Air University, Multan CampusA Faderally Charted Public Sector University

Tutor: Dr. Muhammad Sanaullah

muhammad.sanaullah@polito.it

Introduction

Course: Artifical Intelligence

What is Intelligence?

2

What is Intelligence?

3

Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason

plan solve problems

think abstractly

comprehend ideas

use language

learn.

Intelligence may be judged by creativity

personality

character

knowledge

wisdom

skills

Features of Intelligence

4

Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from,

understand, and interact with the environment.

It may encompassed of the following specific

features:

Adaptability to a new environment or to changes in the

current environment

Capacity for knowledge and the ability to acquire it

Capacity for reason and abstract thought

Ability to comprehend relationships

Ability to evaluate and judge

Capacity for original and productive thought

Intelligence of Computer

5

According to the British computer scientist Alan

Turing's test in (1950):

“a computer would deserves to be called intelligent if it

could deceive a human into believing that it was human.”

The users remain unaware of computer existence

and the system can automatically performed the

activities according to the prescribed specifications.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

6

“A branch of a computer science which studies the

development of software and hardware which

simulates human intelligence” (Dr. Ghassan Issa)

“AI is the study of how to make computer do things at which, at the moment, people are better” (Rich and Knight)

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

7

“AI is study of idea that enable computers to be

intelligent” (Patrick H. Winston)

Thus, AI is the study of programmed systems that can

simulate, to some extent, human activities such as

perceiving, thinking, learning and acting.

Academic Disciplines relevant to AI

8

Disciplines Methods

PhilosophyLogic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system,

foundations of learning, language, rationality.

MathematicsFormal representation and proof, algorithms,

computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability

Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data

Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents

Neuroscience neurons as information processing units.

Psychology/ Cognitive

Science

how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive

information, represent knowledge.

Computer Engineering building fast computers

Control theorydesign systems that maximize an objective function

over time

Linguistics knowledge representation, grammars

Human Intelligence VS

Artificial Intelligence

9

Human Intelligence VS

Artificial Intelligence

Human Intelligence

Intuition, Common

sense, Judgement,

Creativity, Beliefs etc

The ability to

demonstrate their

intelligence by

communicating

effectively

Plausible Reasoning

and Critical thinking

Artificial Intelligence

Ability to simulate

human behavior and

cognitive processes

Capture and preserve

human expertise

Fast Response. The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.

Pros

10

• Humans are fallible

• They have limited knowledge bases

• Information processing of serial nature proceed very slowly in the brain as compared to computers

Humans are unable to retain large amounts of data in memory.

No “common sense”

Cannot readily deal with

“mixed” knowledge

May have high

development costs

Raise legal and ethical

concerns

Human Intelligence VS

Artificial Intelligence

Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

Cons

11

Human Intelligence VS

Conventional Computing

We achieve more than we know. We know more than we

understand. We understand more than we can explain

(Claude Bernard, 19th C French scientific philosopher)

12

Artificial Intelligence

AI software uses the

techniques of search

and pattern matching

Programmers design AI

software to give the

computer only the

problem, not the steps

necessary to solve it

Conventional Computing

Conventional computer software follow a logical series of steps to reach a conclusion

Computer programmers originally designed software that accomplished tasks by completing algorithms

Human Intelligence VS

Conventional Computing

13

Design Time Methodology for the Formal Modeling and Verification of Smart Environments14