Application of Curcuma

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APPLICATION OF CURCUMA (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) EXTRACT ON THE FOOD: COMPARATIVE

STUDY OF FOOD QUALITY ON Lutjanus johni ANDLutjanus argentimaculatus GROWTH

RESEARCH PAPER

Presented at Indonesian Aquaculture 2010BANDAR LAMPUNG, 4 – 6 OKTOBER 2010

Oleh :

ROMI NOVRIADIHARYONO

MUH KADARI

MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE AFFAIRSDIRECTORATE GENERAL OF AQUACULTURE

BATAM MARICULTURE CENTRE DEVELOPMENT2010



APPLICATION OF CURCUMA (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb)EXTRACT ON THE FOOD: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOODQUALITY ON Lutjanus johni AND Lutjanus argentimaculatus

GROWTH

Prepared by :The Engineering Leader

( Romi Novriadi )

Approved by :

Engineering Manager Head of Batam MaricultureCentre Development

( Muh Kadari ) ( Dr. Djumbuh Rukmono, MP )



APPLICATION OF CURCUMA (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) EXTRACTON THE FOOD: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOOD QUALITY ON Lutjanus

johni AND Lutjanus argentimaculatus GROWTH

Romi Novriadi*, Haryono, Saipul Bahri, Ahmad DarmawanBalai Budidaya Laut Batam

Jl. Barelang Raya Jembatan III, Pulau Setokok-BatamPO BOX 60 Sekupang, Batam – 29422

E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract

Red snapper is an economically important demersal fish species arepretty much caught in Indonesian waters. Some of them have beensuccessfully developed and cultured, namely: Lutjanus johni and Lutjanus argentimaculatus . To support the survival rate of a population beside density,quality of feed is one factor that was important enough to be noticed. Besides

fish feed contains sufficient nutrients as an energy source and regulatevarious metabolic processes in the body are also expected to have severalactive substances that can function is to provide immunity against variousdiseases attack. Particularly bacterial diseases. Therefore, in the engineeringof curcuma extract is used containing a variety of key components such assubstance "curcumin", protein, starch, and the substance - the essential oil

This research uses two commodity of Red Snapper, there are :Lutjanus johni and Lutjanus argentimaculatus with initial weight 50 ± 0.5 g andusing the comparison method. Maintenance performed in 3 x 3 m net cage,where A is the Lutjanus johni + Curcuma extracts, Nets B: Lutjanus johni control, Nets C is Lutjanus argentimaculatus + Curcuma extracts, Nets D:Lutjanus argentimaculatus control, by stocking each 1000 fish and fed for 8weeks. Length and weight measurement and water quality observationsperformed every week while the death rate is done every day. The food ismade in the morning, afternoon and evening on an ad libhitum.

Growth rate obtained at the end of the observation, for net of A is20,15, B : 0,135,: 1,4 and Net D : 1,27, the survival rates were respectively:87,2%, 79,3%, 88,9% and 81,2%. Blood analysis results also showed atendency accretion better immunity in fish given the Curcuma extracts.Analysis of water quality during maintenance indicates that the optimal rangeto support farming activities.

Keywords: Curcuma extracts, Growth rate, Survival rate, Red Snapper



CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

I.1 Background

Marine and fisheries sector is one of the mainstay in the development of

economic sources in Indonesia. Production from aquaculture itself as a wholeis projected to increase by an average of 4.9% per year. The target, amongothers, based on the basis of the potential development of aquaculture areasthat allow the territory of Indonesia. Given the tremendous potential ofaquaculture development, particularly for red snapper Lutjanus johnii andLutjanus argentimaculatus that also supported by the international market,then the expected contribution of aquaculture production towards greaternational production and revenue of the country, the link in the absorption offorce, and increasing welfare of fishermen and farmers in Indonesia. At theend of 2009, the contribution of aquaculture production is expected to reach 5million tons and exports value reach to U.S. $ 6.75 billion ( Sukadi,2004 ).

To achieve the production target as expected, many problems inhibitthe efforts to increase the production, including the production failure due tothe fish diseases that are pathogenic both from the class of parasites, fungi,bacteria, and viruses. Another problem is the degradation of environmentalquality that is getting worse, which is caused by aquaculture itself or from theoutside of the farming environment. The emergence of epidemic diseaseattack, basically as a result of balance disorders and the interactions betweenfish, the unfavorable environment for the fish and the development ofpathogens that cause the fish disease. Another possibility is the existence orthe entry of disease agents (virulent) despite the environmental relatively ingood conditions.

The effort to control the bacterial diseases in fish culture activities rightnow, is still concentrated on the use of drugs and antibiotics. The use of drugsor antibiotics have several advantages, such as efficacious if it use in the rightdiagnosis and the right dosage, availability and more rapid effect is observed.However, if the drugs or antibiotics used continuously will cause severalproblems, bacterial resistance, the presence of residues in fish body, andpollutes the environment which ultimately can kill non target organisms (Wu,et al., 1981). Residues of drugs or antibiotics in meat fish, can affect thefisheries exports comodity.

In connection with this problem, we needs an alternative drug which is

safer ingredients and can be used in fish disease control. One of thealternative is the traditional medicinal plants that are anti-parasitic, anti fungal,anti bacterial, and anti-viral. Some advantages of using traditional medicinalplants, among others, are relatively more secure, easily available,inexpensive, does not cause resistance, and relatively harmless to thesurrounding environment. And one of these herbal ingredients are WildCurcuma (Curcuma xanthorriza , Roxb.)



I.2 Objectives

This Engineering aims to :1. Observe the effect of curcuma extract is given through the feed to

increase the immunity of Red Snapper Lutjanus johnii dan Lutjanus argentimaculatus to the outbreaks of disease, particularly to the

bacterial diseases.2. Observe the effect of curcuma extract to increase the survival and the

growth rate of the red snapper.3. Obtain initial information about the extraction technique and the

effectiveness of extract of curcuma through the feed to be applied bythe farmers community.



CHAPTER IIEXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY

II.1 Time and Place

This Engineering with the title of The Application Of Curcuma ((Curcuma

xanthorrhiza Roxb) Extract On The Food : Comparative Study Of The foodQuality on Lutjanus johni and Lutjanus argentimaculatus growth was heldin Batam Marine Aquaculture Center, starting from January 2008 untilFebruary 2009. Engineering begins with the observation of curcumaextract to the Lutjanus johnii and then proceed to the Lutjanus argentimaculatus .

III.2 Tool and Material

III.2.1. Tool

Extraction tool Sysmex Seri XT1800 LBlender Distillation tube200 mesh filtered HACH DR 890 ColorimeterLabconco Rotary evaporator HANNA C203 Ion spectrometerHot plate DO meterErlenmeyer pH meterBeaker glass Hand RefraktometerMeasurement glass RulerCamera Working equipmentAnalytical balance Feed equipment

III.2.2Bahan

Curcuma pH Buffer 7.00Ethanol p.a pH Buffer 4.00Aquadest pH Buffer 10.00Egg Posphat Low RangeFish feed (pellet ) Free chlorine reagen for HANNALutjanus johnii NaOH 0,1 NLutjanus argentimaculatus HCl 0,1 NAmmonia salycilate reagen KCl 0,2 NAmmonia cyanurate reagen CH3COOH 0,5 NNitraVer reagen Nutrient agarNitriVer reagen TCBSFree chlorine reagen H2SO4 4 NPCA (Plate Count Agar ) HNO3 4 N



III.2.3 Procedure

III.2.3.a Flowchart of experiment

III.2.3.b The curcuma extraction procedure

1. Preparation Materials Prepared as much as 1 kg of curcuma rhizome Washed, then drained with the thickness 6-7 cm for each Simplicia obtained and then dried to break easily h.

Simplicia then milled and then sifted up to ± 60 mesh size

curcuma powder produced ready to be extracted.

2. Curcuma Powder Extraction Process Curcuma powder inserted into the distillation tube Powder is then extracted using 70% alcohol solvent for 6 hou. distillate is then allowed to stand for 24 hours Then filtered the distillate. obtained filtrate was then concentrated by using a Rotary evaporator. Concentrated filtrate ready to be applied.

3. Preparation of extracts that will be given through the feed.

Prepared as much as 1 kg of feed. Sprinkled the feed with white part of egg as a binder Concentrated curcuma extract was immediately sprayed evenly into

the feed with 5% dose

Preparation of curcuma extract

The extract given to the fish

Given through the feed recording

Lutjanus johnii (2008)

Lutjanus Argen (2009)

Kontrol Johnii dan Argen

Length, weight, survival rate and the immunity analysis



4. Feeding to the test animals Feed with curcuma extract is given to the test animals as much as 4%

of total body weight per day. The frequency of feed given is 2-3 times a day by ad libitum or until the

fish no longer respond to the feed given. Rest of the feed is weighed and recorded daily to determine the rate of

daily feed consumption.

5. Measuring the length and weight of test animals. Sample was taken by random as much as 10%. The length and weight measurement was done once in two weeks. The sample was anesthetized first, then weighed using a digital

balance to determine the weight growth rate of fish and use the ruler todetermine the growth rate of fish length.

After the measurement is completed, the fish sample immediatelyinserted into the fish nets to prevent fish from stress during themeasurement.

The number of deaths fish during the experiments is also recorded todetermine the Survival rate of fish

6. Measurement of fish blood concentrations to fish immunity analysis. The fish blood was tested after 2 months experiments periode 5 fish taken from each treatment, and the the number of blood was

taken from each fish at least 2 cc. The sample fish blood directly analysis in laboratory



Length average graphic

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sampling

L e n g t h ( c m )

L. johnii tets fish

L. johnii control

Weight Average Graphic

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80

100

120

140

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sampling

L. johnii test fish

L. johnii control

CHAPTER IVRESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IV.1 Results

A. For the Lutjanus johnii

A.1 Measurement result for average length and weight Average initial length = 10.7 cm Average initial weight = 23.4 g Cultured in net cage with 1 x 3 x1 m size, mesh size ½ " with 1000 fish

density

Measurement Result for average length and weight

Length average (cm) Weight average (gr)Date of sampling

L.johnii testfish

L.johnii control

L.johnii test fish

L.johnii control

7 Februari 2008 10.7 10.7 23.4 23.421 Februari 2008 12.3 12.1 39.7 37.15 Maret 2008 15.8 15.2 58.7 55.620 Maret 2008 17.6 16.9 77.2 74.83 April 2008 19.3 18.4 96.8 93.918 April 2008 21.3 20.2 121.5 112.7



Measurement of Survival Rate graphic

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

7 f e b r

u a r i

2 1 F e b

r u a r i

5 m a r e t

2 0 m a r e t

3 a p

1 8 a p

date of sampling

N u m b e r o f f i s h

L. johnii test fish

L. johnii control

A.2 Survival rate Measurement result

A.3 The Immunity measurement ofLutjanus johnii

result

Sampel IkanNo Analisa Parameterdarah Test fish control

1 Haemoglobin (g/dl) 5,9 5,6

2 Leukosite (m/µ liter) 509,388 485,662

3 Hematokrite (m/µ liter) 30,9 28,9

4 Trombosite (m/µ liter) 277,189 219,789

5 Eritrosite (m/µ liter) 1,81 1,78

B. For Lutjanus argentimaculatus B.1 Measurement result for average length and weight

Average initial length = 8,8 cm Average initial weight = 21,1 gr Cultured in net cage with 1 x 3 x1 m size, mesh size ½ " with 1000 fish

density

Measurement result for average length and weightLength average (cm) Weight average (gr)Date of sampling

L. argen Test fish L. argen control L. argen Test fish L. argen control12 August 8.8 8.8 21.1 21.126 August 10.9 10.5 39.6 38.98 September 13.8 13.1 53.4 52.123 September 16.5 15.9 72.5 70.17 October 18.9 17.6 93.4 87.524 October 21.4 20.2 115.8 99.4

Survival rate MeasurementresultTime of

Sampling L.johnii

test fish

L.johnii

control07-02 1000 100021-02 941 96305-03 923 90120-03 908 88103-04 884 84818-04 872 793

SurvivalRate

87,2 % 79,3 %



Grafik Sintasan Selama Masa Pemeliharaan

0

200

400

600

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1000

1200

1 2 Agus tus 26 Agustus 8 -Se p 23 -Se p 7 Ok to be r 24 Ok to be r

Tanggal Sampling

J u m l a h I k a n

Ikan + ekstrak

Ikan Kontrol

Length average measurement

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Sample

L e n

t h ( c m )

L. argen test fish

L. argen control

weight average

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60

80

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140

1 2 3 4 5 6

sampling

L. argen test fish

L. argen control

B.2 Survival rate measurement

B.3 The Immunity measurement of Lutjanus argentimaculatus result

Sampel IkanNo Analisa Parameterdarah Ikan uji Kontrol

1 Haemoglobin (g/dl) 6,3 6,1

2 Leukosite (m/µ liter) 502,250 491,342

3 Hematokrite (m/µ liter) 32,3 30,2

4 Trombosite (m/µ liter) 288,000 261.611

5 Eritrosite (m/µ liter) 1,86 1,82

Survival rateDate of

sampling L. argen Test fish

L. argen control

07-02 1000 100021-02 953 93405-03 937 90220-03 919 87303-04 901 854

18-04 889 812

SR 88,9 % 81,2 %



Water quality during the experiment in Lutjanus johnii

Date Of samplingNo Waterquality

parameterStandard Unit 18-02 17-03 07-04 21-04

1 pH 7 – 8,5 7,89 7,85 7,92 7,92

2 Salinity Alami33-34 ‰ 30 30 31 31

3 NO2 < 0,1 mg/L 0 0 0 04 NO3 <1 mg/L 0 0 0 05 NH3 <0,02 mg/L 0,02 0,03 0,01 0,036 PO4 Mg/L 0 0 0 07 Dissolved

oxygen4 – 8 mg/l

5,3 5,5 5,5 5,4

8 Temperature 28-32±10 0c 28,9 28,7 29,1 28,99 Number of

bacteria< 10000

CFU/ml1,2 x103

0,9 x 103 3,4 x 103 2,6 x 103

10 Vibrio < 100 CFU/ml 120 80 135 150

Water quality during the experiment in Lutjanus argentimaculatus

Date Of samplingNo Waterquality

parameterStandard Unit 19-08 15-09 29-09 06-10

1 pH 7 – 8,5 8,02 8,05 8,01 7,992 Salinity Alami

33-34‰

31 31 31 31

3 NO2 < 0,1 mg/L 0 0 0 04 NO3 <1 mg/L 0 0 0 05 NH3 <0,02 mg/L 0,02 0,02 0,04 0,02

6 PO4 Mg/L 0 0 0 07 Dissolved

oxygen4 – 8 mg/l

5,6 5,3 5,7 5,7

8 Temperature 28-32±10 0c 28,8 28,7 29,3 29,19 Number of

bacteria< 10000

CFU/ml2,9 x103

3,6 x 103 1,4 x 103 1,8 x 103

10 Vibrio < 100 CFU/ml 55 80 62 60



IV.2 Discussion

Currently, Aquaculture be the prime commodity to improving the the fisheryexports productivity of Indonesia. The targets announced by the governmentis to increase the production until 353% and the target to become as one ofthe world's largest exporter should be able to achieve it together. But to

achieve this, several factors that can hinder the success of fish culture mustalso be minimized. One inhibiting factor is disease outbreak.

To overcome the problems due to the fish disease in fish, fish farmersand entrepreneurs many uses various chemicals and antibiotics in controllingthe disease. But on the other hand the use of chemicals and antibioticscontinuously with dose / concentration that are less / not appropriate, willcreate new problems of the increasing resistance of microorganisms to thematerial. In addition, another problem is the danger posed to the surroundingenvironment, the fish concerned, and humans who eat them

In connection with this problem, there needs to be an alternative safer

ingredients that can be used in fish disease control. One alternative is to usethe traditional medicinal plants that are anti-parasitic, anti fungal, antibacterial, and anti-viral. Some advantages of using traditional medicinalplants, among others, are relatively more secure, easily available,inexpensive, does not cause resistance, and relatively harmless to thesurrounding environment.

One of the traditional crops that have been widely used is Curcuma (Curcuma xanthoriza , Roxb.) Rhizome of curcuma has been spent wearing either indomestic or industrial scale. The use of curcuma rhizome in the field ofindustry including food industry, beverages, pharmaceuticals, textiles andcosmetics. An increase in the use of curcuma in the pharmaceutical industryrequire good processing techniques so that quality can be improved. Qualityextracts influenced by the extraction techniques, refinement of materials, typeof solvent, extraction time, solvent concentration, ratio of material with a pe-soluble, solvent evaporation process, pemur-nian, and drying (Bombaderlli,1991; Vijesekera, 1991).

Content of PlantsCurcuma rhizomes contain curcuminoids, minerals, essential oils and fattyoils. Flour is the main content, the amount varies between 48-54% dependingon the altitude where it grew, the higher the growth of the lower levels of the

flour. In addition to flour, curcuma also contains nutrients such ascarbohydrates, protein and fat and crude fiber of minerals such as potassium(K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and cadmium(Cd) . The main components of substances contained in the rhizome ofcurcuma is a yellow substance called "curcumin" as well as protein, starch,and also the assential oil that containing phelandren curcuma, camphor,borneol, xanthorrizol, tumerol and sineal. The content of curcumin rangedbetween 1.6% - 2.22%, calculated on the basis of dry weight.



Curcuma Extraction

In this engineering, the extraction procedure refers to proceduresperformed by Bargem et al., from the Medicinal Plant Research hall and

aromatic. Where to obtain levels of curcumin, xanthorizol, minerals, highstarch and protein. Some discussion about The Application Of Curcuma((Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) Extract On The Food : Comparative Study OfThe food Quality on Lutjanus johni and Lutjanus argentimaculatus can beexplained as follows:

Based on the data obtained, it is known that there are length and weightgrowth rate on the test fish (Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus argentimaculatus )that given with the curcuma extract is better than the red snapper Control(without curcuma). The rate of growth of Lutjanus johnii length with theaddition of curcuma extract is 0.15 cm /day while the control was 0.135 cm / day. For the weight growth rate Lutjanus johnii with the addition of curcuma

extract was 1.4 g / day and control were 1.27 g / day. While the fish Lutjanus argentimaculatus , length growth rate with the extract was 0.18 cm / day, whilethe control is 0.16 cm / day. For the weight growth rate in fish with the additionof extract was 1.353 g / hr and the control fish was 1.118 gr / day.

For the survival of the fish given by the curcuma extract treatment alsogave good results when compared with no extracts given through their feed.Where in Lutjanus johnii have 87.2% survival rate meanwhile the control onlyhave 79.3%. While in Lutjanus argentimaculatus given curcuma extract has asurvival rate of 88.9% versus 81.2% control. When viewed from themaintenance of water media, the presence of total bacteria in the water ishigh enough, the maintenance period Lutjanus johnii total range of bacteria is0.9x103 to 3.4x103 and in the period Lutjanus argentimaculatus 1.4x103 to3.6x103 which when viewed from the Quality Standard, this condition hasbeen above the threshold of the expected presence of bacteria. So it is notsurprising that some diseases such as vibriosis are often found to be onefactor of fish mortality during the period of observation. The concentration ofNH3 in water during the periods of culture is also quite high with a range ofanalysis from 0.02 to 0.04 mg / l. According to Environmental ministry ofRepublic of Indonesia on Environmental Quality Standards No. 51/Thn 2004for marine biota, which allowed the concentration of ammonia is <0.03 mg / l.But specifically for marine aquaculture, it is suggested the NH3 concentration<0.02 mg / l. Free ammonia (NH3), which is not ionized (Unionized) be toxic

to aquatic creatures. Toxicity of ammonia to the cultivation of organisms canbe increased if there is a decrease dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature.Fish can not tolerate high levels of free ammonia in the water because it caninterfere with the binding of oxygen by the blood and eventually will causeSufocation.



The presence of curcuma extract that can increase the survival rateand also increase the body's immune system because in addition tocontaining essential oils, which contains materials that are antibacterialphenolic compound where Danish and Batzing Van (1987) in Astuty (1997)reported that the mechanism of compound Phenolic is to denaturation theproteins and cell membrane damage by dissolving the fat found in cell walls

because these compounds are ableperform migrate from the liquid phase intothe fat phase . According to Judis (1962) in Astuty (1997), phenoliccompounds kill bacteria by destroying the cell membrane, Wild Curcuma hasa compound curcuminoids that can increase the secretion of bile which isuseful to emultion the fat and can reduce levels of the fat in the blood andhepatoprotector. It also serves as an acne medication, increased appetite,anti-oxidants, cancer prevention, and anti-microbial.

Total Leukocytes

According to the table, a good blood test results on Lutjanus johnii andLutjanus argenti , total leukocytes in the Lutjanus johnii with extract treatment

was 509.388 m / µ liter compared with control 485.662 m / µl and the fishLutjanus argentimaculatus with curcuma extract treatment had a totalleukocyte 502.250 m/ µl compared with controls who had a total leukocyte491.342 m / µl.

Increasing the number of leukocytes in fish with curcuma extract treatmentshowed that curcuma can increase the body's defense system. Theimprovement of immunity system is suspected because of the role of curcumaas immunostimulator, which activate the immune system is working. Gudkovs(1988) states that non-specific response characteristics, one of which ischaracterized by migation of leukocytes into the tissues. Leukocytes is one ofthe blood component that serves as a non-specific defense that will localizeand eliminate pathogens through pagositosis (Anderson, 1992).



CHAPTER VCONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

V.1 Conclusions

1. Extracts of curcuma gives a positive response to the increasing of the

growth and length rate and good survival rate of fish as well as onLutjanus johnii and Lutjanus argentimaculatus

2. The extract of curcuma at a dose of 5% also gave a positive response toincreased the Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus argentimaculatus immunity.

3. The extract of curcuma on the Lutjanus sp fish farm is still quiteeconomical if applied by the farmers

V.2 Suggestions

1. Further study needs to be done about content types and benefits of otherchemicals for fish farming in the curcuma extract.

2. It is Required to have an application of curcuma extract on the nextproduction cycle of red snapper or other fish to determine theeffectiveness of curcuma extract.



LITERATURE

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2. Anonim 3. 2008. Kurkuma (kunyit). http://www.spiritia.or.id/li/pdf/LI740.pdf.

(31 Agustus 2008)3. Anonim 4. 2008. Soxhlet extractor . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxhlet . (31

Agustus 2008)4. Anonim 5. 2008. Tanaman Obat Indonesia: Temulawak (Curcuma

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5. Anonim 6. 2008. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Roxb.).http://www.pusri.co.id/budidaya/obat/temulawak.pdf. (31 Agustus2008)

6. Anonim 7. 2008. Temulawak . http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temu_lawak . (31Agustus 2008).

7. Anderson DP, 1974, Fish Immunologi , TFH Publication Ltd, Hongkong.

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9. Distantina, Sperisa ; Wulan, Dwi Hastuti Asta. 2002. Pengaruh suhu terhadap ekstraksi minyak temulawak berbentuk slab menggunakan pelarut etanol . Ekuilibrium : majalah ilmiah teknik kimia ; 1 (1) 2002:28-31.

10. Gudkovs, N, 1988, Fish Immunology, Fish Disease Refresher Course ForVeterinarians, Proc, 106; 531-544.

11. Muryati, Sardjono ; Kusdarmiyati, Luki ; Sofiarto, Toto. 2002. Pengaruh lama penyimpanan terhadap kualitas serbuk minuman temulawak .Bulletin Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industri ; 29 2002: 32-37

12. Purnomowati, Sri. 2008. Khasiat Temulawak: Tinjauan literatur tahun 1980 -1997 .http://www.indofarma.co.id/index.php?option=com_content &task=view&id=21&Itemid=125 . (31 Agustus 2008)

13. Sanusi, Mustari. 2002. Diversifikasi produk pengolahan temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) di Sulawesi Selatan . Majalah Farmasidan Farmakologi = Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology : 6 (1)2002: 400-405

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