Aqueous Reactions and Aqueous Reactions and Solution StoichiometrySolution Stoichiometry

(rev. 08/28/10)(rev. 08/28/10)

ObjectivesObjectives SWBATSWBAT Write molecular, complete ionic and net ionic Write molecular, complete ionic and net ionic

equations.equations. Distinguish between molecular, complete ionic Distinguish between molecular, complete ionic

and net ionic equations.and net ionic equations. Determine the solubility of double replacement Determine the solubility of double replacement

reaction products using the Solubility Rules.reaction products using the Solubility Rules. Determine if a single replacement reaction Determine if a single replacement reaction

occurs by using the Activity Series.occurs by using the Activity Series.

Know the symbolsKnow the symbols

gg ss ll aqaq cc

DrillDrill

What is the difference between a “liquid What is the difference between a “liquid solution” and an “aqueous solution” ?solution” and an “aqueous solution” ?

Which of the following would be an Which of the following would be an electrolytic or non-electrolytic solution ?electrolytic or non-electrolytic solution ?

NONO NaClNaCl PClPCl33 COCO22

MgSOMgSO44

Can you explain why?Can you explain why?

Weak vs Strong ElectrolytesWeak vs Strong Electrolytes

Use a single arrow to show a reaction with Use a single arrow to show a reaction with a strong electrolyte.a strong electrolyte.

Use a double arrow to show a reaction Use a double arrow to show a reaction with a weak electrolyte.with a weak electrolyte.

Does conducting electricity have anything Does conducting electricity have anything to do with this topic?to do with this topic?

Are these weak or strong Are these weak or strong electrolytes?electrolytes?

http://freshtomarket.com/01-02/electrolytes.jpg

Precipitation ReactionsPrecipitation ReactionsPrecipitation reactions are Precipitation reactions are reactions that result in the reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble formation of an insoluble product. product.

Make sure to use an “s” to Make sure to use an “s” to designate the solid that designate the solid that precipitates.precipitates.

How do you determine if two How do you determine if two substances will create a substances will create a precipitate?precipitate?

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical%20reactions/images/agcl.jpg

Solubility RulesSolubility Rules

Use the Solubility Rules for Double Use the Solubility Rules for Double Replacement Reactions.Replacement Reactions.

You must memorize the solubility rules for You must memorize the solubility rules for the AP exam and for a quiz in class.the AP exam and for a quiz in class.

Distribute a copy of the Distribute a copy of the Solubility RulesSolubility Rules Activity SeriesActivity Series

Ionic EquationsIonic Equations

You need to know the difference between You need to know the difference between the following types of equations:the following types of equations:

Molecular equationsMolecular equations Complete ion equationsComplete ion equations Net ionic equationsNet ionic equations

What is a spectator ion?What is a spectator ion?

How to write a “Net Ionic Equation”How to write a “Net Ionic Equation”

Write a balanced molecular equation.Write a balanced molecular equation.

(see next slide for example)(see next slide for example) Rewrite the equation showing all strong Rewrite the equation showing all strong

electrolytes that dissociate (or ionize) in electrolytes that dissociate (or ionize) in solution.solution.

Cancel out spectator ions.Cancel out spectator ions.

Write a Complete Ionic Equation Write a Complete Ionic Equation and a Net Ionic Equation.and a Net Ionic Equation.

KCl (aq) + AgNOKCl (aq) + AgNO33 (aq) (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO→ AgCl (s) + KNO33 (aq) (aq)

PracticePracticeWrite Complete and Net Ionic EquationsWrite Complete and Net Ionic Equations

AgNOAgNO33 (aq) + KI (aq) (aq) + KI (aq) →→

CuSOCuSO44 (aq) + Na (aq) + Na22S (aq) →S (aq) →

CoClCoCl22 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → (aq) + NaOH (aq) →

NiClNiCl22 (aq) + KNO (aq) + KNO33 (aq) → (aq) →

Net Ionic EquationsNet Ionic Equations

Try some more practice problems at:Try some more practice problems at: http://www.nauticus.org/chemistry/http://www.nauticus.org/chemistry/

chemnetionques.htmlchemnetionques.html

Activity SeriesActivity Series

Use the Activity Series for Single Replacement Use the Activity Series for Single Replacement Reactions.Reactions.

You can use the activity series to determine if You can use the activity series to determine if some reactions involving metals will occur.some reactions involving metals will occur.

An activity series is a list of metals arranged in An activity series is a list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidation.order of decreasing ease of oxidation.

See the textbook for the activity series diagram.See the textbook for the activity series diagram.

Activity Series PracticeActivity Series Practice

Try some practice problems. Use the Ch 8 Try some practice problems. Use the Ch 8 Single Replacement Reactions worksheet.Single Replacement Reactions worksheet.

Use the Activity Series to determine if the Use the Activity Series to determine if the

reactions occur.reactions occur.

Activity SeriesActivity Series

You will need to memorize the activity You will need to memorize the activity series for the AP exam.series for the AP exam.

Look at the AP Reference packet. Take a Look at the AP Reference packet. Take a good look at the Standard Reduction good look at the Standard Reduction Potential chart.Potential chart.

Strong AcidsStrong Acids You need to memorize the list of strong acids You need to memorize the list of strong acids

and bases.and bases.

Acids:Acids: HClHCl HBrHBr HIHI HClOHClO33 chloric acid chloric acid HClOHClO44 perchloric acid perchloric acid HNOHNO33 nitric acid nitric acid HH22SOSO44 sulfuric acid sulfuric acid

Strong BasesStrong Bases

Bases:Bases: Group 1A metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, Group 1A metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH,

KOH, RbOH, CsOH)KOH, RbOH, CsOH)

Heavy group 2A metal hydroxides Heavy group 2A metal hydroxides • Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 , Sr(OH) , Sr(OH)22 , Ba(OH) , Ba(OH)22

What do you get when you mix an What do you get when you mix an acid and a base?acid and a base?

Any thoughts?Any thoughts? A neutralization reactionA neutralization reaction

Can you explain how the water is Can you explain how the water is produced in a neutralization reaction?produced in a neutralization reaction?

Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions

OILOIL oxidation is loss of electronsoxidation is loss of electrons RIGRIG reduction is gain of electronsreduction is gain of electrons

See the textbook for the rules for See the textbook for the rules for assigning oxidation numbers.assigning oxidation numbers.

DilutionDilution

MMiiVVii = M = MffVVff

i is the initial concentration i is the initial concentration

f is the final concentrationf is the final concentration

MolarityMolarity

moles of solutemoles of solute

Molarity = liters of solutionMolarity = liters of solution

Molarity is another way to express concentration.Molarity is another way to express concentration.

MolalityMolality

moles of solutemoles of solute

Molality = kilograms of solventMolality = kilograms of solvent

Molality is another way to express concentration.Molality is another way to express concentration.

TitrationsTitrations

Use titrations to determine the concentration of a Use titrations to determine the concentration of a solution.solution.

The point in a titration when stoichiometrically amounts The point in a titration when stoichiometrically amounts are brought together is called the equivalence point.are brought together is called the equivalence point.

You titrate an unknown solution with a standard solution. You titrate an unknown solution with a standard solution. Use an indicator to show when the equivalence point has Use an indicator to show when the equivalence point has been reached.been reached.

The color change during a titration signals the endpoint The color change during a titration signals the endpoint which is very close to the equivalence point.which is very close to the equivalence point.

Titration CalculationsTitration Calculations

If you are given a volume and molarity for If you are given a volume and molarity for a substance, start the calculation with that.a substance, start the calculation with that. Convert to moles of what you knowConvert to moles of what you know then use the molar ratios to convert to moles then use the molar ratios to convert to moles

of the unknown substanceof the unknown substance Finally, use the volume of the unknown Finally, use the volume of the unknown

substance to convert to molarity.substance to convert to molarity.

TitrationsTitrations

You can use the dilution equation to solve You can use the dilution equation to solve titration problems, as long as the molar titration problems, as long as the molar ratio is 1 to 1.ratio is 1 to 1.

Problems to TryProblems to Try

5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 26, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 51, 53, 54, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 78, 81, 89, 9078, 81, 89, 90