuri

nebis sapiripiro movlenaa.

RvTis mier usaxurudaburobisagan kargad

gamarTuli samyaros Seqmna umizezod ar mox

deboda. RmerTs SemTxveviT araferi gaukeTebia,

misi yvela qmedeba did miznebs emsaxureba. maS,

ra iyo samyaros Seqmnis mizani?

RmerTi aris absoluturi srulyofileba, ami

tom samyaros SeqmniT mas araferi moemateboda,

radgan ufali absoluturi srulyofilebaa da

ar ganicdis raimes naklebobas: `Tavad aniWebs

yvelas sicocxles, sunTqvas da yovelives~ [saqm.

moc. 17:25]. `aravis ar SeuZlia miagos mas raime

iseTi, rac RmerTs SeuZlia, radganac yovelive

misgan gamovida, misken midis~ [rom. 11:36]. wminda

mamebis azriT, samyaros Seqmnis mizezi RvTaeb

rivi wyaloba iyo. rogorc fsalmunebSia naT

qvami, `keTil ars ufali da mowyale yovel mis

saqmeSi~ [fsal. 144:9]. amdenad, samyaros Seqmnis

mizezi uflis wyaloba da siyvaruli iyo.

grigol RvTismetyvelis azriT, saerTod,

madls aqvs ganvrcobis Tviseba, romelic Sem

deg gardamoedineba da aniWebs wyalobasa da

1514


madls sxva arsebebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT wm.

mama werda: `radganac wyalobisa da madlisaT

vis ar aris sakmarisi, Wvritos marto saku

Tari Tavi, aramed igi ganivrcoba, gardamodis,

moedi neba gareT, sxva gan, amravlebs, rogorc

SeiZleba metad, viszec es wyaloba gadmodis.

amis msgavsad RmerTma Seqmna yovelive xiluli

da uxilavi _ angelozebrivi, zecieri Zalebi

iqneba es Tu xiluli miwieri samyaro~. xolo

wmida ioane damaskeli ambobs: `radganac yovl

admowyale da yovladsrulyofili RmerTi ar

dakmayofilda sakuTari Tavis WvretiT, aramed

wyalobis gardamomatebis gamo, keTilad ineba,

rom yovelive warmoSobiliyo, rac iqneboda Sem

deg am wyalobis mimRebi da rasac am wyalobis

miReba esaWiroeboda. Seiqmna RvTaebrivi azriT,

romelic movida qmedebaSi RvTaebrivi sityviTa

da suliT~.

amgvarad, samyaros Seqmnis aqti da adamia

nisTvis masSi gansakuTrebuli adgilis mikuT

vneba imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom ufals surda

Tavisi usasrulo madliT, wyalobiTa da siy

varuliT, hyoloda is qmnilebebi, romelTac igi

madls mianiWebda, isini eziarebodnen mis dide

bas da swored maTze ganxorcieldeboda usas

rulo srulyofilebani. uflis dideba, rogorc

xateba da msgavseba, airekleba adamianSi, romel

ic gvirgvinia qmnilebaTa Soris.

adamianis ganRmrToba iyo is mizani, ris gamoc

RmerTma samyaro Seqmna. e. i. RmerTma moisur

va, RvTaebrivi didebisaTvis adamianic eziarebi

na. Tumca, amis misaRwevad garkveuli pirobebic

daawesa, rac, pirvel rigSi, saTno cxovrebasa

da RvTis didebas gulisxmobs. swored amisken

mimarTavda RmerTi Cvens pirvel winaprebs, ro

melTa pirveli maswavlebeli da moZRvari TviT

ufali iyo, xolo uSualo gzis gamkvalavi _ is

RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia, romelebic miwier

qveyanaSi swored maTTvis daamkvidra RmerTma.

TviT RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia uflis sib

rZnezea aRmocenebuli. wesrigma da sayovelTao

harmoniam swored RvTis sibrZniT daisadgura

samyaroSi. amis Sesaxeb igavTa wigni gvauwyebs:

`ukunisidan var dafuZvnebuli, Tavidanve, miwaze

uwinares. ufskrulTa aryofnisas davibade, wya

roTa wylebis siuxvis aryofnisas. sanam mTebi

dadgebodnen, borcvebze adre davibade. rodesac

jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili miwa da mindvrebi,

samyaros dasabami mtveri. roca is cas amyareb

da, mec iq viyavi, roca wres hkravda ufskrulis

zedapirze, roca Rrublebs amagrebda maRliT,

roca Zlierdeboda ufskrulTa wyaroebi, roca

daadgina zRvisTvis sazRvari, roca wylebs ar

gadaelaxaT misi napiri, roca awesebda dedami

wis safuZvlebs, me viyavi mis gverdiT aRmSeneb

lad..... vxarobdi misi miwis samyaroSi, da iyo

Cemi sixaruli adamis ZeTa mimarT~ [igav. 8:2331].

miuxedavad imisa, rom sibrZnem uflis SemweobiT

daivana Zalian adre, yoveliveze uwinares, misi

daniSnuleba mainc konkretulia da igi adamianis

gakeTilSobilebisken aris mimarTuli; sikeTe ki

uflis mcnebaTa dacvaSi mdgomareobs: `ismineT

1716


Cemi darigeba, dabrZendiT da nu gandiddebiT. ne

taria kaci, vinc momismens me, vinc fxizlobs Cems

karebTan dReniadag....~. [igav. 8:3334]. sayovelTao

wesrigis mosurne RmerTma yvelaze kargad uwyis,

Tu saiT mouwodebs kacobriobas: `samarTliania

yoveli naTqvami Cemi pirisa, araa masSi araferi

daklaknili da mrude. yovlad naTelia isini

gonierebisaTvis da simarTlea codnis mpovnel

TaTvis~ [igav. 8:89]. yvelaze didi saunje, rac

samyaroSi arsebobs adamianisaTvis, sibrZnea. am

itom, Tvalmargalitis Sovnaze ufro, sibrZnes

unda daewafos adamiani, radgan: `me, sibrZne~, _

gvaswavlis igavTa wigni, _ `vmkvidrob goniere

basTan da gansjis codnas vpoveb. uflis SiSi

borotebis siZulvilia. siamaye da qedmaRloba

da boroti gza, da ukuRmarTi piri mZuls me. Ce

mia rCeva da goniereba, me var goneba, Cemia Zala~

[igav. 8:1214].

samarTlianobis, wesrigisa da sayovelTao

harmoniis mosurne RmerTma Tavisi RvTiuri

miznebis aRsrulebas safuZvlad sibrZne daudo.

igi mudam aswavlis kacTa modgmas im sayovelTao

WeSmaritebas, rom sibrZne sikeTe da sicocxlea,

xolo misgan gandgoma daRupvas niSnavs: `Tavis

gulze daimedebuli briyvia, xolo sibrZniT ma

vali gadarCeba~ [igav. 28:26]. vinc sibrZnis gziT

ivlis, misi moRvaweoba gamarTlebuli iqneba da

gonierebas eziareba. amitom mouwodebs adami

anebs RmerTi: `datoveT sibriyve da icocxleT

da iareT gonierebis gziT~ [igav. 10,6].

dabadebis wignis mixedviT, vidre RmerTi de

dakacs Seqmnida, jer yvela cxoveli da sxva

cocxali arseba mihgvara adams, romelmac Ti

Toeul maTgans saxeli daarqva. amiT ufalma

cxadyo adamis, e. i. misive Seqmnilis, upirateso

ba yvelas mimarT. amitomac asxams xotbas fsal

munebi RvTis umaRles qmnilebas [fs. 148,15, 711;

150, 1, 6]. cocxal arsebaTa Soris ar iyo adamis

Sesaferi TanaSemwe, igi martosuli aRmoCnda.

amitom Seqmna RmerTma kacis neknidan qali. es

epizodi aSkarad adasturebs adamianis maRal mi

sias yvela suldgmulTan SedarebiT, romlebic

manamde Seuqmnia RmerTs.

mkvlevarni xazs usvamen Toras narativis

geocentrizms. samyaros Seqmnis mesame dRidan

dawyebuli, RmerTi mimarTavs qveyanas da imas,

rac masze warmoiSoba. AamaSi Rrma simboluro

ba Zevs. gamoCenili mecnieri v. loski wers: `es

ar aris neSti raime primitiuli kosmogoniisa...

Seusabamo Cveni kopernikis Semdgomi samyarosi.

geocentrizmi aq aris ara fizikuri, aramed su

lieri: qveyana sulierad centralizebulia imi

tom, rom is adamianis sxeulia, imitom, rom ada

miani centraluri arsebaa, is arseba, romelic

Tavis TavSi aerTianebs grZnobadsa da zegrZno

bads, da amitom ufro meti sisruliT, vidre an

gelozebi, monawileobs qveynisa da cis mTel

mwyobrSi. samyaros centrSi adamianis guli

feTqavs~ [12, 234235]. amitomac adamis gansxvavebu

loba cxovelebisgan mis sicocxles adamianurs

da gansacvifrebels xdis. Tumca, arc samyaro da

arc dedamiwa adamianTa sakuTreba ar aris, isini

1918


RvTis sakuTrebaa: `uflisa aris qveyniereba da

savseba misi, samyaro da misi mkvidrni~ [fsalm.

23:1]. adamianebi mdgmurebi arian RvTis miwaze, is

maT ar ekuTvniT. amitom bibliaSive aris gacxa

debuli is pirobebi, romelTa dacva aucilebe

lia adamianebisaTvis. maTi cxovreba damokidebu

lia imaze, ramdenad kargad Seasruleben isini

RvTis nebas; radgan yoveli qmnileba, adamianis

CaTvliT, Seiqmna RmerTis samsaxurad da misi

nebis aRsasruleblad [gamocx. 4:11]. swored am

zneobriv postulats efuZneba religiuri peda

gogika _ adamianma yovelTvis unda icodes, rom

RvTis nebis Sesruleba misi arsebobis aucile

beli pirobaa, xolo misgan gadaxveva safrTxes

uqmnis ara marto adamianis cxovrebas, aramed

samyaros arsebobasac. es saSiSroeba ukanask

nel saukuneSi kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxda.

radgan, mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, amJa

mad pla netaruli katastrofebis xelovnurad

gamowvevac ki SesaZlebelia, amitom adamianze

bevri ram aris damokidebuli, rac yvelam kar

gad unda gaacnobieros.

adamiani ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva ram

dedamiwaze, radgan yvelaferi adamianisTvis ar

sebobs da ara piriqiT. adamianis mniSvneloba

bevrad aRemateba samyaroSi arsebul materia

lur Zalebs, romlebzec TviT adamianebi varT

damokidebulni. magaliTad, Cven mzis gareSe ver

vicocxlebT, magram, mniSvnelobis Tvalsaz

risiT, mze adamians emsaxureba da ara piriqiT.

igi adamianisTvis Seiqmna, rogorc misi msaxu

ri da RvTaeba, rogorc Zvel xalxebs miaCndaT.

Cven viciT mzis daniSnuleba da adgili, man ki

araferi icis Cven Sesaxeb.

fizikuri sicocxle saidumloebad rCeba. ara

viTari cnoba ar arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, rom

Tundac yvelaze primitiuli mikroorganizmebi

odesRac spontanuri TviTwarmoSobis Sedegad

aRmocendnen usicocxlo materiisagan.Ees iseve

ver moxdeboda, ,,rogorc jarTis grovisgan qa

riSxali ver warmoqmnis Tanamedrove manqanas~

[6. 16].

rac ufro meti gaoceba da mowiweba dagveuf

leba sicocxlis saocrebis mimarT, miT ufro

metad davafasebT sicocxles. umaduroba Semoq

medis mimarT, gveubneba Tora, sicocxlis ga

ufasurebisaken gadadgmuli nabijia, misgan

gamomdinare maxinji SedegebiT. amis Taobaze

sayuradRebo mosazreba ganaviTara eleqtro

magnetizmis fuZemdebelma, frangma fizikosma,

andre mari amperma, romelic werda: `bunebaSi

SegviZlia vWvritoT Semoqmedis saqmeebi da maTi

saSualebiT mivideT Semoqmedis Secnobamde~.

saWiroa axalgazrdebma icodnen, rom adami

anis sxeuli da tvini zustad dabalansebuli

sistemaa, romelsac saTanado movla esaWiroeba.

zomiereba adamianma yvelaferSi unda gamoiCi

nos, TviTnebobam SeiZleba daarRvios sxeuli

sa da tvinis faqizi sistema da ubedurebamde

miiyvanos adamiani (nikotini, alkoholi, Sidsi,

prostitucia...).

adamians araTu Txovnas usrulebs ufali,

2120


aramed zogjer sjis kidec. amisTvis mouvlens

stiqiur da fizikur ubedurebebs. Tumca, ro

gorc RvTismetyvelebi Tvlian, esec adamianis

sasikeTod xdeba, radgan RmerTs unda, adamiani

moaqcios sinanulisken, daicvas codvisagan da

sikeTis gzaze ataros. amdenad, RvTiuri sasje

li boroteba ki ara, ukeTurobisgan adamianis

dacvaa, rac sabolood sikeTed masve moubrun

deba. amitom unda daemorCilos adamiani RvTi

ur kanonebs da im harmoniis Tanaziari gaxdes,

romelsac es kanonebi amkvidrebs TviT adamianis

sakeTildReod.

RvTiuri wesrigis gamovlenad da dedamiwaze

harmoniis damyarebad unda miviCnioT is faqti,

rom RmerTma adamians SemoqmedebiTi da esTe

tikuri aRqmis unari uboZa. es garemoeba kidev

erTxel usvams xazs imas, rom RvTiuri wesrigi

adamianis harmoniuli arsebobisaTvis aucilebe

li piroba iyo. amitom RmerTma miwis erT na

wilSi baRi gaaSena da iq kaci daasaxla, raTa

boZebulisTvis moevlo. baRSi marto sakvebad

gamosayenebeli xeebi ki ar iyo, iq `sanaxavad~

saamo xeebic idga. aqedan gamomdinare, adami

ans unari ASeswevs daafasos mSveniereba. ami

tomac aSeneben adamianebi baRebs _ eswrafvian

silamazes. aseTi ram cxovelebs ar axasiaT

ebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamravlebis periodSi

cxo velebsa da frinvelebs erTmaneTis kaSkaSa

Seferiloba izidavT, zogierTi jiSis frinveli

sawinaaRmdego sqesis yuradRebis misapyrobad

mReris kidec, maT mSvenierebis aRqmis unari

da SemoqmedebiTi Se saZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT.

aseTi unari mxolod adamians aqvs, romliTac

igi RmerTs uaxlovdeba. kacobriobis istoria

adamianis Semoqmede biTi potencialis gamovle

na, RmerTis, Semoqmedis mibaZvaa. xolo is, vinc

Rupavs dedamiwas, abinZurebs mdinareebs, arRvevs

atmosferul Sreebs da safrTxes uqmnis Cvens

planetas, RvTis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. amitom

axalgazrdebma unda icodnen, rom aseTi adami

anebi did codvas sCadian. bibliur iudaizmSi

mniSvnelovani miniSnebebia mocemuli amasTan

dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove mecnierebi zneo

brivekologiur aRzrdaSi bibliur safuZvlebs

xedaven.

adamianma samyaros harmoniidan bevri iswavla.

swored es mizani hqonda RmerTs, roca mkacrad

reglamentirebul samyaros qmnida. zneobis pir

veli gakveTilebi adamianebma samyaroSi arsebu

li RvTiuri wesrigisa da harmoniis wyalobiT

miiRes, romliskenac ufali dReniadag mouwodeb

da: `Sekribe xalxi: kacebi, qalebi da bavSvebi,

da xiznebi, romelic Sens karibWeebSi arian, rom

gaigon da iswavlon, da eSinodeT uflisa, Seni

RmerTisa, da Sesasruleblad daicvan am rju

lis yoveli sityva~ [II rjl. 31,12].

samyaroSi arsebuli harmonia da wesrigi ada

mianebSi yovelTvis iwvevda dadebiT ganwyo

bas da ajansaRebda sazogadoebas. amis Sesaxeb

avtoritetuli azri gamoTqmuli aqvT rogorc

qristianuli samyaros, ise sxva aRmsareblobis

mimdevrebs. magaliTad, didi Cineli filosofo

2322


si konfuci miiCnevda, rom `ca masSi qmnida zneo

bas~. xolo, bibliuri fsalmunTmgalobeli da

viTis azriT, es cac da irgvliv yovelive RvTis

Semoqmedebis nayofia: `...Sevxedav Sens cas _ Seni

TiTebis namoqmedars, mTvaresa da varskvlavebs,

romlebic daafuZne. ufalo, Cveno mbrZanebelo!

raoden didia Seni saxeli mTels qveyanaze~

[fsalm. 8:4,10]. amis miuxedavad, uflis nebiT Seq

mnili samyaro mainc winaaRmdegobrivad viTar

deboda, radgan adamianma ver gaamarTla imedebi.

amitomac zrunavs dReniadag Semoqmedi dacemu

li adamianis zneobrivi gajansaRebisaTvis.

adamis modgmam jer kidev edemis baRSi

gaucrua imedebi RmerTs, roca ar daemorCila

uflis nebas da akrZaluli xis nayofi igema,

rasac SemdgomSi axali imedgacrueba mohyva kae

nis saSineli codvis saxiT: ìxila ufalma, rom

gamravlda boroteba adamianisa miwaze, da misi

gulis yoveli wadili mudam boroteba iyo. da

inana ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani miwaze da dam

wuxrda Tavis gulSi~ [dab. 6, 56]. RmerTs ar

SeuZlia Seeguos garyvnilebasa da borotebas,

amitom ganizraxa miwis piridan aRgva da ganad

gureba yovelive imisa, rac manve didi siyvaru

liT Seqmna. es aqti TvalnaTliv migvaniSnebs,

rom RmerTma samyaro sikeTisa da wesrigisaTvis

Seqmna ase mimzidveli. misi saboloo mizani am

samyaros gvirgvinis _ adamianis maRali zneo

baa da ara misi dacema, borotebis gamravleba,

rac adamianis sisustis bralia. RmerTi yovel

nairad uwyobs xels dacemul adamians codve

bis gamos yidvaSi. es pirvelad gamovlinda maSin,

roca RmerTma edemis baRidan gamoaZeva adami

da eva. maT sakuTari SromiT unda moepovebinaT

sarCosabadebeli, magram ufali mainc ar akleb

da mzrunvelobas dacemul adamianebs. Tumca,

Sedegi kvlav arasaxarbielo aRmoCnda. amitom

RmerTma samyaros warRvna mouvlina, magram sike

TiT savse noe da misi STamomavlebi gadaarCina.

amis Semdeg ufali kvlav agrZelebs noes STamo

mavlebsa da sxva sulier arsebebze zrunvas:

àkur Txa RmerTma noe da misi Zeni da uTxra maT:

ìnayofiereT da imravleT da aRavseT miwa, da

adamianis sisxlis damRvrelis sisxli adamian

is mierve daiRvreba~ (dab. 9:6). RmerTma warRvnis

movlinebiT daasrula gaurCebuli adamis STamo

mavlebis dasja da noes memkvidreebTan aRTqma

dado, romelic arsebiTi zneobrivi Rirebulebis

Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebs adamianTa mxridan,

xolo, Tavis mxriv, RmerTi noes modgmas (adami

anebs) warRvniT aRar emuqreba. Tumca, misi yur

adReba samyaros kanonzomierebaTa dacvasa da

adamianTa zneobas yovelTvis Tavs dastrialebs.

mravali saukune da adamianTa modgmis uamravi

Taoba dasWirda imaSi darwmunebas, rom adamma

da evam umZimesi codva HCaidines. swored pirve

li codvidan imata ukeTurobam da pirvel urCo

bas mravali boroteba miemata. kacobrioba jer

kidev ver darwmunda, rom RvTis urCoba da cod

viT dacema kargs arafers uqadis TviT mas da

mTel samyaros.

RmerTi rom im momentSi gamoCeniliyo da gve

2524


lis mier evas cdunebisaTvis xeli SeeSala, eva

da adami verasodes gaigebdnen, Tu rogori dam

Rupveli Sedegebi SeiZleba moutanos adamians

Tavisufali nebis borotad gamoyenebam.

adamisa da evas pirvelcodvam gamoiwvia RvTi

sagan gaucxoeba. amis gamo RmerTTan urTierToba

veRar iqneba sasiamovno da SiSisagan Tavisufali.

Tumca, RmerTma mainc ar gawira Tavisi Seqmnili

adamiani da mudam exmareba codvis gamos yidvaSi:

`ufals ar waurTmevia adamianisaTvis arc xati

RvTisa, arc Tavisufali neba, sulier sawyisTa

Semmecnebeli goneba da sxv. RmerTi adamians mo

eqca, rogorc mkurnali da aRmzrdeli _ samosiT

dafara misi siSiSvle. RmerTma adamiani fizikur

sikvdils dauqvemdebara, raTa aecilebina misT

vis saboloo, sulieri sikvdili, anu masSi

codvis sawyisebis ukiduresi, satanur zRvars

miRweuli ganviTareba. saRvTo gangebulebam wi

naswar ganWvrita adamis jer kidev ganumtkice

beli Tavisufali nebis dacema da misi aRdgine

bac aseve winaswar moawyo. adamis codviT dacema

ar iqca kacobriobis gamousworebel daRupvad.

RvTis winasaukuno ganCinebis Tanaxmad, mis ama

RorZinebel Zalad dedamiwaze gardamomxdari Ze

RvTisa iqca~1 amiT RmerTma adamians codvaTa ga

mosyidvis Sansi kvlav SeunarCuna.

codviT dacemis Semdeg adamianTa urTierTo

bebi gasastikda. Tundac marto is rad Rirs, rom

1 protopresviteri miqael pomazanski, dogmaturi RvTismetyveleba, Targmna nino belTaZem (seria: marTlma

didebluri dogmatika, Tb., 2004, gv. 108109).

bavSvis dabadeba did tkivilTan iqneba dakav

Sirebuli; Semdgom misi aRzrdaganaTleba xom

faTerakebiTaa aRsavse, xolo lukmapurisaTvis

umZimesi jafa adamianis mudmivi Tanamgzavria

wuTisofelSi. magram Tavdapirveli antagonizmi

mainc kacsa da qals Soris Cainerga, radgan ma

makacebi cdiloben TavianTi upiratesoba gamoi

yenon qalebze gasabatoneblad, Tumca, RmerTma,

Tavisi xalxis siyvarulis gamo, aqac daamkvidra

siyvarulis ideali colqmars Soris: ,,amitom

miatovebs kaci Tavis mamas da Tavis dedas da

miekroba Tavis cols, da oriveni erT xorcad

iqmnebian~ [dab. 2:24].

rogorc iTqva, codviT dacemis Sedegad Sroma

adamians mZime tvirTad eqca, rasac avadmyofo

ba da epidemiebic daerTo. amdenad, adamianis

cxovreba aRar iyo saamo da usafrTxo. Tumca,

RmerTi masze zrunvas agrZelebda da xsnis gzac

mudam Tavisufali iyo, magram ara advilad mis

aRwevi, adamianis didi codvebis gamo. gonivruli

daskvnis gakeTeba TiTqos Zneli ar unda iyos,

rodesac erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo movaleo

bis Seusrulebloba xSirad did usiamovnebebs

iwvevs, anu is, rac Zalian iolia, Zalian rTu

li Sesasrulebeli xdeba. swored amis Tval

saCino magaliTs warmoadgens adamisa da evas

codviT dacema. amitomac aris aRzrdis procesi

mravalmxrivi da rTuli.

sayuradReboa adamianTa gaerTianebuli Za

lisxmevis RvTiuri Sefaseba babilonis godo

lis magaliTze. logikuria, kvlav davsvaT kiTx

2726


va: ra saWiro iyo godolis aSeneba? xalxis erTi

nawili ambobda: ̀ ai, warRvna iyo. axali warRvnis

SemTxvevaSi Cven koSkze avZvrebiT da wyali

ver mogvwvdeba~. xalxis meore nawili fiqrob

da: `Cven SevqmniT CvenTvis saxls~. isini apireb

dnen koSkis Tavze Sekrebis adgilis mowyobas,

saidanac kerpebs moemsaxurebodnen. kidev sxva

jgufi acxadebda: `ar aris samarTliani erTi

RmerTis (hameSis1) mbrZanebloba~. Tumca, iyvnen

iseTebic, romlebic fiqrobdnen: `warRvna iyo

bunebrivi movlena da rogorc drodadro ca ise

irxeva, rom saWiroa misi damagreba. Cven gava

keTebT iseT maRal koSks, rom ca mas daeyrdnos.

maSin Cven hameSis aRar SegveSindeba!“ [2,48].

mTavari Segoneba, romelsac babilonis godo

lis epizodiT adamianebs RmerTi auwyebs, isaa,

rom `koSkis~ aSeneba dedamiwaze namdvilad sa

Wiroa, magram ara babilonis, aramed RvTiuris.

saWiroa Torasa da locvebis, mcnebebisa da

keTili saqmeebis imgvarad gamravleba, rom koS

ki ufro maRla miwvdes, vidre adamianis sxe

ulebrivi moTxovnilebebi. swored aseTi koSki

iqneba RvTis mier kurTxeuli da, rogorc qris

tianuli WeSmariteba sulis taZris – eklesiis

Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, `bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ere

odian mas~ (maT. 16,18).

yvelaze srulyofili, vinc RmerTma samyaro

Si Seqmna, adamiani iyo, magram, amis miuxedavad,

ar dauSva misi gaampartavneba. amitom auria ena,

1 haSemi – ebraulad RmerTi. naSromSi viyenebT orive saxeldebas.

raTa adamianebs veRar gaegrZelebinaT babilonis

godolis Seneba da mimofantuliyvnen dedamiwis

sxvadasxva mxares.

RmerTis mier enaTa aRrevis aqts kidev erTi

garemoeba axlavs, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrula dedamiwaze harmoniis damkvidrebaSi.

rogorc sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, samyaros

mravalferovneba misi harmoniulobis umTavresi

winapirobaa. amitom sxvadasxva erebi da erovne

bebi srulyofilebas sZenen Cvens miwier cxo

v rebas, romlis ganuyofeli komponenti enaTa

mravalferovnebacaa. amdenad, RmerTis mier babi

lonis godolis mSeneblobis SeCereba, rac ena

Ta aRrevis gziT moxda, logikurad samyaroSi

wesrigisa da harmoniis iseTi Semadgeneli ele

mentebis Semotanis winapiroba gaxda, rogoric

enebis da xalxebis warmoSoba iyo.

dabadebis wignSi RvTiuri wesrigisa da har

moniis damkvidrebis kidev ramdenime epizodia.

maTgan gavixsenoT sodomisa da gomoris ganad

gurebis ambavi, romelic did zneobrivaRmzrde

lobiT plastebs Seicavs, magram masSi RvTiuri

wesrigi da harmonia mainc mniSvnelovnad gvesa

xeba. swored es ukanasknelni arian TavisTavad

zneobriv RirebulebaTa safuZveli, radgan zneo

ba kanonzomierebas, wesrigs da adamianTa Soris

marTlzomier qmedebas gulisxmobs.

rac Seexeba sodomis epizods, igi iyo adamian

Ta ara marto zneobrivi gaukuRmarTeba, aramed

gamowveva da protesti bunebis kanonzomierebaTa

winaaRmdeg, romelic ar dauSva RvTiuri wesri

2928


gisa da harmoniis mosurne ufalma da ,,... daamxo

es qalaqebi da mTeli maTi Semogareni, da yove

li mkvidri am qalaqisa da yoveli mcenare miwi

sa~ [dab. 19:25].

dedamiwaze RvTiuri wesrigi yovelgvari gan

viTarebisa da progresis safuZvlad aris miC

neuli, amitom ufali dReniadag dastrialebs

Tavs missave Seqmnil adamians da zneobrivi

kataklizmebisgan icavs mas; Tumca, radikaluri

zomebisganac ar ixevs ukan da xSirad umkacresi

ganaCenic gamoaqvs, magram sasjelic adamiani save

sakeTildReod wesdeba, raTa ar ganadgurdes

mTavari _ ar dairRves RvTiuri wesrigi da har

monia.

gamosvlaTa wignSi RmerTi mravalgzis mou

wodebs Tavis rCeul xalxs dadgenili wese

bis dacvas [gam. 13:10], magram es marto zogadi

mowodeba rodia, aq aris mocemuli zneobrivi

kodeqsi da mTeli cxovrebis sazrisi [gam. 20:1

17], romlis Sesaxeb sagangebo msjeloba qvemoT

gveqneba. amjerad mxolod imas vityviT, rom ama

ve wignSi ufali rCeul xalxs moses meSveobiT

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis iseT wesebs udgens, ro

goricaa: dadgenileba msaxurTa Sesaxeb, adamia

nis dazianebis Sesaxeb, qurdobisa da sazRauris,

aRTqmebisa da Sesawiravebis, samsxverplos, ga

mosasyidis da sxvadasxva akrZalvis Sesaxeb [gam.

21:2223].

roca RmerTma Seqmna samyaro (miwa, wyali,

mnaTobebi, cocxali arsebebi da sxva aracoc

xali sagnebi da movlenebi) da misi gamorCeuli

umaRlesi arseba _ adamiani, wesebi da kanonebi

daudgina, romlebic urTierTdamoukidebeli da,

amave dros, erTmaneTis ganmapirobebelic aris.

adamianebma aqedan is daskvna unda gamovitanoT,

rom, rogorc dauSvebelia planetaTa moZraobis

Secvla an mzis sistemis kanonzomierebaTa dar

Rveva, rasac katastrofebi da sicocxlis ganad

gureba mohyveba, ise ar SeiZleba uflis mier

adamianebisTvis dadgenili wesebidan gadaxveva;

radgan adamiani miwieri cxovrebis gvirgvinia,

uflis mier dadgenili, da misi yoveli gadac

doma Semoqmedis winaaRmdeg gadadgmuli nabijia.

amitom adamianis mier RvTiuri wesrigis dar

Rvevis TiToeuli mcdeloba codvad miiCneva, ra

sac iudaizmSi fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba eni

Weba.

miwieri cxovreba zedmiwevniT racionalurad

aris mowyobili. rogorc zemoT iTqva, cocxali

arsebebi da aracocxali sinamdvile ise mWidrod

arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rom gana

pirobeben erTmaneTis arsebobas da funqciebs.

aseTi gonivruli urTierTmimarTeba, samyaro

Si arsebuli RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia imis

mtki ce safuZvelia, rom adamianebma iwamon RvTis

arseboba, rac xels ar uSlis cxovrebis empi

riul Semecnebas; piriqiT, igi Semoqmedis mimarT

rwmeniT aRavsebs adamians.

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos RmerTma gamoarCia

ebraeli eri da masze daawesa mzrunveloba, mas

dastrialebs Tavze da mis mier uflis dadgeni

li wesebis Sesrulebas ganapirobebs: `da aswav

3130


loT israelis ZeT, yoveli wesi, romelic uTx

ra maT ufalma moses xeliT~ [lev. 10:11]. magram

ufro siRrmiseulad Tu davakvirdebiT uflis

sityvas, WeSmariteba sxvagvaria. RmerTisaTvis

adamiani ganirCeva mxolod imiT, ramdenad icavs

igi RvTis gangebas. marTalia, uflis rCeuli

xalxi ebraeli iyo, magram RmerTisTvis mainc

yvela erTia, radgan `abraami rom gaxdeba didi

da Zlieri eri, da misiT ikurTxeba yvela eri~

(dab. 18:18). cxadia, erTi rCeuli eris meSveobiT

RmerTi mTel kacobriobaze zrunavs. misTvis

ar arsebobs erovnuli, rasobrivi da sxva gan

sxvavebani, mTavaria, adamiani asrulebdes uflis

mcnebebs. aseTia RvTiuri wesrigis gamovlineba

sxvadasxva xalxTan mimarTebiT.

RvTis mier samyaros Seqmna yvelaze brZnuli

aqti iyo, amitom aris igi sayovelTao wesrigis

nimuSi. Tumca, marto samyaros Seqmna bevri ve

raferi sikeTe iqneboda, amas rom misi raciona

luri mowyoba ar mohyoloda. swored wesrigsa

da dedamiwis racionalur gamarTulobas gana

pirobebs codna da umaRlesi goniereba, radgan

`ufalma sibrZniT daafuZna dedamiwa, gonebiT

ganamtkica ca~ [igav. 3,19]. winaaRmdeg Sem TxvevaSi,

yvelaze kargad mowyobili samyaroc veras gax

deboda, Tu masSi uwesrigoba da qaosi daisad

gurebda. magram brZnulad Seqmnils isev go

niereba mihyveba kvalSi, raTa SeinarCunos da

mudmivad ganamtkicos RvTiuri wesrigi ukve

adamianTa Soris, radgan swored adamianTaT

vis Seiqmna yovelive da mas adamianma unda upa

tronos RvTis gangebulebis Sesabamisad. swored

amaze miuTiTebs kvanturi Teoriis fuZemdebeli,

germaneli fizikosi maqs planki: `saiTac ar

unda gavixedoT, ra sagansac ar unda davakvir

deT, versad vipoviT winaaRmdegobas mecniere

basa da relgias Soris. piriqiT, Cven aSkarad

davinaxavT maT Soris srul harmonias – reli

giac da mecnierebac eZebs WeSmaritebas da midis

RvTis aRiarebamde~.

amdenad, RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia ar aris

raRac ganyenebuli idea, mas konkretuli da

niSnuleba aqvs, rac adamianis mier mis gacnobi

erebaSi, dacvasa da ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs.

amitom adamianma umaRlesi zneobis gakveTile

bi samyaros RvTiuri wesrigidan unda miiRos.

uflis mcnebaTa dacva RvTiuri wesrigis gamov

lenaa TiToeuli adamianisagan. RmerTi kanonebi

sa da kanonzomierebaTa dacvisaken mouwodebs

yve las. simarTlis msaxurebis Segneba Taobidan

TaobaSi unda gadadiodes, swored amiT dam

yardeba RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia. rogorc

dabadebis wigni gvaswavlis: `radgan amovirCie,

rom amcnos Tavis Zeebsa da Tavis saxls Tavis

Semdeg, rom daicvan gza uflisa, qmnan simarTle

da samarTali, raTa Seusrulos ufalma abraams,

rasac Sehpirda~ [dab. 18,19].

RvTiuri wesrigi uflis gangebulebis Ses

rulebas avaldebulebs yvelas, maT Soris,

ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa, romlebmac sxvebze me

tad unda daicvan RvTiuri mcnebebi da amiT sa

magaliToni gaxdnen TavianT qveSevrdomTaTvis:

3332


`maS, mismineT da SeigneT, mefeno, iswavleT mTe

li dedamiwis msajulno! yurad iReT, mraval

Ta mbrZanebelno, qedmaRlurad rom dahyurebT

xalxebs! ufalma moganiWaT Zalaufleba, uze

naesmameufeba; is gamoiZiebs Tqvens saqmeebs da

Tqvens zraxvebsac gamoscdis~ [sol. 6:13]. mar

Talia, mefeebs umaRlesi Zalaufleba upyriaT

xelT, magram es Zalaufleba ukontrolo araa.

yvela wess ufali adgens. zRvargadasul qcevas

RmerTi ar dauSvebs, radgan RvTiuri wesrigi

umaRlesi harmoniaa, romelsac yvela unda em

saxuros. xolo xalxis winamZRolT gacilebiT

didi misia akisriaT: `brZeni msajuli aRzrdis

Tavis xalxs da gonivrul mmarTvelobas daam

yarebs. rogoricaa mmarTveli, iseTnive arian

misi msaxurni. rogoricaa qalaqis Tavi, iseTnive

arian misi mcxovrebnic~ [zir. 10:12]. wesrigisa

ken mowodeba RmerTisTvis TviTmizani ar aris

_ RvTiuri wesrigi yvelasaTvis sasargebloa,

misi mimdevari adamiani srulyofilia, radgan

harmoniulad ewereba RvTiur samyaroSi da misi

organuli nawili xdeba; xolo uflis mcnebaTa

damrRvevi ewinaaRmdegeba samyaros RvTiur wes

rigs, mis RvTiur gamarTulobas da, DdRevande

li terminiT rom vTqvaT, anaqronizmad iqceva.

RmerTma samyaro winaaRmdegobebisa da katak

lizmebisaTvis ki ar Seqmna, aramed misi survili

sayovelTao siyvaruli da harmonia iyo: `siyva

ruli ki isaa, rom daicva misi kanonebi, xolo

kanonTa dacva ukvdavebis sawindaria, ukvdaveba

ki RmerTTan gvaaxloebs~ [sol. 6:1919].

samyaros gaCenidan RvTiuri wesrigi misi

aucilebeli komponenti iyo. usaxurudaburi bne

leTisa da qaosisagan Seqmna RmerTma yovelive,

rac gvxiblavs Tavisi wesrigiTa da gamarTulo

biT. swored es aris yvelaze didi maniSnebeli

imisa, saidan unda aiRos adamianma magaliTi,

vis unda mibaZos, radgan yvelaze TvalsaCino

sibrZne samyaros RvTiuroba, misi wesrigianoba

da harmoniulobaa. amitom gonieria is, vinc amas

kargad aRiqvams da swor daskvnebs akeTebs. go

nierebas da sibrZnes Zveli aRTqma gansakuTre

bul rols aniWebda: `brZenTa simravle samyaros

xsnaa, gonieri mefe ki _ xalxis keTildReoba~

[sol. 6,24].

RvTis gangebiT Seqmnili samyaro yvelaze

didi saxelmZRvanelo wignia, rac ki odesme Seq

mnila an momavalSi Seiqmneba. adamianebis valia

es wigni waikiTxon da Seicnon. igi gviCvenebs

cxovrebis WeSmarit gzas, rac gulisxmobs Cvens

yoveldRiur yofacxovrebaSi RvTiuri princi

pebis dacvas. samyaros Seqmnis aqtis gacnobiere

ba mxolod morwmuneT SeuZliaT. saRvTo wignebi

mxolod rwmeniT Seicnoba daMmarto ganswavlu

loba aq sakmarisi ar aris. swored amas gvauw

yebs IV saukunis meudabnoe amba antoni, romel

sac ewvia gamoCenili filosofosi da hkiTxa:

`amba, rogor SegiZlia icxovro aq, wignis kiTx

viT miRebuli nugeSis gareSe?~ meudabnoem xeliT

miuTiTa caze, udabnosa da mTebze da upasuxa:

`Cemi wigni, filosofoso, aris qmnili sagnebis

buneba, da rodesac movisurveb, SemiZlia iqidan

3534


amovikiTxo RmerTis saqmeni~.

samyaros RvTiur srulyofilebasa da mis

aRmzrdelobiT rolze miuTiTebs udidesi

rusi mecnieri da pedagogi mixeil lomonosovi:

`Semoq medma adamianTa modgmas ori wigni miani

Wa. erTSiTavisi sidiade aCvena; meoreSi – Tavisi

neba gaumJRavna. pirveli wigni – es aris xilu

li qveyana, romelic ufalma imisaTvis Seqmna,

rom adamians, Sexedavda ra am uzarmazar, mSve

nier da gamarTul Senobas, misTvis miniWebuli

Semecnebis unaris wyalobiT, eRiarebina RvTis

yovladZliereba. meore wigni – wminda werilia.

masSi Semoqmedi gvakurTxebs sulis cxonebisa

ken. winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTa am RvTiv

sulier wignebSi ganmmarteblebi arian eklesi

is didi moZRvrebi. xolo pirvelad naxsenebi

wignis ganmmarteblebi, romelSic mocemulia

xiluli samyaros agebuleba, arian fizikosebi,

maTe matikosebi, astronomebi da bunebaSi gamov

lenil sxva RvTiur moqmedebaTa amxsnelni~.

yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba

aseTi daskvna gamovitanoT: raki samyaroSi ar

sebuli RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia pirdapir

Seesabameba uflis mier dadgenil wesebs, rac

imaze migvaniSnebs, rom samyaros uzenaesi arseba,

adamiani, uflis mzrunvelobisa da mfarvelo

bis qveSaa, aqedan gamomdinare, adamiani RvTiuri

wesrigis mTavari warmmarTveli Zala unda iyos,

rac uflis mier dadgenili wesebiT cxovrebaSi

gamoixateba. Tumca, swored es aRmoCnda yvelaze

rTuli problema codviT dacemuli adamianisaT

vis. amitomac aris uflis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli

adamianis gakeTilSobilebisken, raSic garkveul

rols RvTiuri rwmeniT aRvsili adamianis aR

zrda asrulebs.

garemomcvel samyarosTan urTierToba Tana

medrove pedagogiur mecnierebaSi mozardis gan

viTarebis, pirovnebad Camoyalibebis erTerT

faqtoradaa miCneuli da mas empirizmis Teoriis

saxiT icnoben. swored garemo pirobebi axdens

bavSvis formirebaze zemoqmedebas (memkvidreoba

sa da aRzrdasTan erTad), rac RvTiuri wesrigi

sa da harmoniis sruli gansaxierebaa. amitom igi

bibliuri iudaizmis aRzrdis msoflmxedvelob

riv safuZvlad unda miviCnioT.

avTandil asaTiani kanonis (rjulis) pedagogika iudaizmSi

3736

kanonis (rjulis) pedagogika iudaizmSi

iudaizmis Tanaxmad, RvTiuri micvebi (mcnebebi) Tavad adamianis sasikeTod aris nabrZanebi

[3,28]. gamCenma uTxra moSes: `amodi CemTan mTaze

da iq iyavi da me mogcem qvis luxoTebs – filebs...

da mcnebebs, romlebic xalxisaTvis Sesaswavlad

aRvbeWde~ (SmoTi 24:12).

`da saubris Semdeg sinais mTaze moses mow

mobis filebi, RvTis TiTiT dawerili qvis ori

fila gadasca~ (SmoTi 34:18).Aam qvebze daweril

sityvebs ebraelebsa da haSems Soris arsebuli

kavSiri unda daemowmebina da swored amitom maT

`luxot habriT~ _ `aRTqmis dafebi~ ewoda.

kacobriobis istoria da, maT Soris, ebraeli

xalxis istoria moses droidan qristeSobamde

aRsavsea udidesi saocrebebiT: RvTiuri gamocxa

debebiTa da winaswarmetyvelebebiT.

msoflio wesrigi da harmonia, rac RmerTma

daamkvidra samyaroSi, adamianis keTildReo

bisaTvis Seiqmna. magram igi jer kidev ar iyo

srulyofili. swored amas emsaxureboda rCeuli

eris monobidan ganTavisufleba, radgan TviT

RmerTma uwyoda upirvelesad, rom RvTiuri wes

rigi da harmonia monobaSi ver damkvidrdeboda.

Tumca, arc marto Tavisufleba iyo amisaTvis

sakmarisi. amitom RmerTi Tavis rCeul xalxs

yvelaze umTavress _ rjuls aZlevs: `da axla

ismine, israelo, wesebi da samarTalni, romel

Tac me gaswavliT Tqven Sesasruleblad, raTa

icocxloT da mixvideT da daimkvidroT is

qveyana, romelsac ufali, Tqveni mamebis Rmer

Ti, gaZlevT Tqven~ (II rj. 4,1). es iyo sruli

ad axali etapi kacobriobis istoriaSi. swored

aq, sinas mTaze auwya RmerTma moses da, misi

saxiT, mTel kacobriobas cxovrebis mizani da

adamianobis umaRlesi misia: ̀ SexedeT, gaswavleT

Tqven wesebi da samarTalni, rogorc mibrZana

me ufalma, Cemma RmerTma, aRsasruleblad im

qveyanaSi, sadac Tqven midixarT dasamkvidreb

lad~ (II rj. 4,5). faqtobrivad, sinas mTaze mox

da imis sazeimod aRiareba, rom ufali RvTiuri

misiis aRsasruleblad irCevda ebrael xalxs,


3938

magram mas garkveul pirobasac uyenebda: `...Tu

mousmenT Cems xmas da daicavT Cems aRTqmas,

amogarCevT Cems sakuTrebad yvela xalxidan...

da Tqven iqnebiT CemTvis mRvdelTa samefod da

wmida erad~ (gam. 19,56). adamis modgmis codviT

dacemis miuxedavad, RmerTi mainc zrunavs mis

STamomavlebze da zneobriv kodeqss umzadebs,

romelSic yvelaze brZnuli da wmida mcnebebia

gadmocemuli, vidre aqamde vinmes unaxavs an

mousmenia, radgan moses mcnebebs warmarTul

samyaroSi analogi ar gaaCnda. adre arsebul

stiqiur principebebs, romlebic poliTeistur

panTeonze iyo dafuZnebuli, aTi mcnebis saxiT

sulierebiT aRsavse zneobrivi normebi upir

spirdeba, romlebic miznad isaxavda cxovrebis

wesidan zRvargadasuli egoizmis aRmofxvras da

adamianTa Soris harmoniuli Tanasworobis dam

kvidrebas, rac SemdgomSi kacobriobis yvelaze

didi monapovari gaxda.

moses kidev erTi wodebac aqvs. mas ar moixse

neben, rogorc `mefe moSes~, an `winaswarmetyvel

moSes~. mas uwodeben `moSe rabeinu~s _ `moSe

Cveni maswavlebeli~, radgan ormoci wlis man

Zilze swored moSe aswavlida xalxs mcnebebs

da uxsnida kanonebs [3.169170].

`moSem israeli gaiyvana mewamuli zRvidan da

isini udabnoSi mividnen...~ (SmoTi 15:22). Aaq isi

ni sami dRe udabnoSi dadiodnen. am drois gan

mavlobaSi maT Sewyvites Toras Seswavla, ami

tom RmerTma, sasjelisa da gansacdelis saxiT,

sasmeli wyali Seuwyvita. Tumca, TorasTan dab

runebam kvlav ixsna isini. amitom, Tu ebraele

bi Toras micvebs Seasruleben, maTi sicocxle

samarTliani da mSvidi iqneba [2,281282].

`haSemma mTidan moSes mouxmo: àse uTxari ia

kobis saxleuls da auwye israelis Svilebs...~

(SmoTi 19:3), gvauwyebs Tora. Aes mimarTva uTu

od badebs aseT kiTxvas: ratom uwoda haSemma

ebraelebs ori saxeli _ ìakobis saxleuli~ da

ìsraelis Svilebi?~

saqme isaa, rom ìsraelis SvilebSi~ TiTqos

mxolod kacebi moiazreba, arada, haSemi kavSirs

yvelasTan amyarebs – kacTan da qalTanac. ami

tom haSemma jer ìakobis saxleuli~ (qalebi) ax

sena, raTa moSes scodnoda, rom swavleba unda

gadaeca qalebisTvisac da kacebisTvisac.

aqve logikurad Cndeba kidev erTi kiTxva: ra

tom ewodeba qalebs ìakobis saxleuli~? adami

anis ojaxs misi Svilebi warmoadgens. vin uvlis,

efereba, zrunavs da axdens maTze aRmzrdelobiT

zemoqmedebas? amas, upirveles yovlisa, qalebi

akeTeben. swored amitom haSemma isini kacebze

adre axsena, radgan surda, rom qalebs bavSvebi

saTvis haSemis rwmena da imedi dabadebisTanave

CaenergaT.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa midraSis

komentari, Turatom ubrZana haSemma moSes To

ras mcnebebi jer qalebisaTvis gaecno da Semdeg

kacebisaTvis.

ebrauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qalebi ufro

adreul asakSi (12 wlis) xdebian valdebul

ni, Seasrulon mcnebebi. Tu qalebs RmerTi pa


4140

tivs dasdebs, isini micvebs ufro gulmodgined

Seasruleben da bavSvebsac aswavlian. gasaTva

liswinebelia agreTve isic, rom RmerTma pirve

li aRTqma adamTan dado, rac xavas (evas) meSve

obiT darRveul iqna. amitom RmerTi gadawyvets

STaagonos qalebs, rom micvebis (mcnebebis) dar

Rveva upatiebelia rogorc kacebisaTvis, ise qa

lebisTvisac [3,9].

rogorc midraSi ganmartavs, mose ormoci dRe

imyofeboda zecaSi da Toras swavlobda. meor

moce DdRis dasasruls miiRo ori dafa, rom

lebzec aTi mcneba iyo aRbeWdili. es moxda

ebraelebis egviptidan gamosvlis ormocdameaTe

dRes. amitom ebraelebisaTvis Toras boZebis

dRe sazeimod iTvleba.

ToraSi Camoyalibebulia mcnebebi imis Sesa

xeb, Tu rogor imxiarulo dResaswaulebze, ro

gor danaRvliande Sesabamis situaciaSi; aris

mcnebebi, romlebic xalxs mterTan brZolis we

sebs aswavlis; zogierTi mcneba gvauwyebs, rome

li sakvebi iWmeva da romeli ara; rogor unda

vemsaxuroT haSems; ras niSnavs patiosani ada

miani da, saerTod, rogori unda iyos adamiani.

RmerTi uTiTebs adamianebs, ra aris dasaSvebi da

risgan unda Seikavon Tavi, rac, moses kanonebis

msgavsad, aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis matare

belia.

aTi mcnebis mTeli sazrisi aRmzrdelobiT

daniSnulebas atarebs. `roca me aRar viqnebi~, _

ambobda moSerabeinu, _ `ar ifiqroT, rom ara

vinaa, visganac SeiZleba haSemis1 nebis swavla.

misi Tora ar aris caSi, rom vinmem Tqvas: `vin

miwvdeba mas, rom mogvitanos? maSin Sevasruleb

diT...~ arc zRvis miRmaa is, raTa ar Tqvan: `vin

gacuravs Soreul zRvebSi, raTa mogvitanos

is? ai, maSin SevasrulebdiT...~ magram ara! Tora

axla dedamiwazea. is Tqvens xelSia da Tqvens

gulSia. Tqven icnobT mas da masTan erTad

cxovreba SegiZliaT~. Sexede, _ uTxra moSem is

raels, – haSemma Sen Tora da mcnebebi gadmogca.

Sen SegiZlia haSems daujero an ar daujero. Tu

daujereb, icocxleb; Tu ara – daiRupebi. haSemi

sicocxles da sikvdils iZleva. maS airCie si

cocxle! – uvaxarTa baxaim!!! [3,173].

im dros, roca mosem sinas mTaze axali kanone

bi miiRo da RmerTma aRTqma dado rCeul xalx

Tan, kacobrioba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im

gzebis ZiebaSi iyo, romlebsac SemdgomSi unda

uzrunveleyo misi swori ganviTareba da yo

facxovreba. moses kanonebSi ufali miuTiTebs,

rom aseTi gzis arseboba SesaZlebelia mxolod

im pirobebSi, Tu adamianis kavSirs SemoqmedTan

mamaSviluri xasiaTi eqneba.

RvTis mier mose winaswarmetyvelisaTvis qvis

or ficarze dawerili aTi mcneba adamianTa

zneobrivi qcevis ZiriTad maregulirebel prin

cipebs warmoadgens. isini Tavisi mowodebiT da

daniSnulebiT or jgufad SeiZleba gaiyos: pir

veli oTxi mcneba RvTiur wesrigs da adamia

nis RmerTTan mimarTebas eZRvneba. maT saritua

1 ebraulad: RmerTi


4342

losakulto daniSnuleba aqvs. es mcnebebia: `me

var ufali RmerTi, da ara iyvnen Senda RmerTni,

ucxoni, Cemsa gareSe; ara rai akeTo kerpi da

arc raime xateba imisa, rac maRla caSia, rac

dabla miwazea da rac wyalSia, miwis qvemoT; ar

warmoTqva uflis, Seni RmerTis, saxeli amaod,

rameTu ufali dausjels ar datovebs mas, vinc

mis saxels amaod ixsenebs; moixsene dRe igi Sa

baTi da wmida – hyav igi: equs dRe iqmode, da

hqmne maT Sina yovelive saqme Seni, xolo dRe

igi meSÂide, SabaTi, ars uflisa RmrTisa Senisa~

(gam. 20, 210).

mose winaswarmetyvelis zneobriv mcnebaTa

meore jgufi, mexuTidan meaTis CaTvliT, ada

mianTa Soris urTierTobebs da maT pirovnul

qcevebs aregulirebs: `pativec mamasa Sensa da

dedasa Sensa, raÁTa keTili geyos Sen da dRegr

Zel iyve qveyanasa zeda; ara kachkla; ara imru

So; ara iparo; ara cili swamo moyuassa Sensa

wamebiTa cruiTa; ara guli giTqumides coli

saTvis moyuasisa Senisa, ara guli giTqumides

saxlisaTvis moyuasisa Senisa, arca yanisa mis

isa, arca karaulisa misisa, arca yovlisa misT

vis, raÁca iyues moyuasisa Senisa~ (gam. 20, 1217).

uflis mcnebaTa Taviseburi definicia moce

mulia igavTa wignSi, romliTac mSobeli afr

T xilebs Svilebs: `mcneba aris sanTeli, sjuli

aris sinaTle, cxovrebis gza ki aris swavla

da mxileba~ (igav. 6,23). iudaizmis Tanaxmad,

`mcneba – mcneba sanTelia, Tora ki sinaTle~.

sanTeli ver gaanaTebs, Tu cecxls ar avanTebT!

Aaqedan gamomdinare, adamiani ver Seasrulebs

micvebs (mcnebebs), Tu Toras ar iswavlis. Cveni

azriT, moses zneobrivi kanonebi swored warmod

genili TvalTaxedviT unda gaviazroT. uflis

mier nauwyebi zneobrivi kodeqsi ar aris raRac

ganyenebuli, adamianebs daSorebuli abstraq

cia, aramed igi TiToeuli adamianis sakuTrebaa,

romlis Sesruleba yvelas movaleobaa. radgan

mcneba sanTelia, xolo sjuli _ sinaTle. Cven,

adamianebs, miwier cxovrebaSi maTi swavla da

ganuxreli Sesruleba gvevaleba. amgvari prin

cipiT warmodgenili definiciiT Cvens winaSea

ZvelaRTqmiseuli pedagogikis mizani da amocana.

aRzrdis ideali im zneobriv normaTa Sesrule

baSia, romelic aTi mcnebis saxiT mosem sinas

mTidan Camoitana. mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnuli

zneobrivi kanonebi sacnauri gaxda adamianTaT

vis, sruliad axali etapi iwyeba kacobriobis

istoriaSi. udidesi gardasaxva xdeba TviT

RvTis rCeul erSic, romelic adrec gamoirCeo

da religiurobiT, magram amieridan maT mwyob

rad Camoyalibebuli zneobrivi kodeqsi miemad

la uflis mier, romelic, rasakvirvelia, mTeli

kacobriobis sakuTreba xdeba momavalSi.

pirveli kategoriis mcnebebSi adamiani war

modgenilia RvTiuri kosmogoniis subieqtad,

radgan swored RmerTi awesebs adamianTa Soris

urTierTobis normebs. amiT adamiani aRiarebu

lia samyaros gamorCeul niSansvetad, radgan

swored mas mimarTavs RmerTi da afrTxilebs:

`me var ufali RmerTi Seni, da ara iyvnen Senda


4544

RmerTni ucxoni, Cemsa gareSe~. meore mcnebaSi

dagmobilia kerpebis gaCena da maTi aRmarTva,

radgan aseT kerpebs WeSmaritebasTan saerTo

araferi aqvT, maT mxolod cdomilebaSi SehyavT

adamiani, radgan yvela mokvdavi mxolod WeS

marit RmerTs unda msaxurebdes, rogorc es pir

vel mcnebaSia mocemuli. mesame mcnebaSi RmerTi

kategoriulad krZalavs uflis saxelis xsen

ebas ficisas: `ara moiRo saxeli uflisa Rmr

Tisa Senisa amaosa zeda~. RmerTi simarTles da

WeSmaritebis samsaxurs aswavlis yvelas da ra

gasakviria, rom sicruis mimarT igi ase katego

riulia. aRTqmis darRveva didi codvaa, amito

mac afrTxilebs ufali adamianebs: ar daificoT

Cemi saxeli tyuilze da ar SebRaloT saxeli

Tqveni RmerTisa (lev. 19, 12). winaaRmdeg SemTx

vevaSi `...ufali dausjels ar datovebs mas, vinc

mis saxels amaod axsenebs~ (gam. 20, 7). meoTxe

mcnebac RvTiuri wesrigisken mouwodebs adami

anebs, kerZod: `daicavi SabaTis dRe, raTa wmi

dahyo igi~ (gam. 20, 8). es samyaros eqvs dReSi

Seqmnis faqtidan gamomdinareobs da morwmuneebs

avaldebulebs, kviraSi erTi dRe RmerTs miuZ

Rvnan, sauflo dResaswaulad aqcion, radgan

amis magaliTi TviT RmerTma misca adamianebs _

man xom eqvs dReSi Seqmna yovelive, xolo meS

vide dRes daisvena.

iudaizmis Tanaxmad, SabaTs akrZalulia ro

gorc gare samuSaoebi, ise saojaxo saqmeebi.

Tumca, SabaTs SeiZleba seirnoba, simRera, kiTx

va. SabaTi morwmune iudevelisaTvis sulieri

ama Rlebis dRea. am dRes asruleben locvebs

da swavloben Toras. ar fiqroben mTeli kviris

ganmavlobaSi dagrovil saqmeebze.

meore kategoriis mcnebebi, rogorc zemoT

iTqva, adamianis pirovnul qcevas eZRvneba. maT

Si, faqtobrivad, mocemulia RvTis xatad Seq

mnili kacis qcevis reglamentacia. niSandobli

via is garemoeba, rom mxolod mexuTe mcnebaSia

mowodeba dedmamis pativiscemis Sesaxeb, xolo

danarCenSi imperatiuli akrZalva ismis. swored

es ganasxvavebs mexuTe mcnebas meore jgufis

mcnebebisgan. amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom

iudaizmi, qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, uflis

mcnebebs or jgufad yofs. aqedan gamomdinare,

mexuTe mcneba miCneulia pirveli jgufis mcne

bad, rac sagangebo gaazrebas moiTxovs.

amis gamo zogierTma mkvlevarma es SemTxvevi

Tobasac ki miawera. Tumca, saqme ufro seriozu

ladaa. amiT RmerTs adamianebis gamocda surs.

Tu adamians SeuZlia mSoblebis pativiscema

(maTi, vinc masze ufrosia da misi aRmzrdelia),

igi haSemis pativiscemasac SeZlebs.

gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebaa moses

rjul Si dedmamis mimarT. am mcnebis darRveva

ara marto umZimes codvad iTvleba, aramed ase

Ti adamiani umkacresad isjeba: `vinc Tavis mamas

an dedas gaartyams, sikvdiliT unda mokvdes~

(gam. 21,15). aseTive sasjelia im SemTxvevaSic,

Tu vinme Tavis mSoblebs dawyevlis (lev. 20.9).

igav Ta wignis Tanaxmad, yovelTvis upatiebelia

Zarcvagleja, magram aseTi saqcieli, mSoblebis


4746

mimarT Cadenili, ufro samarcxvinoa: `mamis

mZarcveli da dedis gamgdebi Semarcxveneli da

upatio Svilia~ (igav. 19:26). uflis mcnebis dam

rRvevi verasodes miaRwevs Ppirad keTildReo

bas: `mamis da dedis mawyevars sanTeli Cauqreba

ukuneT wyvdiadSi~ (igav. 20:20). sanTlis Caqroba

adamianis sulieri ganadgurebaa da ra unda iyos

amaze umZimesi sasjeli; amitom mouwodebs brZeni

Svilebs, yuradRebiT moeqcnen mSoblebs: `usmine

Sens mamas, man gSoba Sen da abuCad nu aigdeb

Sens dedas, rodesac moxucdeba igi~ (igav. 23:22).

rogorc sxva moTxovnebs, am mcnebebsac yavli

ar gasvlia, radgan, samwuxarod, dResac xSi rad

vxvdebiT iseT adamianebs, romlebic augad ixsen

eben mSoblebs, iTviseben maT qonebas da dauZ

lurebul moxucebs bedis anabara toveben. ami

tomac aqvs RvTis sityvas maradiuli Rirseba,

igi xom arasdros yofila drosa da sivrceSi

SemosazRvruli.

rCeul xalxSi (ebraelebSi) bavSvTa aR zrda

calsaxad ojaxur xasiaTs atarebda. oja xur

urTierTobebs ganapirobebda RvTiuri gamocxa

deba da, aqedan gamomdinare, religiuri sa

fuZveli hqonda bavSvebis mSoblebTan damoki

debulebas: `pativi eci mamasa Sensa da dedasa

Sensa, raTa dRegrZeli iyo miwaze, romelsac gaZ

levs ufali Seni RmerTi~ (gam. 20:12). es mcnebebi

adreuli asakidan asazrdoebda mozardis suls.

mSoblebi iseve zrunavdnen bavSvis sulierebaze,

rogorc RmerTi da uflis kanonebi mouwodeb

daT amas; es, upirveles yovlisa, uflis SiSsa

da dedmamis morCilebaSi gamoixateboda: ̀ Tvali

mamis damcinavi da dedis morCilebis moZule _

amokortnian mas xevis yornebi da SeWamen mas

arwivis marTveni~ (igav. 30:17). mSoblebis winaSe

amxedreba sastik sasjels eqvemdebareboda: `Ta

visi mamisa da dedis avad maginebeli sikvdiliT

unda mokvdes~ (gam. 21:17). aseTive sasjeli eloda

masac, `vinc Tavis mamas an dedas gaartyams...~

(gam. 21:15).

SiSi da mowiweba vrceldeboda ara marto

mSoblebis mimarT, aramed amgvari ierarqia iyo

damkvidrebuli ufrosebsa da bavSvebs Soris,

radgan ufali mouwodebda: `WaRaris winaSe wa

modeqi da pativi eci moxucebulis saxes~ (lev.

19;32). RmerTis arsebobis rwmena da misgan ga

momdinare RvTiuri wesrigi, faqtobrivad, gana

pirobebda aRzrdis mimarTulebas.

RmerTi, aseve, did yuradRebas iCens maT mimarT,

vinc icavs uflis gangebulebas da Ta visi go

nierebiT misabaZ magaliTs aZlevs sazogadoe

bas: `brZeni Svili mamas axarebs, briyvi Svili

ki dedamisis dardia~ (igav. 10,1). igavTa wignis

am sentenciam farTo gavrceleba hpova xalxSi,

radgan misi WeSmariti arsi axlobeli da Tval

saCinoa yvelasTvis. RmerTi mzrunvelobas iCens

im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic yuradRebas ar

akleben sakuTar mSoblebs. aseTi adamianebi uf

lis madliT iqnebian garemoculni: `mamis pati

vismcemeli codvaTagan ganiwmindeba~ (zir. 3,3).

dedmamis pativiscema Cveulebrivi norma iyo

RvTis rCeuli eris cxovrebaSi, magram aTi mcne


4948

bis saxiT mas kanonis Zala mieniWa, rac ara

marto biologiuri mSoblebis, aramed asakiT

ufrosebis pativiscemasac iTvaliswinebs. amitom

saRvTo wignebSi xSirad aris warmoCenili

RvTis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba moxuce

bis mimarT da maTi gamorCeuli adgili sazo

gadoebaSi: `WabukTa dideba maTi Zalaa, xolo

moxucTa brwyinvaleba _ WaRara~ (igav. 20:29). amis

gaTvaliswineba axalgazrdebis upirvelesi mov

aleobaa.

midraSi1 mexuTe mcnebasTan dakavSirebiT

ganmartavs, rom am mcnebis gagonebisas mefeebma

adides gamCeni da aRiares: `rogorc ki adamiani

maRal Tanamdebobas ikavebs, sakuTari mSoblebi

maSinve aviwydeba. uzenaesi brZenia, rameTu mSo b

lebis pativiscema brZana!~ [3,28].

igavTa sibrZnem yuradRebis gareSe ar dato

va aRsazrdelis garemo pirobebi da TanatolTa

wre, romelTa mxardamxar mimdinareobs aRzrda:

`nu daemoyvrebi brazians da ficx kacTan nu mix

1 midraSi – saRvTo werilis erTgvari damrigeblu

ri xasiaTis egzegeza. gamoiyeneboda umTavresad gviandel

iudaizmSi. esaa rabinTa qadagebis werilobiTi redaqcia,

romelSic saRvTo werilis muxlobrivi komentarebis meS

veobiT yoveldRiur problemaTa gadawyvetis xerxebs ayal

ibebdnen. amgvarad Camoyalibebuli saRvTo werilis komen

tirebiT, faqtobrivad, saxezea calke literaturuli Janri,

romelic axlosaa im literaturul mimdinareobasTan, ro

melsac ganekuTvneba axali aRTqmis calkeuli monakveTebi

(mag., maT. 122). midraSs SeiZleba hqonoda zneobrivi (halaka

= svla, kargad moqceva) an TxrobiTgadmocemiTi (hadaga

= moTxroba) miznebi. `didi midraSi~ dawerilia 3700 wlis

winaT.

val, ar gaiwvrTna mis gzebSi da ar daugo maxe

Sens suls~ (igav. 22:2425). megobarTa wres didi

mniSvneloba aqvs mozardis CamoyalibebaSi, mag

ram mTavaria, axalgazrda RvTismosav da brZen

adamianebTan erTad izrdebodes da ara briy

vebTan: `umecrebTan dros nu dakargav, aramed

gonierTa Soris itriale~ (zir. 27:12), _ gaf r

Txilebas iZleva brZeni ziraqi. umegobro ada

miani srulyofili ver iqneba. yvelas esaWiroeba

Tanamdgomi sikeTesa da borotebis Jams, amitom

samegobrod bavSvobidan unda ganewyos mozardi:

`mxolod suleli ambobs _ ara myavs megobari

da arc madlieria vinme Cemi sikeTisaTviso.....~

(zir. 20:16). aseTi damokidebuleba kategori

ulad miuRebelia Zveli aRTqmis pedagogikisaT

vis, radgan moyvasis siyvaruli moses rjulis

qvakuTxedia. igive ziraqis sibrZne gvaswavlis:

`uflis moSiSi megobrobas ise warmarTavs, rom

rogoric TviTonaa, iseTive iyos misi moyvasic~

(zir. 6:16), amitom didi dakvirvebaa saWiro, roca

TanatolTa wres varCevT, radgan advilad SesaZ

lebelia, cud wreSi aRzrdam savalalo Sede

gebi gamoiRos. gaTavxedebul bavSvebSi keTili

Tvisebebis mozardic maT yaidaze gadava: `vinc

fiss miekareba, gaisvreba, da vinc qedmaRals

dauaxlovdeba, mas daemsgavseba~ (zir. 13:1). ase

Tive azrs aviTarebs solomon brZenic: `brZe

nebTan damavali dabrZendeba, regvenTa moyvasi ki

gaubedurdeba~ (igav. 13:20). umecar da briyv adami

anebTan urTierToba adaTwesebisa da mamapapaTa

Semarcxvenel saqcieladaa miCneuli: `nu exumre


5150

bi umecars, raTa Seni winaprebi ar Seuracxyo~

(zir. 8:4). aqedan mkafiod Cans, rom Svilebis

mimarT uyuradReboba da maTi cudad aRzrda

zneobrivi normebis darRvevadaa miCneuli. Zveli

aRTqma gacilebiT met yuradRebas uTmobs adami

anis sulier formirebas, vidre uSualod swav

lebas. keTilgoniereba uflis mcne baTa dacvaSi

gamoixateba. moses rjuli jansaRi zneobis sa

fuZvelTa safuZvelia, romelSic, e. w. meore ka

tegoriis mcnebebSi, ganuzomlad amaRlebuladaa

warmodgenili moyvasTan urTierToba. analogiu

ri midgomaa dafiqsirebuli Zveli aRTqmis sxva

wignebSic.

kacis mokvlis akrZalva, rac meeqvse mcnebiTaa

dadgenili, pirdapir uflis qmnilebis dacvas

gulisxmobs, radgan RmerTma adamiani Seqmna Ta

vis xatad _ RvTis xatad Seqmna igi. da Seqmna

igi mamakacad da dedakacad (dab. 1, 27). amitom

adamianis mokvla RmerTis sawinaaRmdego qmede

baa da dauSvebelia. amasTan erTad, gasaTva

liswinebelia is garemoebac, rom adamiani Rv

Tis warmomadgenelia, romelmac unda upatronos

yovelives da imefos dedamiwaze. amave dros, mas

didi pasuxismgeblobac akisria, radgan igi war

moadgens RmerTs sxva qmnilebaTaTvis. amitom man

ar unda daCagros isini da ar miayenos tanjva,

miT umetes, ar xelyos meore adamianis sicocx

le, radgan adamiani RvTis xatadaa Seqmnili

(dab. 9:6). amis gamo igi fasdaudebelia. adami

anis mniSvneloba ar aris damokidebuli imaze,

ramdenad Wkviani, Zlieri, lamazi an jansaRia

is. mTavaria, rom igi aris adamiani, RvTis xa

tad Seqmnili.amitom unda davicvaT avadmyofebi

da umweoni: `Raribis mCagvreli Tavis Semoqmeds

Seuracxyofs, maTxovris mwyalobeli ki uflis

madidebelia~ (igav. 14:31).

radgan RmerTma yvela rasa erTi qalisa da

kacisagan warmoSva (Ses. 17: 26), ar arsebobs daba

li modgmis xalxi, yvela adamiani, romeli ra

sis warmomadgenelic ar unda iyos, RvTis xata

daa Seqmnili. yovelgvari SuRli da antagonizmi

codva da Semoqmedi RvTis Seuracxyofaa. qalebi,

mamakacebis msgavsad, RvTis xatad arian Seqmni

li da iseTsave faseulobas warmoadgenen Rmer

TisTvis, rogorc mamakacebi.

didi zneobrivi datvirTvis matarebelia meS

vide mcneba, romelic mruSobis winaaRmdegaa

mimarTuli. am zneobrivi normis dacva ojaxu

ri simtkicis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. swored

ojaxSi iRebs saTaves zneobrivi mimarTeba ama

Tu im movlenisadmi. siZva da mruSoba angrevs

da acamtverebs ara marto ojaxur zneobas, ara

med Tavad adamianis moralur saxes. moRalate

colqmari borotebas amravlebs sazogadoe

baSi. yo vel epoqaSi samarcxvinod iTvleboda

sqesobrivi aRviraxsniloba. TviT RmerTma moses

kanonebamde gailaSqra sodomuri codvisa (lev.

18:22) da sxva gadaxrebis winaaRmdeg. RmerTi ara

marto kicxavs garyvnilebs da mruSebs, aramed

`vinc imruSebs qmrian qalTan, vinc imruSebs Ta

visi moyvasis colTan, sikvdiliT unda mokvdnen

mruSi mamakacic da mruSi dedakacic~ (lev. 20:9).


5352

aseTive mkacri sasjelia gaTvaliswinebuli siZ

vamruSobis sxva gamovlinebebis mimarTac.

meore kategoriis zneobriv mcnebebSi RmerTi,

aseve, krZalavs qurdobas. samyaros dasabamidan

qurdoba miuRebel qmedebad iTvleboda. Tumca,

misi ganzogadeba, rogorc zneobisTvis Seufe

rebeli movlenisa, yvelaze kargad Zveli aRTqmis

wignebma Semogvinaxa. SemdgomSi aman srulyofi

li saxe qristianobaSi miiRo. gamosvlaTa wig

nSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli qurdoba da misi

sazRauri (gam. 22:115). iqvea dawesebuli sxvadas

xvagvari sasjeli da gamosasyidis odenoba da sa

xeebi. zogjer gvxvdeba Zalze mkacri sasjelic,

rac Sesabamisi danaSaulis simZimeze miuTiTebs.

mecxre mcneba ciliswamebis winaaRmdeg aris

mimarTuli. es mankieri Tviseba, romelic sam

yaros gaCenidan arsebobs, uamrav borotebas

aZlevs dasabams. mravali udanaSaulo adamianis

sicocxle emsxverpla cru mowmeTa Cvenebebs, an

moralurad da materialurad dazaralda. ami

tom misi aRmofxvra, brZola mis winaaRmdeg yve

la droSi aqtualuri iyo. sxvaTa Soris, moses

kanonebSi wamoyenebuli debulebebi marto Zvel

epoqas rodi emsaxureboda; maTi dacva dResac

iseve aucilebelia, rogorc maSin, roca Rmer

Ti sinas mTaze ecxadeboda winaswarmetyvels.

ciliswameba yvela epoqis maradiuli boroteba

iyo, amitom ase calsaxad ilaSqrebs RmerTi mis

winaaRmdeg: `nu dayri cru xmebs: xels nu miscem

ukeTurs, raTa borotebis mowme ar gaxde~ (gam.

23:1), `ar moiparoT, ar icruoT da ar moatyuoT

erTimeore~ (lev. 19:11).

meaTe mcnebaSi dagmobilia Suri da yovel

gvari midrekileba, romelTa gamo nivTieri

saunjis xelSi Cagdeba daumsaxureblad swadi

aT. RmerTi sagangebod CamoTvlis im mankiere

bebs, romlebic Surian adamians Causaxldeba

sulSi da sxvisi qonebis dapatronebisaTvis ga

nawyobs. swored Surianoba gaxda kaenis mier

Cadenili saSineli codvis safuZveli; amgvari

faqtebi mravladaa rogorc saRvTo istoriaSi,

ise Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic. mniSvnelo

ba ar aqvs, adamianma moaxerxa Tu ara sxvisi

qonebis xelSi Cagdeba; isic codvad iTvleba, Tu

man ganizraxa, Caifiqra aseTi qmedeba. ukeTuri

gulisTqmac danaSaulis tolfasia da amitomac

isjeba igi RvTis gangebulebiT. rogorc sxva

mcnebebi, qristianobam meaTe mcnebac gaaRrmava

da yovlismomcveli mniSvneloba mianiWa.

imis miuxedavad, rom Toras zneobrivi ka

tegoriebi warmodgenilia aTi mcnebis saxiT, aR

niSnuli moraluri sentenciebi gabneulia iuda

izmis sxva wignebSic. maTi Tavmoyra da sistemad

Camoyalibeba sagangebod usvams xazs maT mniS

vnelobas. swored sinas mTaze nauwyebi kanonebi

amkvidreben adamianTa Tanasworobas; usamarT

lobam adgili unda dauTmos umaRles RvTiur

samarTlianobas, rac sazogadoebrivi da kerZo

cxovrebis ganviTarebas sruliad axlebur mimar

Tulebas aniWebs. SemdgomSi swored mas daefuZne

ba kanonSemoqmedebis mTeli sistema. swored

sinas kanonebSi gamoixata xalxisa da RvTis kav


5554

Siri Tavisufal pirobebSi, radgan rCeuli eri

mxolod moses mcnebebis SesrulebiT SeZlebda

RvTiuri aRTqmis keTili sawyisis cxovrebaSi

ganxorcielebas.

moses mcnebebi umaRlesi zneobrivi RirsebiT

gamoirCeva. maTi mizani ar iyo rCeuli xal xis

nivTieri pirobebis gaumjobeseba, es mcnebebi

gacilebiT maRal miznebs emsaxureboda: `iyaviT

CemTvis wmidebi, radgan wmida var me, ufali, da

me gamogacalkeveT xalxTagan, raTa Cemi iyoT~

(lev. 20:26). swored amis dasturia isic, rom kae

ni daisaja ara mcire ZRvenisaTvis, aramed imi

saTvis, rom hameSma (RmerTma) SesTavaza Seecva

la midgoma da sulierad cxovreba daewyo; man

ki amis nacvlad Tavisi Zma, ,,metoqe~ moiSora.

marTalia, kaenma moinania da Tqva: `diax, me

Zalian cudad moviqeci da damnaSave var~, mag

ram RmerTs ganaCeni gamotanili hqonda mis Tvis:

`RmerTma Tqva: `amieridan dawyevlil iqnebi mi

wisagan..., roca miwas daamuSaveb, is aRar ga

moscems SenTvis Tavis Zalas. moxetiale... iqnebi

dedamiwaze~ (bereSiTi 3:11,12).

gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom RmerT

ma kaeni dasaja imis gamoc, rom mas surda sam

yaros erTaderTi mflobeli yofiliyo [2,35].

rac Seexeba nivTier mxares, RmerTi iRebs im

adamianTa ZRvens, vinc materialur qonebas su

lier simdidres amjobinebs, swavlobs Toras da

asrulebs mis micvebs (mcnebebs).

rogorc cnobilia, yoveli sazogadoeba ga r

kveuli zneobrivi orientirebiT cxovrobs, rac

gavlenas axdens momavali Taobis sulier Ca

moyalibebaze. swored sazogadoebaSi damkvidre

buli cxovrebis wesi, moraluri kategoriebi

asruleben warmmarTvel rols axalgazrdobis

aRzrdaSi. xolo, Tu sazogadoeba imdenad aris

dawinaurebuli, rom mas qcevis mareglamentire

beli normebi aqvs, es ukve didi warmatebaa.

mag ram sruliad sxva simaRlesTan gvaqvs saqme

maSin, roca saubari RvTis sityvaze, anu mara

diul, yovlismomcvel, yovlisSemZle samyaros

Semoqmedzea. amdenad, Cven winaSea araTu srul

yofili, aramed aRmatebuli Sinaarsis, RvTiu

ri sibrZniT datvirTuli, umaRlesi sulierebiT

aRsavse moqmedebisa da arsobis sawyisi, udiade

si mizani.

Zveli aRTqmis pedagogika aris RvTis mier

mosesTvis gamocxadebul mcnebebze damyarebu

li kanonebis pedagogika. es kanonebi orgvaria:

Teocentruli da sociocentruli. RvTis mier

boZebuli kanonebi Teocentrulia, xolo adami

anebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi _ sociocentru

li. sociocentruli kanoni sazogadoebisagan

ganyenebuli arasodes yofila, radgan igi sazo

gadoebis wiaRSi iSva, rogorc am sazogadoebis

wevrTa qcevis mareglamentirebeli norma. ase

Tia, magaliTad, hamurabis, manus an vaxtang me

eqvsis kanonebi. magram sul sxva mdgomareobaa

moses kanonebTan mimarTebiT, romlis gacxadeba

Semoqmedis mier moxda.

RvTiuri kanonebi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mo

ses aTi mcneba da saero kanonebi, maTi warmo


5756

mavlobis miuxedavad, Seicaven adamianTa qcevis

normebs. amiT isini uSualo zemoqmedebas ax

denen sazogadoebis wevrTa yoveldRiur yofasa

da maT Soris eTikuri normebis Sesrulebaze.

TavisTavad adamianis qceva SeiZleba iyos ka

nonis Sesabamisi an misi sawinaaRmdego. swored

sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi, roca esa Tu is indi

vidi an adamianTa jgufi ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis

moTxovnas, gamoiyeneba sanqcia, romelic kanonis

pirdapiri moTxovnaa. magram kanonis amoqmedeba

yovelTvis rodia saWiro. adamianebi upiratesad

icaven iuridiuli kanonis moTxovnebs, radgan

samarTlis normebis darRvevamde adamiani ar

Rvevs zneobriv normas, romelic garkveul safe

xurs warmoadgens samarTlis normamde. amdenad,

eTikuri da samarTlebrivi normebi mWidro kav

SirSia da zemoqmedebasac axdens erTmaneTze:

samarTlis normis nebismier darRvevas mohyve

ba zneobrivi normis xelyofac, magram zneob

rivi normebis darRvevas yovelTvis ar mohyveba

samarTlis normis darRveva. swored zneobasa da

samarTalebriv normebs Soris moiazreboda mTe

li aRmzrdelobiTi sistema uZvelesi droidan,

roca jer kidev ar arsebobda Sesabamisi saswav

loaRmzrdelobiTi kerebi.

kanonis arseboba TavisTavad zneobrivi dat

virTvis matarebelia. amis Sesaxeb mkvlevari g.

lobJaniZe wers: `rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise

zneobrivi normebi pirovnebisa da sazogadoe

bis interesTa gamawonasworebel da sazoga

doebrivi cxovrebis momwesrigebel faqtore

bad gvevlinebian, Tu samarTlis normebi qmnian

normatiul struqturas, zneoba adamianTa Tana

cxovrebis principebs uzrunvelyofs~.1 magram

Tanacxovrebis principebi adamians eZleva RvTis

mier (moses kanonebi), an kidev TviT qmnis mas

(hamurabis kanonebi). orive SemTxvevaSi kanoni

zemoqmedebas axdens adamianis qcevaze: pirvel

SemTxvevaSi _ aRmatebulad zneobrivs, meore

SemTxvevaSi _ yofacxovrebiTs (samarTlebrivs).

Tumca, garkveuli zneobrivi zemoqmedeba am

ukanasknelsac aqvs.

yvela sazogadoebaSi metnaklebad uweven an

gariSs kanonis moTxovnebs. aqedan gamomdinare,

sazogadoeba informirebulia imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra mohyveba ama Tu im normis Seusruleblobas,

an mis gadaWarbebas. amdenad, kanoni asrulebs

Semakavebel funqciasac. adamianma icis, ra SeiZ

leba da ra aris dauSvebeli. e. i. kanoni adamian

is qcevis garkveul reglaments awesebs da amiT

amkvidrebs sazogadoebisTvis misaReb zneob

riv normebs, an krZalavs miuRebel qcevebs. am

itom, roca Cven vlaparakobT Zveli aRTqmis aT

mcnebaze, aq TvalnaTliv Cans moses kanonebis

zneobrivi mniSvneloba, amasTan, Cven sagangebod

vamaxvilebT yuradRebas zogadad kanonis aRm

zrdelobiT funqciaze.

sazogadoebaSi kanonis moTxovnaTa gavrce

lebis procesi imave amocanas emsaxureba, rasac

aRmzdelobiTi saqmianoba. amitom iseTi aRmatebu

1 g. lobJaniZe, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi

Teoria, Tb., 2000, gv. 281.


5958

li rjuli, rogoric qvis or ficarze dawerili

aTi mcnebaa, ar SeiZleboda, moses droSive ar

gamxdariyo sagangebo Seswavlis obieqti. kanoni

rCeul erSi RvTis arsebobis niSani iyo, ami

tomac amkvidrebda is kanonis moTxovnaTa umka

c res Sesrulebas (saqm. 23.3; rom. 2:25). sazoga

doeba im SegnebiT yalibdeboda, rom mcnebaTa

darRveviT ewinaaRmdegeboda TviT RmerTis ide

alebs da uars ambobda masze. kanoni mudmivia da

aucilebeli yvela TaobisaTvis. amitom mose da

winaswarmetyvelebi kanonebs iReben RmerTisgan,

iweren da Semdgom ukiTxaven, ganumartaven da

aswavlian xalxs, rom igi ufro gasagebi iyos

Sesasruleblad (1 ezr. 8,19). amdenad, aTi mcneba

saTaves udebs rjulis anu kanonis pedagogikas,

romelmac Seajama uflis mier samyaroSi dam

kvidrebuli RvTiuri harmonia da aRzrdis sa

fuZvlad swored moses kanonebi daamkvidra.

aTaseuli wlebis win saWirborotod miCneu

li problemebi, romlebic RvTis sityvam aTi

mcnebis saxiT Semogvinaxa, dResac zRvardaude

belia; ami tomac iqca masSi Camoyalibebuli mc

nebebi aR zrdis idealad. aTi mcneba sxva arafe

ria, Tu ara RmerTis mier mocemuli adamianis

sindisis normaTa gansazRvra da maTi obieqturi

gadmocema.

zogadad, Zveli aRTqmiseuli aRzrda pirda

pir Seesabameboda saRvTo gamocxadebas. ada

mianebi darwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi, rom isini

iyvnen `RvTis xatad~ Seqmnilni, magram, amave

dros, codvis memkvidreni. mSoblebi TavianTi

Svilebis aRzrdisas RvTiuri kanonebiT xelmZR

vanelobdnen da yoveli adamianis aRzrda RvTis

samsaxurisTvis mimdinareobda. aRzrdis ZiriTa

di principi aseTi iyo: `sibrZnis dasabamia SiSi

uflisa~ (fsalm. 110:10). aRzrda saRvTo gamocxa

debis SeswavliT da gacnobierebiT unda warmar

Tuliyo: `radgan me var ufali, RmerTi Tqveni,

ganiwmindeT da iyaviT wmidebi, radgan wmida var

me...~ (lev. 11:44). meore mxriv, aRzrdis proces

Si aucilebeli iyo gaeTavisuflebinaT bavSve

bi mavne midrekilebebisa da codvebisagan, rom

lebic adreul wlebSi iRebs saTaves.

haSemma ar misca ebraelebs wminda qveyanaSi Ses

vlis ufleba, radgan maT aCvenes, rom amisaTvis

jer mzad ar iyvnen. maT ormoci xan gZlivi weli

dasWirdaT, raTa axali Taoba gamoezardaT, rom

lisTvisac ucnobi iyo egviptis monoba. haSems

undoda, rom wminda qveyanaSi Ta visufali xalxi

Sesuliyo, romelic misi ToraTi icxovrebda.

rameTu monebs mxolod uxeSi Zalis sjeraT da

saswaulebis dajereba ar SeuZliaT [3,115].

dvarimi anu meore rjuli gvauwyebs (dvarimi

4:12), rom, sanam mose miwier samyaros datoveb

da, Sekriba mTeli eri, raTa maTTvis saboloo

miTiTebebi mieca. mose xalxs 37 dRis ganmav

lobaSi esaubreboda. Mes gamosamSvidobebeli

saubari TiTqmis mTel dvarimis wigns moicavs.

mose moiTxovs Tavisi miTiTebebis zedmiwevniT

Sesrulebas: `ar daumatoT imas, rasac gamcnobT

Tqven da nurc moaklebT, raTa daicvaT Tqveni

gamCeni RmerTis wesdebani~.


6160

mose xSirad sayvedurobda da kidec kicxavda

xalxs mcnebebis darRvevis gamo, magram misi sa

boloo sityva damoZRvrasTan erTad dalocva

caa. winaswarmetyvelebma swored mosesagan iswav

les, rom sayveduris Semdeg xalxi aucileblad

unda daloco. aq Tora moses `haSemis adamians~

uwodebs. es wodeba mas ebraelebis dalocvis

Semdeg mieca.

Tora israelianTa cxovrebis Tanamgzavri da

gzis maCvenebeli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi

RvTis boZebulia, mainc ar aris ganyenebuli,

Soreuli da miuwvdomeli. igi axlobelia yve

lasTvis, radgan misi madli mfarvelobs israe

lianebs. mose swored amas gulisxmobda, roca

gamosamSvidobebel sityvaSi Tavis xalxs moZ

Rvravda: `..rac unda SegemTxvaT, rogorc unda

daifantoT, maSinac, Tu samyaros kideze aRmoCn

debiT, icodeT, iqidanac SegkrebT haSemi da ukan,

israelis miwaze dagabrunebT. amisaTvis Tqven

ubralod unda darCeT ebraelebad, anu ise ic

xovroT, rogorc Tora brZanebs~.

rjulis anu moses kanonebis moTxovnaTa dac

vaSesrulebis peripetiebi istoriuli Tvalsaz

risiT aRwerilia ezras wignSi. TviT ezra

mRvdeli iyo. igi aaronis STamomavali da saRvTo

rjulis maswavlebelia. wigni dawerilia daax

loebiT 400 wels Cv. w. aR.mde, rogorc neStTa

wignebis damateba. mis mTavar paToss warmoad

gens imis damtkiceba, rom iudevelni, miuxeda

vad TavianTi samefos daqcevisa da devnilobisa,

kvlavindeburad RvTisagan rCeul erad rCebod

nen. Eezras wignSi swored am rwmeniT STagonebu

li adamianebis cxovrebaa aRwerili, romlebic,

tyveobidan dabrunebulni, aRadgenen taZars da

ganaaxleben erovnul religiur wesebs. ezrau

li iudaizmis upirvelesi amocana kanonis uze

naesobis dacvaa. saRvTo rjulis yvela moTxov

na zustad unda Sesruldes _ es RvTis rCeuli

eris pirdapiri movaleobaa. aqedan gamomdinare,

ezraulma iudaizmma viwro eTnikuri xasiaTi

SeiZina da rjulis mimdevroba iudevelad aR

zrdis safuZvlad gamocxadda. amitom ezra da

rjulis sxva maswavleblebi iweren da kiTxu

loben moses kanonebs, aswavlian mas, rom igi

gaxdes ufro gasagebi da yvelasTvis advilad

Sesasrulebeli (1 ezr. 8:19; 9:48).

moses kanonebis aRzrdis safuZvlad dam

kvidrebam pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT dRis

wesrigSi daayena iseTi praqtikuli amocanis

gadawyveta, rogoricaa Tavisuflebisa da ganvi

Tarebis mimarTeba kanonTan. amieridan swored am

CarCoebSi ganixileboda adamianis aRzrdasa da

mis zneobriv Camoyalibebaze RmerTisa da aR

m zrdelis gavlena.

avTandil asaTiani sibrZnis gakveTilebi bibliur iudaizmSi

6362

sibrZnis gakveTilebi bibliur iudaizmSi

Toras Tanaxmad, cxovrebis umaRlesi sazrisi RvTis saqmeTa wvdoma, masTan sulieri kavSiria,

rac uflis mcnebebis SeswavliTa da dacviT miiR

weva; magram arsebobs yofiTi sakiTxebi, romel

Ta gadawyvetas elementaruli codna esaWiroeba,

Tumca, esec uflis nebiT xdeba. swored aseTi

damokidebuleba iyo iudaizmSi zogadad sibrZni

sa da kerZod ki aRzrdaganaTlebis mimarT.

Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi aRwerili ebraeli

xalxis istoria zogad warmodgenas gviqmnis

aRzrdaganaTlebis Sesaxebac. rogorc `rCeu

li eris~ yofacxovrebaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs,

Zvel ebraelTa aRzrdaganaTlebis sistema me

zobeli SuamdinareTisa da egviptis xalxebis

saganmanaTleblo sistemebisagan sakmaod gansx

vavdeba. es gansxvaveba, pirvel rigSi, sarwmunoeb

rivia. bibliis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari sibrZne

uflismieria da adaminebs igi RvTisgan eZlevaT;

amitom codnis dauflebis anu swavlis mizani

uflis saqmeTa wvdomaa, RvTis gangebulebiTve:

`... uflis SiSia sibrZne da borotisagan ganride

baa goneba~ (iob. 28:28). amdenad, radgan goniere

ba borotebisagan gamijvnas niSnavs, igi sikeTe

yofila, romelic uflis mcnebaTa SecnobaSes

rulebiT miiRweva. swavlisadmi damokidebule

bas ebrael xalxSi calsaxad RvTiuri Sinaarsi

aqvs. amitom winaswarmetyvelebi yovelTvis wesi

sa da gangebis ganuxrelad Sesrulebisaken mou

wodebdnen xalxs, radgan RvTis sityvis mosmena

ar iyo Cveulebrivi ambavi _ ufalTan kavSiri

did krZalvas moiTxovda: `mismineT da gaigoneT:

nu amaRldebiT, radgan ufali laparakobs~ (ie

rem. 13:15).

sxva xalxebis msgavsad, ebraelTa yofacxo v

rebaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli iseTi cod

nis daufleba, rogoricaa werakiTxva, elemen

taruli maTematika, romelsac ukavSirdeboda

aRebmicemoba, vaWroba da miwis mzomeloba,

varskvlavebis moZraoba da kalendari; Tumca,

wamyvani adgili ganaTlebaSi mainc religiuri

Sinaarsis wignebis Seswavlas eWira.

radgan aRzrdaganaTlebaSi umTavresi saRvTo

gamocxadeba iyo, aqedan gamomdinare, gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba TaobaTa Soris urTierTobas eniWe

boda, raSic gansakuTrebul rols saojaxo aR

avTandil asaTiani sibrZnis gakveTilebi bibliur iudaizmSi

6564

zrda asrulebda. codnagamocdilebis Taobidan

Taobaze gadacemis istoria sayovelTaod aRi

arebulia. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc bibliuri

xalxebi yofilan. bavSvebi pirvel gakveTilebs

swored ojaxSi ismendn

aRzrda bibliur iudaizmSi - tsas.ge...2019/11/07 · wigni warmoadgens damxmare saxelmZRvanelos,...

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