AReal-Time Processing of Seismic Intensity

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60 (2008) 2 243252 臔臼腧膁腶膂腻腷膀膊膶腆腤膮臙膴膎膕膟臈膦膡臉臜膆 至臧 膨膭膮臒臠臐 A Real-Time Processing of Seismic Intensity Takashi KJCJ<>, Shin AD>, Hiromitsu N6@6BJG6, Hiroyuki FJ?>L6G6, and Nobuyuki MDG>@6L6 Independent Administrative Institution, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 31, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan (Received August 16, 2007; Accepted January 8, 2008) A new calculation method is proposed for a real-time seismic intensity indicator (I r ), whose concept is similarly to the JMA seismic intensity (IJMA ) defined by Japan Meteorological Agency. With the increasing requirements of earthquake early warning (EEW) system, it is much more obvious that I JMA has a real-time delay since the I JMA needs a filtering operation in frequency domain. In order to improve the real-time calculation suitable for the EEW system, a new real-time seismic intensity indicator, I r (real-time seismic intensity), is defined by using an approximating filter in time domain instead of the original filter in frequency domain. This indicator, Ir , can be calculated as a time series on real-time and its maximum value, I a (approximate seismic intensity), corresponds to an approxi- mate value of I JMA . The relationships between I JMA and I a value are examined by means of using a large number of strong motion records. Results show that I a value estimates I JMA with reasonable accuracy in wide intensity ranges. For a small computing system like a strong-motion seismograph, it is easier to process Ir than processing I JMA . Therefore, I r is suitable for using in an EEW system based on the concept of JMA seismic intensity. Key words : Seismic intensity, Real-time processing, Earthquake early warning, Real-time seismic intensity, Approximate seismic intensity 1. ῎ῌ῏῍ 臰臔膻腦腐腕腱膄臡膔腧腞腫腥腤腧腑腞膇臷膃腾膂膅臌腧臰臔腒膙臥腘腲腞腣腓腦臸腦膉臻膝臗腥腤腧臢臱腵臁腱腹腺腼膀腒腃腇腘腲腡腍 腗腲腯腧腹腺腼膀腦腐腍腡腨膘膺臩臊腣腥腟腡腍 腱膢臔腨膳臫膍臦臼腢腌腱臎膰腒臨腍臵臏臻膝臗腥腤腵膮腎膥膃腾膂腨膓腒臇腱腣膧膲腪腲 腱臮腮腰腬臶腔膄臡臣腦臞臷腛腱腏腢腒腌腱腞腫膉膮腦膹臋腧腌腱腮腎腥膓腒臚腚腡腍腥腍腦腬腑腑腴 腯腜膉臻膝臗腥腤腒膮腴腲腱膏臍膥膣臑腰膥臚腒腕腯腲腥腍腗腧膵腏腩 臔臼 5 膢腵膙 臥腙腞腞腫腦膉臻膝臗腵膮腟腞腣腍腎腮腎腦膭腔膿 3050006 腠腔腩膷臺膋自 31 膐臸腦臯腘腲腞臰臔腢腌腱臔臼腵腬腣腦腙腞臟 腒腥腘腲腲腩膏臍膥腦臩腙腡腧膑腒腯腲腭腛 腍腢腌腳腎腗腧腮腎腥腣腟腑腯臔臼腵膘膺臩臊腣腙 腞膥臗膫腹腺腼膀腧膾膩腒腪腲腡腍腱腣腗腳腢腌 腱腒腗腧腞腫腦腨膤臥臔臼腵膁腶膂腻腷膀腢腱腗 腣腒腏腢腣腥腱腙腑腙腥腒腯膤臥臔臼腨臰臔腒臃 臤腙腞膪腦臮腵膶臇腛腱腗腣腵膛腣腙腡臷膠腘腲腡腍 腱腞腫膁腶膂腻腷膀腢臮腵腱腗腣腒腢腓腥腍腗腧 腞腫膁腶膂腻腷膀膌腵腖腡腍腱膈腵膒腙腠腠臌臆腥臛臼腢膤臥臔臼腵膁腶膂腻腷膀腢膶臇腛腱 膁腶膂腻腷膀臔臼膊膶腏腢腣腥腱膤臥臔臼腧膶臇腗腘8 膜臊致膱膼臬 4 膯腢 臷腫腯腲腡腐腰 膜臊致 (1996)腇腀 腝腧膶臇腦腨腽腃膁 膗腵腍腡膇臷膻膚臲臝腙腞臰臔膞腵臄

Transcript of AReal-Time Processing of Seismic Intensity

Page 1: AReal-Time Processing of Seismic Intensity

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A Real-Time Processing of Seismic Intensity

Takashi KJCJ<>, Shin AD>, Hiromitsu N6@6BJG6, Hiroyuki FJ?>L6G6,

and Nobuyuki MDG>@6L6

Independent Administrative Institution, National Research Institute for Earth Scienceand Disaster Prevention, 3�1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305�0006, Japan

(Received August 16, 2007; Accepted January 8, 2008)

A new calculation method is proposed for a real-time seismic intensity indicator (Ir), whoseconcept is similarly to the JMA seismic intensity (IJMA) defined by Japan Meteorological Agency. Withthe increasing requirements of earthquake early warning (EEW) system, it is much more obvious thatIJMA has a real-time delay since the IJMA needs a filtering operation in frequency domain. In order toimprove the real-time calculation suitable for the EEW system, a new real-time seismic intensityindicator, Ir (real-time seismic intensity), is defined by using an approximating filter in time domaininstead of the original filter in frequency domain. This indicator, Ir, can be calculated as a time serieson real-time and its maximum value, Ia (approximate seismic intensity), corresponds to an approxi-mate value of IJMA. The relationships between IJMA and Ia value are examined by means of using alarge number of strong motion records. Results show that Ia value estimates IJMA with reasonableaccuracy in wide intensity ranges. For a small computing system like a strong-motion seismograph,it is easier to process Ir than processing IJMA. Therefore, Ir is suitable for using in an EEW system basedon the concept of JMA seismic intensity.

Key words : Seismic intensity, Real-time processing, Earthquake early warning, Real-time seismicintensity, Approximate seismic intensity

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Fig. 2. Acceleration seismogram in EW component recorded at NIG019 for the 2004 Chuetsuearthquake (top trace), and corresponding filtered seismograms with the JMA filter (middle) and theproposed filter (bottom).

Fig. 1. The filter responses in frequency forthe original filter (solid line A), defined byJapan Meteorological Agency (JMA) andthe proposed filter (dotted line B), describedin the Appendix of this paper.

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Fig. 3. Acceleration seismogram in NS component recorded at MYG011 for the 2003 Miyagiken-okiearthquake (top trace), and corresponding filtered seismograms with the JMA filter (middle) and theproposed filter (bottom).

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Fig. 4. Acceleration seismograms in three components recorded at NIG019 for the 2004 Chuetsuearthquake (upper three traces) and the corresponding Ir (real-time seismic intensity), calculated bythis procedure (bottom trace). Horizontal dotted line in the bottom indicates 6.732 as JMA seismicintensity. Vertical lines with letters P and S indicate arrival times of P and S waves, respectively.Filled circles in the bottom indicate remarkable points of Ir.

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(Ir: real-time seismic intensity)� ��������������������� (Ia: approximate seis-

mic intensity) � ������ ��������������������� Fig. 4 � !� ������ Ia )!� 6.696 "������!#$�%& 1

'( )����*��*� + !,��-����#$�%& 3'( )./���� 0�� ���12345���� (IJMA) ! 6.732 "���67� ������ (Ia) !� 8�9:��;�<=�>?�� .6.� ������*7� �� 1�@ !,���AB�� C�<� !��� ����� D�2/8E2F�GH��$�I�F����;��-JKL�

� 3. ������������ !� 8E�I�F���/� ���1234C��.����� (IJMA) �� �M �N.��� ��.������� (Ia) �O���� � �����;�-JKL ��P� �� ���;��!� ��Q��12RHS���T�B�;� (preci-

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#b� ,7H�� � 219151#� 3k�l��F� "�� Table 1 2!���I�F����mPRnh�'o��-.$).�� 0/2I�0p1�������qr�s2!� tuvwx�y��C�&�2R�I�F��@���z{*��� �H!2���F��5|U#&��}���~� � �s2P������F�� 3���@*&*���4���� "�� .6.� �� KL;�-J !� #�5�&�2R�F�<|U��/�}��3d�.�� �H!tuvwx�y��C�&��@67����2RW�-J2���&�0�8j��2�W*�����4���� "�� 92� Fig. 1 2"�RL2������� �������:,�*�#$2R�/�L��� ;���#$k�|U}��3d�./-JKL��!�< "��

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�� �%&� DI�IJMA�Ia���� �A��B).�����2!� ���� (IJMA) ��22R� DI��Bb��C�*�H/��*� �H7!PPU� �b./PW� �����;��B�*������22R�/�C5C�.����)./��� �P� >}��3d�.� DI��#�! �0.267, ���!0.247, D��! �0.021, 1���! 0.037 "�� �H7��!�� 4%9 (IJMA�3.5) �}�� �5130���@3d2���� DI��#�*�0.175� ���*0.200� D��*�0.021� 1���* 0.042��W� ����2P�/<��=�� )��

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���RL2¦�7H� Ia2!D�� al?�F§KL�*GH "VL� .6.�H!� A��B�9 �B¨I2DK©0Gª���2 ���� .�*�/� D���F§����!� >E����;� 9Gª�0� � Ia�«#J¬ �.�*�/­®I���� ��{�¯�Gª���2��� °��K�±2!²>I���RL2� Ia³�((����L*R��´?7H���� + !,7H� Ia!D��F§K�µ2������.�� Fig. 6 � Fig. 7 67L76 "�*� DI��B! 0+¶�.�§��B

Fig. 5. Relationship between JMA seismicintensity (IJMA) and the proposedapproximate seismic intensity (Ia) bycomparison of 219151 strong-motionrecords. Circles denote data. Solid linerepresents the relation IJMA�Ia.

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�������� �� ������������������ ��� DI������ !"#�$%&'�(��)*�+!,-�./0�1 (Table 2) )230 �45�67����)890�� ��1��� :�*�+!;�� DI� ;<( 7=�$%&>0.05� 9=�$%&> 0.10� 99? �$%&>0.15� @ABC��$%&> 0.20� !"#D������E��� FG .H*� (IJMA) � 0.1IJ��>KE����)LM�� ��./��� N�OPQ�R��LM���� �; DI� 99? �S�>T0.15� !"#���) 0)UV�B�WXQY!Z���� (��� �� 0.058[�!\ZB��]^_`� ]^`� SI� �a�b*c����def)���.H*�!g/B�45�./���$%&�a�hi�jk� ;;lm 0.13n0.9��� �>o��pqr���� s�Mt Uu (2003) �

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Table 1. The break-down record numbers by each strong-motion seismograph network, and classifiedby JMA seismic intensity scale.K-NET: Kyoshin network operated by National Research Institute for Earth Science and DisasterPrevention (NIED).KiK-net: Kiban-Kyoshin network operated by NIED.JMA: Seismic intensity meter network operated by Japan Meteorological Agency.ALL: Total of three networks.5L, 5U, 6L, 6U denote 5 lower, 5 upper, 6 lower, 6 upper, respectively.

NetworkJMA seismic intensity scale

0 1 2 3 4 5L 5U 6L 6U 7 Total

K-NET 14549 53348 34787 10826 2390 301 123 33 99 1 116367

KiK-net 39942 34146 14069 4059 884 106 54 18 1 1 93280

JMA 21 1199 3411 3664 993 129 65 18 4 0 9504

ALL 54512 88693 52267 18549 4267 536 242 69 14 2 219151

Table 2. The break-down data in ranges defined by IJMA and D I ( IJMA¯Ia).Upper value in each cell is number of data. Lower value is percentage to number of all range,shown in the most right column, which is defined by IJMA. °DI° denotes the absolute value of DI.

Range of IJMA

Range of DI

°DI°±0.05 °DI°±0.10 °DI°±0.15 °DI°±0.20 All range

IJMA²5.559

69.41?79

92.94?85

100.00?85

100.00? 85

IJMA²4.5625

72.42?838

97.10?859

99.54?863

100.00? 863

IJMA²3.53675

71.64?4982

97.12?5112

99.65?5130

100.00? 5130

All range16924377.23?

21549598.33?

21863699.77?

21910599.98? 219151

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ty [Housner (1975)]) FG�./HI:��� ?��JKE (2003)B �L�%� #M��NI"�� �OP�����Q� LR� �S�T 0.13U0.9Q�%����NI"� L�V=/��) $������NI"� W�S�T 0.058Q�7XYZ [R\#) $����]T�^���*� @A(2006) �� _`F��ab�cd�ef�*#�) Ng1�hI�i L�� (1/f )1/2j�� ���klmn� �� Ng1�hI>op./q�(�� �����+Ng1�Xr�(�s%ef(�*t� ?�� (1989)B) Ng1�uvNI��7�� Ng1�hIklmncd7r�*V %!� L�$��/. LR� wx7"�y#���� �z/.� $cd�{R"�*#�) �.���|���i L�_`F��ab�cd�}~�7b�7{R"�����#) ��7�#*>��F�#�klmn��#����� Ng1�hIklmn

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( 1� 5�7� 5.78( 1� 77� �(|�7,%�t-���*#�) $��1����/=���=�%� $[|����-�:�7� 0.1(Q�F���)%!� ¡��) $�7r�*�� �� ¢£��F�#�klmn��#��� �� k����H��#���7�¤¥o7¦�#hI'� ��y ���§.¨©ª�©«�¬­ F���)����$%®) L�) klmnhINI'���¯/,NI7!���NI'� ?�=°� �± (1994)

11. 9B �0 LR� $���S�� SI,NI7!���NI'�[R�¦�- WOP� �!�¯/,NI�!�:�Z� �1N b��!�®) L�)

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Fig. 7. Comparison of histograms betweenIJMA and Ia WDI·IJMA¸Ia). The bin width is0.01. The histograms in black, dark gray,and light gray, were respectively plottedfrom all of data, the data whose IJMA is 3.5,4.5, and 5.5 or above.

Fig. 6. Comparison of histograms betweenIJMA and Ia WDI·IJMA¸Ia). The bin width is0.01. The histograms in black, dark gray,and light gray, were respectively plottedfrom all of data, the data whose IJMA is 2.5,and 3.5 or above.

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����������� (IJMA) ������� ����� (Ir) ���� �� �� ���������� ����� ���� ����������� �� ����������� !"#��$%&����'�( �)��*������� �+���� ,��- �!"�./01 �����%2�3���4�+3����%#5�6���7�8��9$:%#%�;�' ��� <�==���+��&'�>?(��9 �����%2�3���4��6�����' �@� �����+3����%������49 A)��*�+ B��C����6 ,-�D. E3/0FGHI1J�KLMH�/,-��D.N ��� 2����4@7��� 0.323���' �O� ,��- �!"(0PFGHI!"9QH!4RST�UV WX��./6;��Y ��7�59 �+���6�7�MZ[\]F���89^_�`:3��aC6��;b�'�)��*�����9 ;�c�d< e�����f ������� (IJMA) �+=�� >?ghHIS#i���������� (Ir) �+��8�'��:@(8� ����� (Ir) 9 ghHIS#i3���� ��jkghHIS#���lm�6086��n��'

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I��JK 6r' ������w+ (Ia) 9 602-�*�xL ������������ (IJMA) �^��6��;�'Myz{|N}~O (K-NET, KiK-net) ���P�2�Q�xL3��� 2191511�c�xL 88� ����w+ (Ia) ��������f���� (IJMA)

R�����b 99��S�c�xL� Ia� IJMA%�0.15�T���������%�U3��' ��9<VW��� 0.058X�YZ� �������@7>?( 88����� [�����016t8���;�'����� (Ir) 88�� ����-F�/

H \���%�C �� ����������� !"#��$%&����'=��*��q+�9F[g�]� E�F����Ra�� q+^�%_�8�Yc���0����T�������6`0&��;�'�)��*��q+��9 ;�c�d< e�����f ������� (IJMA) �+=� >?ghHIS#i������� (Ir) �+��8�' ��:@(8� ����� (Ir) 9 ghHIS#���lP��6��;�'

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K-NET� KiK-net���xL��@ ��P�����a���*�� E��Pc�2�� 2004�2005

b DVD-ROMcL0 �d��PWEB�SM���0N�xL �8�=��'=�e��/9 GMT

[Wessel and Smith (1995)] 88=��' ��P�f�g�h�6��i��jkh (0PlmnZ��o��h��:���dp9�) �q������8r)k=��' x���s8��=�'

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t  u�¡¢vw 1996, *�+c3d<�x�8��P�����^£¤ y¥}~ 48, 547�550.z��w�{|�} 2005, pb�c�xL��f*�+c3d<0�����[�� *o¦~{§�vm 7, 214�246.�� � 1989, �����ir8� ¨�� 52,

43�68.Housner, G. W., 1975, Measures of severity of earth-

quake ground shaking, Proc. U.S. Conf. EarthquakeEngineering, 25�33.f�g� 2006, ghHIS#��+=��Y��D.©� ¨�� 69, 155�169.�ª�� 1981, ����(0P���0�c�*+���2� «)Myz{|N¬­I[}~� 44,1�61.��P 1996, �� �� E��P���N ®¯�°8 238 pp.�� � 2000, K-NETc�xL��f��P���������±H²g���£¤ *� 2, 53, 89�93.�� ���³ �����´�zµ¶��¦I��

2006, ��-��!"�������YZ�w+�� ��*�{§·q�)m D020.{|�}�z��w���¸¹ 1999, �����º��P��(0P*�+c3�d<��£¤ *o¦~{§�vm 1, 51�56.�� � 2003, �"F�*�+c�d<�sC ��{§*�»{�vm 27, 1�4.

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����� 1994, ������� ������ ������ 299 pp.������ �� 2003, ����������� JR EAST Technical Review, 3, 53�60.

Wessel, P. and W. H. F. Smith, 1995, New version ofthe generic mapping tools (GMT) version 3.0 relea-sed, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 76, 33, 329.

Appendix�������� ���� !�"�#�$%&'()*+,�-./01 23�4(5 �� Fig. 1 067!890� /:�� �+,�-;��<�=>� ?�@0.5 Hz ABC#�>?�@DBD(0EF2 1G�HI7 J1GKLM�<N� ?�@ 0.5O10 HzC#�>?�@DPD(0EF2 0.5G�HI7 J0.5GHI�<N� ?�@ 10 HzAPC#�>?�@DPD(0EF27Q 0HI�D�RST(UV�W( JXYM�<N5)*+,�->�U'Z�=[\]�D^T _`abc-�+,�- (IIR) [�@d� 2ef4(5

IIRV72gh�R( 1GHI[i1KLM+,�-V72>� j (1)klk�m��&'(+,�-DW(5

1/(w0sn1o1) (1)

!Q7� w0p2pf0

UU�� f0>+,�-qr s+?�@[�$4(MktY-�W(5u$v"� 0.5GHI[iwxyv"��zT�<[i1+,�-V72>� j (2)klk�m��&'(+,�-DW(5

[(w1sn1o1)(4w1sn1o1)(0.25w1sn1o1)]/[(w1sn1o2)

(w1sn1o8)(w1sn1o0.5)] (2)

!Q7� w1p2pf1 .

UU�� f1> 0.5G�HI4(?�@�#{|[�$4(MktY-�W(5 T}� j (2)��&'(+,�->�

(w1sn1o1)/(w1sn1o2) (3)

(4w1sn1o1)/(w1sn1o8) (4)

(0.25w1sn1o1)/(w1sn1o0.5) (5)

V�&'(~1+,�-[�G��&�(UV0�7 5

10 HzAP?�@C#0}�(��\]+,�-�<>�?�h�[��4(!�0��Ti�W(5�����:�> 30 HzT 7 40 Hz8�� ?�@>���@��d����&'2 (!�� U �)*��>���T\]�����D^T 5U!�U �> 2G�HI4(iV72)*4

(5 U�<[ef4(XYM+,�-V72>� j(6)klk�m��&'(+,�-DW(5

w22sn2/(1o2hw2sn1ow2

2sn2) (6)

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UU�� f2>+,�-qr s+?�@[� h>�����[�$4(MktY-�W(5 U'Z� j (1), (3),

(4), (5), (6)��&'(+,�-V���T�![ g"4(�L���[�#0� ¡¢�'£)*+,�-[gh�R(5 UVR� +,�-�<[¤� XY�4(MktY-> ( f0, f1, f2, h, g) 5¥VT(5 U'Z�[� �;��<Vu¦�¡ §� ���T/]��[¨©072ª$7!VU«� )*�¡ $ MktY-� ¡¢�V72� ( f0p0.45[Hz], f1p7.0[Hz], f2p11.0[Hz], hp0.9, gp1.409) [%!5 UMktY-[� !VR¬¡�T)*+,�-;��<D Fig. 1 06&'2 (5+,�-klk�m�6D&­Z''£� z�m[� 2bc-�+,�-[gh4(UVD�R(5 UU�>� �B (1981) 0TZF2� bc-�+,�-[gh4(5 klk�m®j� F (s)p (awasn1o1) /

(wasn1ob), wap2pfa , V�&'( 1G+,�- z�mF(z) >� DT[¯�l°��"±� z[²³\]´V72� sn1p(DT/2)(1ozn1)/(1nzn1) ['�4'£�

F(z)p(b0ozn1b1)/(a0ozn1a1) (7)

a0pwao2b/(DT)

a1pwan2b/(DT)

b0pwaao2/(DT)

b1pwaan2/(DT)

�W(5 �!�µ# x(k) 0U+,�-[��&�!�!�µ# y(k) [%(0>�

y(k)p[na1y(kn1)ob0x(k)ob1x(kn1)]/a0 (8)

T(\][¶­£8 5 UU�� k>·rl@V4(5¸!� klk�m®j� G(s)pwb

2sn2/(1o2hbwbsn1

owb2sn2), wbp2pfb , V�&'( 2G+,�- z�m

G(z) >� sn1p(DT/2)(1ozn1)/(1nzn1) }8¹� sn2p(DT/121/2)2(1o10zn1ozn2)/(1nzn1)2['�4'£�

G(z)p(b0ozn1b1ozn2b2)/(a0ozn1a1ozn2a2) (9)

a0p12/(DT)2o12hbwb/(DT)owb2

a1p10wb2n24/(DT)2

a2p12/(DT)2n12hbwb/(DT)owb2

b0pwb2

b1p10wb2

b2pwb2

�W(5 �!�µ# x(k) 0U+,�-[��&�!�!�µ# y(k) [%(0>�

y(k)p[na1y(kn1)na2y(kn2)ob0x(k)ob1x(kn1)

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Page 10: AReal-Time Processing of Seismic Intensity

�b2x(k�2)]/a0 (10)

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1 a"0.0, b"1.0, fa"f0 � !� > (7), (8)(��2 a"1.0, b"2.0, fa"f1 � !� > (7), (8)(��3 a"4.0, b"8.0, fa"f1 � !� > (7), (8)(��4 a"0.25, b"0.5, fa"f1 � !� > (7), (8)(��5 hb"h, fb"f2 � !� > (9), (10)(��6 gc"g � !� > (11)(��

?�@(+,-.A�� +,-.BC�DE !�FC(G�H:(+,-.� !IJE��?�KLM� HN6;<.-+,-.(OPCQR��ST6U��0VW�QR6XY!� GOPC&'LZ[ ?(�\�+,-.(]^_`.(ab��cdW6T�e��Tfg3h�i (Ia) (T�j3Kkl �#@�mno#p� > (9)(;<.-+,-.(JE6�� wb"2 tan(pfbDT)/DT� �qrst`u�vw xL� s�1(DT/)(1�z�1)/(1�z�1), s�2"[(DT/2)(1�z�1)/(1�z�1)]2�)*��yz qHNW�{HF|}w Kp�#� cdW�T�j3�X~ ��?�� �8 (1981) (yz�U���m#��������\� ��L�?�@��U �

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