Appendix A References Cited by Affected Environment...

APPENDIX A REFERENCES CITED

A-1

Appendix A – References Cited by Affected Environment/Resource Area

Soils and Water

Brady, N. C. 1974. The Nature and Properties of Soils. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co.,

Inc.

Hager, A., C. Sprague, and M. McGlamery. 1999. Factors affecting herbicide persistence.

Chapter 20 in 2000 Illinois Agricultural Pest Management Handbook. College of

Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign. Kevin Steffey, Handbook Coordinator. Available at:

http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/abstracts/aiapm2k.html.

Missouri Department of Natural Resources. 1997. Missouri State Water Plan Series, Volume II,

Groundwater Resources of Missouri. Report No 46. Authors: D. E. Miller and J. E.

Vandike.

Stokowski, P. A, and C. B LaPointe. 2000. Environmental and social effects of ATVs and

ORVs: An annotated bibliography and research assessment. Burlington, VT: University of

Vermont, School of Natural Resources. 32p.

Switalski, T.A., J.A. Bissonette, T.H. DeLuca, C.H. Luce, and M.A. Madej. 2004. Benefits and

impacts of road removal. Front Ecol. Environ; 2(1): 21-28.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999a. Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment,

Aquatic Condition. Southern Research Station, GTR SRS-33.

USDA Forest Service. 2001. Forest Roads: A Synthesis of Scientific Information. PNW-GTR-

509. Editors: H. Gucinski, M. H. Brooks, M. J. Furniss, and R. Ziemer.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2005. On the Right Trail: A Forest Service

Program for OHV Access. Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/ohv/.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2008. Effects of All-Terrain Vehicles on

Forested Lands and Grasslands. San Dimas, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, National Technology and Development Program.

USDA Forest Service. 2010b. Forest Service Watershed Condition Classification Technical

Guide. Authors: J. P. Potyondy and , T. W. Geier.

US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Herbicide Fact Sheet, Aminopyralid. Published

by the United States Office of Prevention, Herbicides, Environmental Protection and Toxic

Substances.

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1998. National Forestry Manual. USDA

NRCS, Washington, DC.

Wildlife

Aley, Tom. 2011. Personal Communication on Indiana bats hibernating in Tumbling Creek

Cave.

Amelon, Sybil. 2004. Personal Communication on foraging distances of male Indiana bats.

Davidson, Theresa. 2005. Personal Communication on Indiana bats hibernating in Tumbling

Creek Cave.

http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/abstracts/aiapm2k.html

http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/ohv/


A-2

Eberly, Jody. 2005. Indiana bat captures May 2005 – Preliminary information Mark Twain

National Forest. Supervisor’s Office.

Elliot, Bill. 2005. Personal Communication on red bat populations in Missouri.

Gardner, Gene. 2003. Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) in Southwest Missouri Request for

Additional Information and Verification of Existing Records.

Hagans, D. K., W. E. Weaver and M. A. Madej. 1986. Long-term on-site and off-site effects of

logging and erosion in the Redwood Creek basin, northern California. pp. 38-66 in:

American Geophysical Union Meeting on Cumulative Effects. National Council of the Paper

Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. Technical Bulletin No. 490. 73 pp.

Hanners, L. A. and S. R. Patton. 1998. Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus). In The

Birds of North America , No. 367 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America,

Inc., Philadelphia , PA.

Kurta et.al. 2004. Nocturnal activity of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Journal of

Zoology 262(2)197-206.

Missouri Department of Conservation. 1997. Endangered Species guide sheets. Available at:

http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/endangered/endanger/bachspar/index.htm.

Missouri Department of Conservation. 1981. The Wild Mammals of Missouri. Columbia,

Missouri.

Missouri Department of Conservation. 2003. Missouri Fish and Wildlife Information System at:

http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathiso/mofwis.

Missouri Department of Conservation. 2006. Missouri Natural Heritage Database at:

http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/cgi-bin/heritage/index.html.

Nigh, T.A. and W.A. Schroeder. 2002. Atlas of Missouri Ecoregions. Missouri Department of

Conservation, Jefferson City.

USDA, Forest Service. 2005a. Mark Twain National Forest Plan.

USDA, Forest Service. 2005b. Biological Assessment for the Mark Twain National Forest 2005

Forest Plan.

USDA, Forest Service. 2005c. FIA data. http://ncrs2.fs.fed.us/4801/fiadb/rpa-

tabler/webclass_rpa_tabler.asp

USDA Forest Service. 2011. EIS -Non-Native Invasive Plant Control Project (Draft). For

Appendices.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Biological Opinion for the Mark Twain National

Forest 2005 Forest Plan. Columbia, Missouri. September 2005.

USDA, Forest Service. Regional Forester Sensitive Species List 2011.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service Species List 01/07/2011.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. Biological Opinion on the Impacts of Forest

Management and Other Activities on the Gray bat, Bald eagle, Indiana bat and Mead’s

milkweed on the Mark Twain National Forest. Columbia, Missouri.

http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathiso/mofwis

http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/cgi-bin/heritage/index.html


A-3

Whitaker Jr., J.O and Virgil Brack, Jr. 2002. Distribution and summer ecology in Indiana. Pp.

48-55. The Indiana bat. Biology and Management of an Endangered Species. Ed. Allen

Kurta and Jim Kennedy. Austin, Texas.

Visual Resources

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1995. In Chapter 2, U.S. Forest Service. Landscape

Aesthetics, A Handbook for Scenery Management. Agriculture Handbook Number 701.

December 1995.

Environmental Justice

U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts. Available at:

http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html.

USDA, Forest Service. 1999a. Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment: Summary Report. Gen.

Tech. Rep. SRS-31. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southern Research Station. 56 pp.

USDA, Forest Service. 1999b. Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment: Social and Economic

Conditions. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-34. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 324 pp.

USDA, Forest Service. 2005. Record of Decision, Mark Twain National Forest Land and

Resource Management Plan, FEIS. Mark Twain National Forest.

Recreation

Cordell, Betz, Green, and Stephens. 2008. Off – Highway Vehicle Recreation in the United

States and its Region and States: A National Report from the National Survey on Recreation

and the Environment (NSRE).

Heritage Resources

Adam, J. and M. L. Dryden. 1990a. Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Report for Happy

Hollow Timber Sale, Ava/Cassville Ranger District, Mark Twain National Forest, USDA

Forest Service. FS Report No. R1990-09-05-21-042.

Adam, J. and M. L. Dryden. 1990b. Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Report for Medlock

Hollow Timber Sale, Ava/Cassville Ranger District, Mark Twain National Forest, USDA

Forest Service. FS Report No. R1990-09-05-21-040.

Adam, J. and C. R. Price. 1991. Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Report for Red Bridge

Timber Sale, Christian County, Missouri, Ava Ranger District, Mark Twain National Forest,

USDA Forest Service. FS Report No. R1991-09-05-21-043.

Bryan, B. and C. R. Price. 1997. Complete Coverage Survey Report for Cobb Ridge

Campground II, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R1997-09-05-21-103.

Gannon, T. N. and A. L. Moerbe. 2004. Section 106 Survey Memo: An Archaeological Survey

of 690 Acres in the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV Use Area for Trail Maintenance and

Relocation, Ava Ranger District, Mark Twain National Forest, Christian County, Missouri.

FS Project No. R2004-09-05-00-266.

Hagenmaier, K. and M. Jeakle. 2010. Cultural Resource Survey: Chadwick 3, Chadwick

Motorcycle and ATV Use Area, Mark Twain National Forest, Christian County, Missouri.

http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html


A-4

FS Project No. R2010-09-05-00-359.

Halpern, J. A. 2011. Complete Coverage Survey for 165 Acres in the Chadwick Motorcycle and

ATV Use Area, Ava/Cassville/Willow Springs Ranger District, Ava Unit, Mark Twain

National Forest, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R2011-09-05-21-232.

Miner, C. C. and J. A. Halpern. 2007. Mark Twain National Forest Cultural Resource Survey

Negative Survey Form: Revised Lookout Road OHV Trail Project. FS Report No. R2008-

09-05-21-202.

Miner, C., J. Hesterlee, and C. R. Price. 1999. Complete Coverage Survey for Selected Trails,

Chadwick Motorcycle Area, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R1999-09-05-21-

110.

Miner, C. C. and C. R. Price. 2005. Complete Coverage Survey Report for Lookout Road Re-

Alignment and Paving Project, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R2005-09-05-21-

167.

Moerbe, A. L., T. N. Gannon, and R. Toole. 2009. Section 106 Survey Memo: An

Archaeological Survey of 449 Acres in the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV Use Area, Ava

Ranger District, Mark Twain National Forest, Christian County, Missouri. FS Project No.

R2009-09-05-00-322.

Phillips, J. C., J. Coleman, and A. Schwitalla. 2010. Chadwick 2, Cultural Resource Study, Ava

Ranger District, Mark Twain National Forest, Missouri. FS Report No. R2010-09-05-00360.

Price, C. R. 1994. Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Report for Cobb Ridge Campground

Improvements and Expansion, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R1994-09-05-21-

059.

Price, C. R. 2000a. Archaeological Testing and Proposed Mitigation Plan for Four Sites in the

Chadwick Motorcycle Area, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R2000-09-05-21-

121.

Price, C. R. 2000b. Archaeological Testing and Proposed Mitigation Plan for Four the 3-Mound

Site in the Chadwick Motorcycle Area, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R2001-

09-05-21-123.

Price, C. R. 2003. Determination of Eligibility and Effect for Chadwick CCC Camp in the

Camp Ridge Campground (09-05-21-139, 23CN756), Christian County, Missouri. FS

Report No. R2003-09-05-21-140.

Price, C. R. 2005. File Documentation, No Cultural Resource Survey Needed: Routine

Maintenance of Existing Trails at the Chadwick Motorcycle Area. FS File Documentation

No. R2005-09-05-21-161.

Price, C. R., J. Wilson, and T. Schumann. 1995. Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Report for

Drainfield, Cobb Ridge Campground, Christian County, Missouri. FS Report No. R1995-09-

05-21-081.

APPENDIX B ACTION ALTERNATIVES

B-1

Table B.1. Specific proposed actions for trails management in Alternative 2*.

Trail Location Estimated

Distance Proposed Activities

101 In Peckout Hollow 2.1 Recommission old trail (in Peckout

Hollow) and define route. Close

current Tr. 101 on slope above to

protect resources (keep section from

jct. w/ Tr.115C to 117 closed).

101 From junction with Tr. 171 to KC

Pavilion

0.3 Grade and resurface. Convert status

on MVUM/INFRA to dual purpose

traffic use.

102 Route to Stump Spring; connector

with Tr.104; jct. of Tr.101 to W.

boundary with pvt. land

1.0 Relocation - move out of

streambed, possibly to S. side and

place an interpretive sign.

104

connector

Jct. Tr.104A to Tr.101 0.4 Decommission 104 connector

105 From the midpoint of 105 north to

jct. with Tr.113

0.7 Heavy Maintenance

106 From 129A to 130A 0.1 Decommission

106 Jct. with Tr.113 south to jct. with

Tr.129A


108 Segment between E. and W.

Tr.113(from the jct. of Tr.134 to

Tr.113 on E. end)


110 Camp Ridge Rd., from W. jct.

with Tr.113 to E.

0.6 Reconstruction

112 From W. side jct. with Tr.113 to

E.


113 From jct. with 139 to 0.1 miles W.

of jct. w/ 114

0.4 Relocation

113 Jct. w/ 137 n/a Clearly define the FS designated

route.

113 East of Tr.137 0.3 Priority Maintenance

113 Between Tr.137 & Camp Ridge

(Tr.110)


113 0.1 miles N. of jct. with Tr.112 0.1 Relocation

113 Jct. with Tr.108 n/a Priority Maintenance

114 From W. jct. with Tr.113 0.3 Heavy Maintenance

114A From jct. with Tr.138 to Tr.113 0.4 Heavy Maintenance

114A From creek bottom 0.1 miles 0.2 Relocation

115 Spur at H Hwy. W. of Oak Camp 0.2 Decommission

115 From H Hwy. N to jct. with Tr.101

(.025 miles N. of H Hwy.)


115 Mid-way between H Hwy. and

Tr.101

0.3 Reconstruction

115 All of Tr.115 EXCEPT mid-way

between H Hwy. and Tr.101, to H

Hwy.

1.5 Priority Maintenance

4.0000


B-2



115A Between N & S. segments of

Tr.115


115A From 0.4 miles N. of jct. w/

Tr.115 to stream crossing

<0.1 Reconstruction

115B Parallel and W. of Tr.115A 0.4 Reconstruction

115C Parallel and W. of 115B 0.4 Reconstruction

116 Jct. of old Tr.116 at E side of

Tr.101E., then parallel to H Hwy.,

then W. parallel to Tr.171

2.0 New Construction

117 From Cobb Ridge Campground S.

to jct. with Tr.119 and 101

0.5 Decommission if Tr.116 is

accepted, Heavy Maintenance if

Tr.116 is not accepted.

119 In the bottom E. of Tr.120, 0.2

miles S. of mid-way


120 W. from KC; running S. 1.5 Maintenance

120A Connector from 120 to 120B 0.2 Decommission

120B Off of 120

0.5

Heavy Maintenance – gate the

entrance to Rattlesnake Cave

120C Signed as “120A” on the ground n/a Correct signage

120C Mid-point E. to jct. with Tr.119 0.2 Heavy Maintenance

121 At jct. with Tr.120B (N. & S. 0.1

miles) 0.2

Heavy Maintenance

121A E-W segment between Tr.121 &

122 0.2

Reconstruction

122 W. side of existing Tr.122 2.6 Priority Maintenance

122A Between Tr.101 and 122 0.2 Reconstruction

122B Proposed easiest route 0.1/0.3 Relocation/Reconstruction

122C All 1.1 Maintenance

122D All 0.4 Decommission

123 1st turn to the N. after jct. with

Tr.126

0.1 Reconstruction

123 0.1 miles S. of 1st turn to the N.

after jct. with Tr.126

0.1 Relocation

123 W. of jct. with Tr.123A 0.6 Decommission

124 Jct. with Tr.101 0.3 Heavy Maintenance

124 From midpoint to Tr.126 0.6 Priority Maintenance

124 S. 1/3 from Tr.101 & pvt. N. 0.1

miles

0.2/0.2 Decommission/Relocation

124A 0.25 miles S. of jct. with Tr.124

(Dairy Queen Hill)

0.3 Reconstruction

124A Ridgetop 0.6 Maintenance

125 (W. side) From jct. with Tr.102 to

0.25 miles N.


125 (E. side) From jct. with Tr.102 to

0.25 miles N.

0.3 Reconstruction

126 From jct. With Tr.101 to West 1 Priority Maintenance


B-3



126 From jct. with Tr.127 East side 0.5 Heavy Maintenance

126 At 0.5 miles from jct. with Tr.127

to 1 mile

0.5 Reconstruction

126 From jcts. With Tr.126C and 126E 0.3 Reconstruction

126 0.1 miles S. of jct. with Tr.126E 0.3 Heavy Maintenance

101A (S. arm) From jct. with Tr.140A to

Tr.126

0.2 Decommission

126A (N. arm) From jct. with Tr.140A

to Tr.126

0.2 Reconstruction

126A N. of jct. with Tr.126 0.6 Heavy Maintenance

126B From jct. with Tr.126 at NW end 0.8 Heavy Maintenance

126C N. from jct. with Tr.126 0.5 Heavy Maintenance

126C On the W. end, S. from jct. with

Tr. 126

0.1 Reconstruction

126D (SE turn) S. from jct. with Tr.126 0.3 Reconstruction

126E From jct. with Tr.126C, S. 0.1 Reconstruction

127 From Jct. Tr. 126 to Jct. Tr.127B 0.4 Heavy Maintenance

127 W. jct. with Tr.127D n/a Reconstruction

127A All 0.7 Reconstruction

127B From West end 0.3 Reconstruction

127C All 0.4 Reconstruction (W. end) / Heavy

Maintenance (E. end)

127D All 0.4 Heavy Maintenance /

Reconstruction (E. end)

128 From jct. with Tr.113 to the S. 0.5 Heavy Maintenance


129 From the jct. with Tr.113 S. 0.2 Reconstruction

129 NE of the jct. with Tr.171 0.2 Heavy Maintenance

129A Connector between Tr. 129 and

106


130 From jct. with Tr.130A E. to

Tr.131

0.8 Decommission all except East &

West ridge top segments

130A From jct. with Tr. 106, S. 0.1 Heavy Maintenance

130B North of "M" (Tr.130) 0.1 Decommission, remove signs

131 From jct. with Tr.132A (S. end),

N.


131 From 0.1 miles N. of jct. with

Tr.132A (S. end)

0.4 Relocation

132 From jct. with Tr.132A (S. end) N. 0.2 Priority Maintenance


Tr.132A (S. end) to jct. with

Tr.113


132A From the jct. with Tr.131 to jct.

with Tr.132


132A All except from the jct. with

Tr.131 to jct. with Tr.132



B-4



133 From the jct. with Tr.108 W. 0.2 Priority Maintenance

133 From 0.25 miles W. of the jct.

with Tr.108 to jct. with Tr.113

0.4 Reconstruction

134 From the jct. with Tr.108 0.5 Priority Maintenance

134 From 0.5 miles from the jct. with


0.3 Relocation

135 All 1.2 Priority Maintenance


135B From Jct. with Tr.110 (W. end) SE 0.3 Priority Maintenance

135B From 0.3 miles from the jct. with


0.1 Relocation

136 From jct. with Tr.110, NW 0.2 Priority Maintenance

136 From jct. with Tr.110, NW from

0.25 to jct. with Tr.137


136A All 0.3 Priority Maintenance

137 From jct. with Tr.113 (W. end) to

0.1 miles W. of jct. with Tr.113

(E. end)


137 From jct. with Tr113 (E. end) to

the W.




Tr.114 to 0.3 miles E. of jct. with

Tr.113 (W. end)


138 E. & W. ends 0.6 Priority Maintenance

138B All 0.1 Priority Maintenance

139 From jct. with Tr.113 (W. end) 0.1 Heavy Maintenance

139 From 0.1 miles W. of jct. with

Tr.113 (W. end) to jct. with Tr.113

(E. end)


140 From jct. with Tr.101, N. 0.4 Priority Maintenance

140 N. of the jct. of the drainages to

jct. with Tr.140A

0.1 Reconstruction

140A All 0.1 Heavy Maintenance

171 All (to N. property boundary) 2.8 Priority Maintenance/Transfer

Jurisdiction of road ROW

Family

Play Area

From north side of Camp Site # 2

to the Family Play Area (FPA)

0.1 Construct a new connecting trail

between FPA and campground

*All trails not specifically noted in this table are scheduled for maintenance on an as-needed basis.


B-5

Table B.2. Specific proposed actions for camping and day-use, and dispersed recreation

area management in Alternative 2.

Site Location PROPOSED ACTIVITIES

Cobb Ridge

Campground

East side of Loop E Construct approximately 15 electrified RV sites

(60 ft. vehicles) each with a social core area

having accessible lantern post, table, and fire

ring; also, a loop with two water hydrants,

double vault toilet, well, paved road, and split-

rail fence. This action may require relocation or

removal of one existing core area from Group

Site #1 of current campground.

Cobb Ridge

Campground

South side of Loop E Construct approx. 15 electrified tent sites each

with a tent pad, accessible lantern post, table,

and fire ring; also, a loop with one water

hydrant, paved turnaround, and split-rail fence.

Cobb Ridge

Campground

All current RV sites Electrify all existing RV sites.

Cobb Ridge

Campground

Loop A Decommission and remove existing vault toilet

and replace with a new double vault toilet.

Cobb Ridge

Campground

South side of Loop B Construct a new well and septic system to

accommodate new flush toilets and showers.

Cobb Ridge

Campground

Entrance, near the host

site

Construct an entrance booth.

Cobb Ridge

Campground

Near entrance to

campground

Consider concessionaire-supplied portable

dump station for off-site disposal of septic

waste.

Cobb Ridge

Campground

Near host site Construct maintenance building (2400 sq. ft)

with electricity and water.

The Complex Chadwick Motorcycle

and ATV Use Area, the

Cobb Ridge Campground,

and associated day-use

and dispersed recreation

areas

Mechanical removal and herbicide treatments to

control noxious weeds (approximately 6,440

acres). These would be spot treatments,

primarily along roads and trails; not full

coverage.

Developed

Recreation Areas

Cobb Ridge Campground

and associated day-use

and dispersed recreation

areas

Prescribed fire to control noxious weeds

(approximately 95 acres).

KC Pavilion Parking lot Define parking lot by non-ground disturbing

methods (split-rail fence, rocks, timber, etc.).

Re-vegetate disturbed areas.

KC Pavilion At the pavilion Install signs to encourage special use access of

the pavilion.

Family Play Area

(FPA)

All Define boundaries of the FPA; fence the pond;

perform noxious weed control and wetland

plantings; and provide educational signs.

Family Play Area From north side of

Campsite # 2 to west side

Construct a new connecting trail to

campground.


B-6

Site Location PROPOSED ACTIVITIES

of the FPA

Dispersed Camping

Areas

Along Tr. 171 Decommission campsites and rehabilitate the

area.

Camp Ridge End of paved access to

area

Place a gate.

Camp Ridge All camping sites Decommission site furnishings.

Camp Ridge Near entrance from road Add three to five accessible tables and pedestal

grills.

Oak Camp Parking area Define parking area with split rail fencing or

other fence type.

Oak Camp All Add a single vault toilet.

Oak Camp All Add three accessible tables and pedestal grills.

Red Bridge Day

Use Area

Parking area Define parking lot by non-ground disturbing

methods (split fence, rocks, timber, etc.) for

approx. 12 vehicles w/ trailers.

Red Bridge Day

Use Area

Near entrance. Place a kiosk w/ regulations.

Red Bridge Day

Use Area

FR 551 Designate portion of FR 551 from Red Bridge

Road to the parking area (0.4 miles) dual

purpose to allow motor vehicle passage.


B-7

Table B.3. Specific proposed actions for roads management in Alternative 2.

Road Number Location Estimated Length Proposed Activities

Chadwick - System Roads

105 T26N, R20W, SE 1/4 34 1 Convert to trail only

108T T26N, R20W, NW 1/4 36 1.6 Convert to trail only

112T T26N, R20W, SE 1/4 25 0.5 Convert to trail only

113 T26N, R20W, NE 1/4 36 1 Convert to trail only

114 T26N, R20W, SE 1/4 25 0.9 Convert to trail only

116 T25N, R20W, NE 1/4 S11 0.4 Convert to trail only

118 T25N, R20W, NW 1/4 2 0.3 Decommission

120 T25N, R20W, SW 1/4 3 1.1 Convert to trail only


122TB T25N, R20W, NE 1/4 S10 0.1 Convert to trail only

126

T25N, R20W, NW 1/4 2 1.6

Convert to trail only, may

need SUP

126A T25N, R20W, SW 1/4 3 0.5 Convert to trail only

127 T26N, R20W, SE 1/4 34 0.9 Convert to trail only

134T T26N, R20W, NW 1/4 S35 0.7 Convert to trail only

551 T25N, R20W, S16 0.4 Maintain, Reclassify dual

purpose

559 T25N, R20W, NW 1/4 2 2.1 Maintain

570

T26N, R20W, NE 1/4 36 1.4

Convert to trail only, may

need SUP

Chadwick - Non System Roads

116 T25N, R20W, NE 1/4 S11 3.1 Decommission, gate at

Highway H

122T T25N, R20W, SE 1/4 3 0.4 Decommission

126

T25N, R20W, NW 1/4 2 0.4

Decommission, may need

SUP

126B T25N, R20W, SE 1/4 S4 0.4 Decommission

126C T25N, R20W, SE 1/4 S4 0.5 Decommission

126D T25N, R20W, NW 1/4 S9 0.4 Decommission

613 T25N, R20W SE 1/4 S11 0.5 Decommission

Chadwick - New System Roads

171(Lookout

Road)

T25N, R20W, NE 1/4 S2 2.1 Transfer jurisdiction of ROW,

sign area boundaries and gate

116A T25N, R20W, NW 1/4 2 0.3 Reclassify dual purpose


B-8

Table B.4. Specific proposed actions for trails and roads management in Alternative 3.



171 All (to N. property boundary) 2.8 Priority Maintenance/No transfer of

road jurisdiction

127 From Jct. Tr. 126 to Jct.

Tr.127B

0.4 Decommission

135B All 0.4 Decommission

137A All 0.2 Decommission

138B All 0.1 Decommission

Road

Number Location

Estimated

Length Proposed Activities

Chadwick - System Roads

108T T26N, R20W, NW 1/4 36 1.6 Decommission west end at junction

with road 134T (0.4 mi.);

Decommission east end at junction

with trail 113 (0.1 mi.); Convert

remainder to trail only(1.0 mi)

551 T25N, R20W, S16 0.4 Retain entrance to Red Bridge,

general maintenance (0.2 mi.);

Convert remainder to trail only (0.2

mi.)

570 T26N, R20W, NE 1/4 36 1.4 Retain entrance to Camp Ridge,


Convert remainder to trail only (1.2

mi.); may need SUP

Chadwick - Non System Roads

116 T25N, R20W, NE 1/4 S11 3.5 Convert to trail only; gate near

Highway H at point where proposed

trail 116 turns north


126B T25N, R20W, SE 1/4 S4 0.4 Convert to trail only

126C T25N, R20W, SE 1/4 S4 0.5 Convert to trail only

613 T25N, R20W SE 1/4 S11 0.5 Retain entrance to Oak Camp,


Decommission section on west end

of loop to coincide with

decommissioning that section of trail

115 (0.2 mi.); Convert remainder to

trail only (0.3 mi.)

Chadwick - New System Roads

171(Lookout

Road)

T25N, R20W, NE 1/4 S2 2.1 Retain open both to vehicular traffic

and motorcycle/ATVs and designate

dual-purpose. Install stop and

warning signs at intersections

116A T25N, R20W, NW 1/4 2 0.3 Decommissiion

*Unlisted activities for trails and roads proposed under Alternative 3 are the same as those

proposed for Alternative 2.

APPENDIX C Biological Evaluation

C-1

United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service

Mark Twain National Forest, Region 9

August 26, 2011

Prepared by: _/s/ AntoinetteSitting Up Perez___8/26/2011____________________

Antoinette Sitting Up Perez, District Wildlife Biologist

BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION CHADWICK MASTER DEVELOPMENT PLAN Ava/Cassville/Willow Springs Ranger District

Mark Twain National Forest


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INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this Biological Evaluation (BE) is to identify site-specific effects of the proposed action to

federally listed and proposed threatened and endangered species. The BE is done to ensure that Forest Service

actions do not contribute to loss of viability or trend toward federal listing of any species:

to comply with the requirements of the Endangered Species Act that actions of Federal agencies not

jeopardize the continued existence of endangered species or adversely modify critical habitat of

federally listed or proposed species,

to provide a process and standard by which to ensure the threatened, endangered, and proposed species

receive full consideration in the decision making process, and

to ensure compliance with Reasonable and Prudent Measures (RPM) and associated Terms and

Conditions (TC) of the September 2005 Biological Opinion (BO) on the effects of Forest Management

and Other Activities to the Indiana Bat and Mead’s milkweed on the Mark Twain National Forest,

Missouri.

PROJECT LOCATION

The Chadwick MDP project analysis area is located in the northwest portion of the Ava unit of the Mark Twain

National Forest (MTNF). Specifically, the analysis area is located in T26N, R20W, Sections 25-27 and 33-36;

and T25N, R20W, Sections 2-4, 8-11, and 16, Christian County, Missouri. The project analysis area (the

recreation complex) is comprised of but not limited to the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV Use Area, the Cobb

Ridge Campground, and associated day-use and dispersed recreation areas; and includes District Compartments

2 and 4, encompassing approximately 6,440 acres of National Forest System (NFS) lands. Major access roads,

and other features that border the project area, include Highway H to the east, East Fork of Bull Creek to the

north, Forest Service Road (FR) 169 to the south, and private land to the west.

PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION

The Ava/Cassville/Willow Springs Ranger District is proposing this action to develop a Master

Development Plan for the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV Use Area, the Cobb Ridge Campground, and

associated day-use recreation areas. This growing recreation complex has been in existence for over 40

years, with humble beginnings as a loosely defined motorcycle trail riding area during the late 1960’s.

The area currently is experiencing increased use by ATV, motorcycle, and mountain bike riders; as well

as tent campers, RV campers, and specialty RV users. In addition to the increased activities at the trails

system and Cobb Ridge Campground areas, the day-use and dispersed area parking and trailheads are

becoming overcrowded. The land area has not reached its social carrying capacity, but developed

recreation sites and facilities have become inadequate to meet the growing demands of recreationists.

This project is needed to address various increased user demands and opportunities for improvement

observed in the trails system and developed recreation areas while protecting and enhancing natural

communities in the project area. The Master Development Plan would enhance recreation experiences

within MP 7.1 recreation area while managing and protecting terrestrial and aquatic natural communities

within the surrounding MP 2.1 multiple use area. The proposed action and alternatives developed for

this project would include opportunities to address.

trail maintenance needs

trail reconstruction needs

trail re-routes that require new construction


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designation of single-track trails (for motorcycle use)

trails that may need to be decommissioned

correcting difficulty levels of trails

defining a play/practice area for younger and/or new riders

identifying user-created trails and decommissioning them

identifying Forest Service system and non-system roads that need to be maintained, closed, or

reclassified

deferred maintenance activities and infrastructure, including all trails and use facilities, and a

sign plan

enhancing some parking areas while closing others

closing user-created, dispersed campsites that are improperly located and constructing new

campground facilities and campsites in appropriate settings

addressing volunteer and partnership opportunities

This project is needed to address inadequacies observed in the trail system and campground/day-use

areas while protecting and enhancing natural communities in the project area. These actions are

necessary to address:

increased use of the trail system

trail delineation and difficulty ratings on trail routes

the need for additional camping facilities

the diverse users of the trail system

the deteriorating condition of the trail system

PROPOSED ACTION

The proposed action is Alternative 3. This section provides a detailed description of the project

activities. The project is to provide an up-to-date master development plan for the trails system,

campground and facilities, the road system, and connected actions associated with the complex,

including the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV Use Area; the Cobb Ridge Campground; the adjacent

day-use recreation areas, KC Pavilion and Camp Ridge; and the dispersed recreation areas, Oak Camp

and Red Bridge. The master development plan would be designed to ensure activities within the

complex adhere to the standards and guidelines established in the 2005 Forest Plan.

Alternative 3

Recreation Management: Proposed recreation management activities include those being considered for

the motorcycle and ATV trails areas, the campground, and day-use and dispersed recreation areas as

shown on the attached map.

Trails Management

Various trails activities would be accomplished on the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV Use Area

including construction, maintenance, reconstruction, relocation, and decommissioning. All trails would

then undergo reevaluation to determine the appropriate difficulty rating that should be assigned. This

reevaluation would occur after construction, relocation, and designated maintenance activities are


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finished. Decommissioning activities would include re-contouring; and/or re-vegetating by seeding,

planting, and fertilizing. Activities are defined and mileage estimates are provided for particular trail

sections and condensed in the following summary table of proposed actions (Table 1). Currently, the

trails system comprises approximately 69.8 miles of ATV and motorcycle trails. Mountain bike use is

known to occur and is currently being monitored. Approximately 37.8 miles of trail would undergo

some form of designated maintenance, construction, or reconstruction. About 7.4 miles of trail would

be decommissioned, and approximately 3.7 more would be newly constructed and/or relocated.

Approximately 2.1 miles of a previously closed trail would be recommissioned. Approximately 9.8

miles of trail would be subjected to heavy maintenance and about 16.5 miles would undergo priority

maintenance. The remainder of the trails system would undergo general maintenance as needed.

General maintenance is defined here as normal ongoing maintenance to good trails that would maintain

them in good shape (all trails are subject to general maintenance that would continue). Priority

maintenance is defined as general maintenance that was designated for specific trails during the scoping

process that would prevent them from degrading to a point that heavy maintenance would be required.

Heavy maintenance is defined as maintenance required to correct deficiencies in trail features (water

bars, ditches, etc.) that would prevent loss of function. This level of maintenance was designated during

the scoping process where immediate action would be required to avoid the need for trail reconstruction.

Trail reconstruction is defined as maintenance required to replace trail features that are missing or are no

longer functioning as desired. Any proposed trail relocations would be designed to minimize the need

for soil disturbance and cutting of merchantable trees, and would be relocated as closely as possible to

the existing Forest Service designated trail routes. Due to years of recreational use, sections of some

trails have become wider than their designed width. These trail sections would be narrowed to their

intended width and their margins would be redefined. Additionally, there are numerous unplanned,

user-created trails that would be decommissioned. A single track area, comprising about 888 acres and

10 miles of trail, would be established in the northern portion of the trails area for use by motorcycles

only. No portions of the trails system are being considered for accommodating UTVs and other large

OHVs. Chadwick trails are designed for ATVs, motorcycles, and mountain bikes. ATV is defined here

as a machine with handlebars that is straddled and less than 50 inches in width. Seasonal closures or

trail-specific closures may be required to perform either planned construction, reconstruction, or regular

maintenance activities. Closures may also be required for permitted activities.

Alternative 2 provides an option to close trails 137A, 135B, 138B, and a portion of 127 between the

junctions of trails 126 and 127B (reference Fig. 1 for their locations). These closures were previously

authorized under the Chadwick Trail Relocation Decision Notice signed on January 26, 2000. Although

these trails apparently were decided to be closed following the 2000 Decision, they remain actively used

by area recreationists and have apparently not deteriorated beyond repair and maintenance. This

alternative would provide an opportunity for further analysis of these trails during the EA for this

project; and, would provide an option to permanently close these trails if it is determined that they are

contributing to soils erosion and runoff, or causing detriment to other resources in the project area. A

summary of the proposed trail management activities for Alternative 3 is provided in Table 3 below.

Optional Trails Management

This alternative would provide an option to construct a new parallel Trail 171 adjacent to FR 171

(Lookout Road) if funding for construction becomes available. Optional trail construction would

include the installation of a fence to separate the trail from the road along its entire length, or portions

thereof. Alternatively, an option to close all, or portions, of Trail 171 would be exercised if law

enforcement or traffic issues become unmanageable due to the dual-use classification of Trail/FR 171

(Lookout Road) for motor vehicle and motorcycle/ATV traffic. The Forest Service is considering a

county permit requirement for Lookout Road to address safety and law enforcement issues in order to

meet State and County compliance for ATV use.


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Campground Management

Facilities at the Cobb Ridge Campground would be enhanced by providing additional electrified tent and

RV campsites, vault and flush toilets, showers, hydrants, wells, and septic systems. Estimates of the

number and type of proposed additions to the campground are provided in Appendix 1.2 and

summarized in the following table of proposed activities for Alternative 2 (Table 2). Approximately 15

electrified RV campsites, 15 electrified tent campsites, three toilets, three water hydrants, a shower and

connected septic system, and two new wells would be added to the Cobb Ridge Campground.

Additionally, electrical service would be added to all existing RV campsites. Installation of an entrance

booth, a portable dump station, and a maintenance building also are being considered.

Day-Use Recreation Area Management

The parking lot at KC Pavilion would be reconfigured and disturbed areas would be revegetated. The

KC Pavilion would be considered for placement under the reservation system to accommodate growing

public use and improve administrative management. Signs would be installed to encourage the public to

request special use authorization and reservation of the area.

The boundaries of the Family Play Area (FPA) would be defined and the pond at that location would be

fenced to restrict use by motorcycle/ATV riders. The surrounding wetlands would be replanted with

wetland plants and educational signs would be placed in the area. A new trail would be considered for

construction from the FPA to a point near Campsite #2 at the Cobb Ridge Campground (Appendix 1.2).

A gate would be placed at the end of the paved access to the Camp Ridge day-use area. All existing

campsites would be decommissioned and furnishings removed. Accessible tables and pedestal grills

would be placed at the old camping area (Appendix 1.2).

Dispersed Recreation Area Management

This alternative would provide an option to modify (reduce, redefine, or redesignate) existing dispersed

camping activities that occur along Trail/FR 171. This includes options to reduce all or some of the

dispersed camping areas along Trail/FR 171 if law enforcement, safety, or traffic issues become

unmanageable due to multiple recreation activities and uses in this area. For example, fencing and signs

would be installed to define known areas where dispersed camping would be allowed. These areas may

also be used to provide space for overflow camping from Cobb Ridge Campground. Dispersed camping

in these areas has gradually increased over time to the point that soils are becoming increasingly

compacted over progressively more land area each year. Vegetation in these areas is on the decline,

needs to be mitigated, and given the opportunity to re-establish. Defining the dispersed camping areas

would limit their continued growth and allow vegetation to be restored to previous conditions.

The Oak Camp dispersed recreation area, located along H Highway on the southeast portion of the

Chadwick area would be closed to overnight, dispersed camping and confined to day-use activities only.

The parking area would be defined with split-rail fencing. A vault toilet, three accessible picnic tables,

and three pedestal grills would be added to meet day-use recreational needs.

A parking lot would be defined at the Red Bridge dispersed recreation area. The parking area would be

of sufficient size to accommodate approximately 12 vehicles with trailers. A kiosk would be placed

near the entrance to provided information including area use regulations to the public. Forest Service

Road 551 would be designated dual purpose from the point of intersection with Red Bridge Road to the

proposed parking area to allow motor vehicle passage.


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Cooperative partnership, emergency response activities, and Forest Service administrative access needs

within the area have been recognized. Lands, roads, and trails within the area would be considered to

respond to these needs and opportunities.

Road Management:

Maintenance of FS system roads would consist of ongoing repairs to retain or restore the road to the

approved road management objective. Activities associated with road maintenance may include surface

blading, replacement of surface material, mowing and limbing of roadside vegetation, cleaning and

restoring drainage features, and replacing road signs. Road decommissioning would result in

stabilization and restoration of unneeded roads to a more natural state. Decommissioning activities

would include blocking access with earthen or rock berms, boulders, slash piles, or gates; re-contouring;

and/or re-vegetating by seeding, planting, and fertilizing. Approximately 3.4 miles of road could be

required to be used under special use permits to access private land.

Forest road (FR) 171 (Lookout Road) would be retained for both motor vehicle and motorcycle/ATV

traffic under Alternative 3 (Figure 3). The road would be classified dual-purpose. Stop and warning

signs would be installed at all trail crossings and intersections of FR 171.

Additional proposed changes to roads management under Alternative 3 would include:

Decommissioning the west end of FR 108T at the junction with FR 134T, decommissioning the

east end at the junction with trail 135, and converting the remainder to trail only.

Retaining the entrance to Red Bridge Day-Use Area on FR 551 and converting the remainder to

trail only.

Retaining the entrance to Camp Ridge Day-Use Area on FR 570 and converting the remainder

to trail only.

Retaining the entrance to Oak Camp Day-Use Area on FR 613, decommissioning the west end

that coincides with decommissioning that section of trail 116, and converting the remainder to

trail only.

Converting FR 116 to trail only and gating where proposed trail 116 would turn north in order

to block access from Highway H.

Converting FRs 122T, 126B, and 126C to trails only.

Connected Actions: Noxious weeds would be controlled on the entire complex (approximately 6, 440

acres), including the trails areas, Cobb Ridge Campground (approximately 77 acres), and the associated

day-use and dispersed recreation areas (approximately 17.9 acres). Extensive public use of these areas

has resulted in transport and establishment of noxious weeds in several areas. Much of the recreation

complex is infested with noxious weeds such as autumn olive, bull thistle, sericea lespedeza, Japanese

honeysuckle, Johnsongrass, multiflora rose, purple crown vetch, and spotted knapweed. Proposed weed

control measures include prescribed burning, mechanical removal, and herbicide treatments. Weed

control efforts would be focused on grounds immediately within and adjacent to the footprints of the

trails system and developed recreation areas, greatly reducing the acreage subjected to treatments. More

than one species of noxious weeds growing together have been observed in some areas and would be

treated accordingly. Isolated infestations away from the trails and developed recreation areas would be

treated according to severity and significance. Prescribed burning would be limited to the Cobb Ridge

Campground and the day-use and dispersed recreation areas (approximately 94.9 acres).

The entrance to Rattlesnake Cave would be protected with gates or a railing to limit human entry and

disturbance, protect bats and other cave fauna, and potentially reduce the spread of White Nose

Syndrome, a fatal disease observed in bats. Other caves within the project area that are found to harbor

bats may be protected by similar means.


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A summary of the proposed roads management activities for Alternative 3 is provided in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Summary of proposed activities for Alternative 3.

Proposed Activities Estimated

Measures

Motorcycle and ATV Trail Activities Miles

General Maintenance 31.0

Priority Maintenance 16.5

Heavy Maintenance 9.8

New Construction 2.0

Reconstruction 8.5

Relocation 3.7

Recommission 2.1

Decommission 7.4

Designated Single Track (888 acres) 9.7

Recreational Camping and Day-Use Area Activities Number

New RV Campsites 15

New Tent Sites 15

Additional Vault Toilet Buildings 2

Additional Flush Toilet Buildings 1

Additional Shower Buildings 1

Additional Water Hydrants 3

Additional Wells 2

Additional Septic System 1

Prescribed Fire 94.9 acres

Road Activities Miles

Maintain Status 2.2

Decommission (0.8 miles system road and 0.5 miles non-system roads) 1.3

Convert to Trail Only 18.2

Regain Possession (administrative use only) 0.0

Reclassify Dual Purpose 2.4

May Require Special Use Permit 3.4


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Consultation History

Informal consultation on the 2005 Forest Plan began in 2003 with a Consultation Agreement signed by the

Forest Service and FWS, Columbia, Missouri Ecological Services Field Office. The Forest Service requested

and the FWS agreed to become a cooperating agency in the preparation of the 2005 Forest Plan.

On April 20, 2005, the Forest Service and FWS decided upon a final list of eleven federal species (three plants,

three naiades, two mammals, one each insect, bird, and fish) to consider effects as the result of the

implementation of the 2005 Forest Plan. In the June 14, 2005 Programmatic BA it was determined that

implementation of the 2005 Forest Plan would have “No Effect” on Virginia sneezeweed, running buffalo

clover, and Topeka shiner. “May affect - Not Likely to Adversely Affect” determinations were made for Hine’s

emerald dragonfly, Tumbling Creek cavesnail, pink mucket, scaleshell, bald eagle, and gray bat. On September

16, 2005, the FWS concurred with the determinations for these nine species.

On June 14, 2005, the Forest Service submitted a PBA and requested initiation of formal consultation on two

species (Mead’s milkweed and Indiana bat) with determinations of “May Affect – Likely to Adversely Affect”.

On June 23, 2005 the FWS agreed to the request for initiation of formal consultation for Indiana bat and Mead’s

milkweed. On September 16, 2005 the FWS issued a Programmatic Biological Opinion (PBO) for the Mark

Twain National Forest 2005 Forest Plan with a “No Jeopardy” opinion for both species. Appendix A in the

PBO contains an itemized consultation history.

The PBO is not based on site-specific projects but on actions resulting from the implementation of the 2005

Forest Plan as a whole over a ten year period.

Amendment for Running Buffalo Clover and Indiana bat

The Forest completed an amendment to the 2005 Programmatic Biological Opinion regarding new information

received about running buffalo clover and Indiana bat on January 26, 2009. A running buffalo clover site was

discovered on the Forest after a prescribed burn on a previous RBC introduction site. Analysis of potential

effects to RBC sites resulted in a determination of May Affect –Likely to Adversely Affect.

In the spring of 2008, the US Fish & Wildlife Service and Missouri Department of Conservation revised the

estimate of the number of Indiana bats in Missouri, significantly reducing it from the previous estimate. This

revision was based on a February 2008 census of Pilot Knob Mine, Missouri’s largest Indiana bat hibernacula.

Analysis of potential effects of Forest Plan implementation on Indiana bat resulted in a determination of no

change to the original determination of “May Affect – Likely to Adversely Affect”.

Consultation with US Fish & Wildlife Service was completed on June 10, 2009. No additional terms and

conditions were included in the amended biological opinion.

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat has been designated for the Hine’s emerald dragonfly on the Mark Twain National Forest in the

following counties: Crawford, Dent, Iron, Phelps, Reynolds, Ripley, Washington, and Wayne, Missouri. The

Chadwick Master Development Plan project area is located in Christian County, Missouri, which has no critical

habitat designated for the Hine’s emerald dragonfly.


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Species Considered

Threatened and Endangered Species

The January 7, 2011 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service list of threatened (T) and endangered (E) species

was used to prepare this discussion of existing conditions and effects of the proposed action of the

Chadwick Master Development Plan project area. The list includes

gray bat (Myotis grisescens) (E)

Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) (E)

Hine’s emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana) (E)

Curtis pearlymussel (Epioblasma florentina curtisi) (E)

pink mucket (Lampsilis abrupt) (E)

scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) (E)

Tumbling Creek cavesnail (Antrobia culveri) (E)

Mead’s milkweed (Asclepias meadii) (T)

running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum) (E)

Virginia sneezeweed (Helenium virginicum) (T)

Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) (E)

Snuffbox (Epioblasms triquetra) (P)

rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica) (C)

sheepnose mussel (Plethobasus cyphyus) (C)

spectaclecase (Cumberlandia monodonta) (C)

Anabat surveys and mist net surveys were completed in 2009 and 2010 for Indiana and gray bats.

Neither gray bats nor Indiana bats were detected in the area. However, mist net and anabat surveys

completed on the Garrison Ridge project area on the Ava Unit in 2004 identified use by gray bats. The

Missouri Natural Heritage Database and Missouri Fish and Wildlife System database were also used to

identify suitable habitat for the, Hine’s emerald dragonfly, pink mucket, Curtis pearlymussel, scaleshell,

Tumbling Creek cavesnail, running buffalo clover, Virginia sneezeweed and Mead’s milkweed

snuffbox, Ozark hellbender, rabbitsfoot, sheepnose, spectaclecase. No suitable habitat was found within

the project area.

RATIONALE FOR SPECIES CONSIDERED

Gray and Indiana bats will be considered in this analysis because there is suitable foraging habitat, potentially

suitable cave habitat, and suitable roost trees within the project area.

RATIONALE FOR SPECIES NOT CONSIDERED

Tumbling Creek cavesnail, pink mucket, Curtis pearlymussel, rabbitsfoot, scaleshell mussel, sheepnose mussel,

snuffbox, spectaclecase, and Ozark Hellbender, will not be considered in this analysis because their home

ranges are well outside the project area.

Virginia sneezeweed, running buffalo clover and Mead’s milkweed will not be considered in this analysis

because project-specific surveys found no known locations of these species in the project area.

Hine’s emerald dragonfly will not be considered in this analysis because there are no the fens (suitable habitat)

in the project area. Critical habitat for the Hine’s emerald dragonfly is not located within the project area.


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Survey Information for Gray and Indiana bat

Indiana bats have not been found on the Ava/Cassville/Willow Springs Ranger District. Surveys completed on

the Ava Unit include a 2004 mist net and acoustic survey at a pond in the Garrison Ridge Project area, which is

4 air miles southeast of the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV area. Mist net and acoustic surveys were conducted

in 2008 with a small bat blitz. Six ponds within ten air miles of the project area were netted over three nights

with no Indiana or gray bats captured. In 2009 and 2010 five sites in the Chadwick and East Bull Creek north

of Chadwick were surveyed no Indiana or gray bats were captured or detected. Also in 2010, one pond

approximately ten air miles southeast of the project area was surveyed with no Indiana or gray bats captured or

detected.

GRAY BAT

The nearest gray bat maternity colony is 11 air miles southwest of the Chadwick MDP analysis area. The last

known estimated population of gray bats using this cave was 3,000 in 2000. The nearest hibernaculum is

20 air miles southwest of the project area. In 2000, the population of gray bats was about 25,000

(MDC, Heritage Database, 2010); no gray bats were captured or detected in the analysis area during 2009; 2010

surveys. In 2004 gray bats were detected in the Garrison Ridge project approximately 2 air miles from

Chadwick. This indicates that gray bats may forage and migrate through the area. They are insectivores and

forage over water. They’re foraging range can be up to 45 miles in a night (2005, BA p. 168).” Migration to

hibernacula generally occurs between August and October; spring migration starts in March and April. Gray

bats stop in transient caves between hibernacula and maternity colony caves. There are 13 known caves in the

analysis area that could be used as transient caves. Gray bats stop in transient caves between hibernacula and

maternity colony caves. There are approximately 29 miles of perennial/intermittent streams within the

Chadwick MDP project area, 18 springs or seeps and 3 ponds, all of which could be used as foraging areas.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Trails Management: Maternity and hibercula caves will not be affected by the project because gray bats are not

known to use the caves in the project area. During past and current cave surveys gray bats were not observed in

the caves. New trails will not be constructed within 100 feet of a cave entrance, per Forest Plan standards and

guidelines. Caves within Chadwick will be gated as/if need arises to avoid human disturbance to bats and

humans spreading White Nose Symdrome to area caves.

Foraging areas with permanent water such as ponds, springs/seeps, and streams will be avoided during

reconstruction, relocation and maintenance of trails. These foraging areas will be maintained within the

analysis area.

Recomissioning of Trail 101 which lies in the bottom of Peck out Hollow will decrease the amount of soil

erosion from entering this stream. The current Trail 101 is located on the ridge top and has become a safety and

natural resource concern. This trail is eroded to bedrock in some places and has created a hazardous riding

environment, which has led ATV and motorcycle riders to avoid these areas and create new routes around them

some being on the downside of the hill slope. This has created loose soil on the side slopes and during rain

events soil would beable to reach the stream channel below.

Peck Out Hollow was determined not to be a Riparian Management Zone, because it flows intermittently

throughout the year and has little riparian vegetation. It is considered a Water Protection Zone, which will

allow existing trail (Trail 101) to remain in that environment. The trail is located outside the streambed on

mostly bedrock and gravel. New trail will not be built in this area.


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Decommissioning 7.4 miles of trail will reduce soil erosion from entering streams and improve habitat for

aquatic insects and possibly improving insect populations. Most of the trails being decommissioned are on the

hill sides and have created a funnel for water to flow very fast and take the soil with it. This has also led riders

to create other routes cause braiding of user created trails exposing more soil. Users created trails are

continuously being closed within Chadwick.

Recreation Management: These are improvement that will enhance Cobb Ridge campground and the existing

day use areas. There are no caves or suitable foraging areas located within Cobb Ridge or the day use areas.

Gray bats will not be affected by these enhancements.

Road Management: The roads designation is being removed from Forest Service trails. Designated Forest

Service roads are ATV trails used by ATV riders. Decommissioning 1.3 miles of roads will reduce

sedimentation entering streams, thereby improving water quality for prey species of gray bats, which use the

Ava Unit.

Prescribed burning: Prescribed burning will be limited to the Cobb Ridge Campground and the day use and

dispersed recreation areas (approximately 95 acres). Smoke from prescribed burns will not affect the maternity

colony because it was approximately 20 air miles away from the burn sites. Burns would occur from mid

August to mid April avoiding maternity season. Bats are migrating and/or hibernating during mid August to

mid April. The hibernacula would not be affected because of distance to the cave. Also the minimal acreage

being burned will keep smoke levels low. Burning will occur during the day while bats are roosting. The 2005

Forest Plan standards and guidelines will be followed to reduce any effects to gray bats.

Construction of firelines would not affect gray bat foraging habitats or caves, because there are none known in

the project area and 2005 Forest Plan standards and guidelines for these habitats will be followed. Cobb Ridge,

the day use areas and dispersed recreation areas are located on ridgetops way from foraging areas.

Prescribed burning would also decrease fuel loads in Cobb Ridge Campgound, reducing the chance for a high-

intensity, stand-replacing fire in forested areas. Wildfires could cause excess sediments if a weather event were

to occur afterwards reaching foraging areas and temporarily degrade suitable foraging habitat for gray bats.

NNIS Treatment: Noxious weeds will be controlled in the entire complex (approximately 6, 440 acres),

including the trails, Cobb Ridge Campground (approximately 77 acres), and the associated day-use and

dispersed recreation areas (approximately 17.9 acres). Extensive public use of these areas has resulted in

transport and establishment of noxious weeds in several areas. Much of the recreation complex is infested with

noxious weeds such as autumn olive, bull thistle, sericea lespedeza, Japanese honeysuckle, Johnsongrass,

multiflora rose, purple crown vetch, and spotted knapweed. Weed control efforts will be focused on grounds

immediately within and adjacent to the footprints of the trails system and developed recreation areas, greatly

reducing the acreage subjected to treatments.

Design criteria will be used to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitat. These criteria are

found in Attachment A. These criteria will reduce the risk of impacting gray bats and their prey species.

However, there is always a chance that gray bats would consume insects or water that may have been in contact

with herbicide. The herbicides proposed for use pose low impacts to mammals. Additional information on

herbicides being used within the project area can be found in Attachment B.


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INDIANA BAT

There is a hibernacula 21 miles southeast of the Chadwick MDP analysis area, which is only used sporadically

by Indiana bats. Fifty Indiana bats used the cave in the winter of 2004/2005 and have not used it since then

(Ozark Underground Lab 2011). The A/C/W/ Ranger District has had eight years of bat surveys and no Indiana

bats have been captured or detected with anabats. The closest maternity colony is located on the Salem Ranger

District about 125 air miles northeast of Chadwick MDP project area. These factors indicate minimal to no use

by Indiana bat on the A/C/W Ranger District.

Indiana bats use trees for maternity colonies. These trees typically have exfoliating bark with space under it for

bats to roost. They may use tree cavities and limbs for roosting. The species of tree is not a determinant if the

tree will be used (1999 BO, page 43). However, most (97%) roost trees of female Indiana bats at maternity

sites are deciduous species, except a few coniferous trees recently discovered in the Great Smokey Mountains

and in New England (Kurta, 2004). The maternity tree found on the Popular Bluff District was a dead shortleaf

pine tree. Other female roost trees found on Potosi and Salem Ranger Districts are shortleaf pine, post oak, and

black oak snags (Eberly, 2005).

A study on male Indiana bats in Indiana indicates that male bats may stay around the hibernacula in the

summer…or fan out in a broad band or zone around the hibernacula (Whitaker and Brack 2002). There are no

hibernacula in the project area, which would indicate minimal or no male Indiana bat presence in the project

area.

Indiana bats forage in a variety of habitats, including upland and riparian forest with canopy closures from 30%-

100%, over clearings, along the edges of cropland, wooded fencerows, and over farm ponds in pastures (2005

Biological Opinion). Optimum foraging habitat is between 30-80% canopy closure. Foraging areas are

between 1 and 7.8 kilometers from maternity roost tree(s) depending on whether the female is pregnant,

lactating or post-lactating (Kurta et. al, 2004). Male bats may forage up to five miles away from roost trees

(Amelon, 2004). Winter habitat or hibernacula can either be in caves or mines, but it must provide definite

appropriate conditions for the bats to hibernate. Fall migration occurs between August and October; spring

migration between April and May.

Roosting Habitat

Roost trees are present in the project area. In Christian County, it is estimated that there are 663,519 snags on

Forest Service lands (FIA 2005). Hazard trees will be removed within the Cobb Ridge Campground, KC

pavilion and Camp Ridge Day Use Areas, along roads and trails. These trees will be cut between November 1

and April 1 whenever possible per the Forest Plan.

Migration Habitat Indiana bats could migrate through the Chadwick MDP project area, but given the low number of hibernacula in

this part of the state, the number of Indiana bats migrating through the project area would be a very small

number or none at all. There are suitable roost trees and foraging habitat available, although not much is known

about migration habitat. Forest Plan standards and guidelines would still apply and protect snags and ensure

availability of roosting and foraging habitat which could be used during migration within the project area.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Potential direct effects include those affecting Indiana bat roosting or foraging behavior, or specific habitats

used by Indiana bats (USFS, 2005). However, the Ava/Cassville/Willow Springs Ranger District is located on

the extreme western limit of Indiana bat range and there are no records of actively reproducing Indiana bats on

the District (Gardner, 2003).


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Indiana bats have not been found on the Ava/Cassville/Willow Springs Ranger District. Surveys completed on

the Ava Unit include a 2004 mist net and acoustic survey at a pond in the Garrison Ridge Project area, which is

4 air miles southeast of the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV area. Mist net and acoustic surveys were conducted

in 2008 with a small bat blitz. Six ponds within ten air miles of the project area were netted over three nights

with no Indiana bats captured. In 2009 and 2010 five sites in the Chadwick MDP analysis area and East Bull

Creek north of Chadwick were surveyed no Indiana bats were captured or detected. Also in 2010, one pond

approximately ten air miles southeast of the project area was surveyed with no Indiana bats captured or

detected.

The nearest known hibernaculum is 21 air miles away and not active every year; nearest distance to maternity

colonies are approximately 125 air miles away. Eight years of bat surveys on the District indicate that Indiana

bat presence is minimal, if any. These accounts indicate that direct effects to this species are low due to lack of

occurrences and location of the project area in its range. Preferred habitat is present in the project area and

direct effects to unoccupied habitat would occur under the proposed action.

Trails Management: This will have the same effects as the gray bat except when hazard trees need to be cut in

Cobb Ridge Campground, the day use areas, dispersed recreation areas, and along roads and trails. This will be

done between November 1 and April 1 whenever possible. Decommissioning trails will eliminate the need to

remove hazard trees from 7.4 miles of trails.

Prescribed burning: Prescribed burning will be limited to the Cobb Ridge Campground and the day use and

dispersed recreation areas (approximately 95 acres). Burns would occur from mid August to mid April

avoiding maternity season. Bats are migrating and/or hibernating during mid August to mid April. The

hibernacula would not be affected because of distance to the cave. Also the minimal acreage being burned will

keep smoke levels low and local. Burns would take approximately one day to complete and smoke would

dissipate completely during this time. Smoke from prescribed burns is unlikely to affect the Indiana bat

hibernaculum located about 21 air miles southeast of the project area.

Construction of firelines would not affect Indiana bat caves or foraging habitats per 2005 Forest Plan standards

and guidelines. Cobb Ridge, the day use area and dispersed recreation areas are located on ridgetops way from

riparian foraging areas.

Prescribed burning would also decrease fuel loads in Cobb Ridge Campgound, reducing the chance for a high-

intensity, stand-replacing fire in forested areas. Wildfires could cause excess sediments if a weather event were

to occur afterwards reaching foraging areas and temporarily degrade suitable foraging habitat for Indiana bats.

Maintenance of firelines is an activity identified in the 2005 Programmatic BO as one which may remove

suitable roost trees. The reasonable and prudent measures, and terms and conditions set in the Programmatic

BO restrict hazardous tree removal to the period between November 1 and April 1, whenever possible. This

would eliminate potential to cause direct effects to the Indiana bat. The loss of unoccupied suitable roost trees

could still occur, however many other suitable roost trees remain throughout the project area. Given the data

that indicate that no Indiana bats are present in the area, no direct effects to individuals are expected.

Road Management: The roads designation is being removed from Forest Service designated trails. Designated

Forest Service roads are ATV trails used by ATV riders. Decommissioning 1.3 miles of roads will reduce

sedimentation entering streams, thereby improving water quality for prey species of Indiana bats. This will also

eliminate the need to remove hazard trees along these roads. Maintenance includes removing hazard trees,

which would also remove unoccupied suitable roost trees.

NNIS Treatment: The effects will be the same as for the gray bat. Design criteria will be used to protect

threatened and endangered species and their habitat. These criteria are found in Appendix A. These criteria


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will reduce the risk of impacting Indiana bats and their prey species. However, there is always a chance that

Indiana bats would consume insects or water that may have been in contact with herbicide. The herbicides

proposed for use pose low impacts to mammals. Additional information on herbicides being used within the

project area can be found in Appendix B.

Mowing and hand pulling weeds would reduce seed production and dispersal, slowing down their spread. This

would encourage native vegetation and may increase plant diversity and insect populations.

White Nose Syndrome

White nose syndrome is a fungus that is infecting hibernating bats in the northeastern United States. This

fungus often forms white tufts on the bats’ muzzle. These infected bats have appeared to have used up their

winter fat reserves and congregate much closer to the entrance of the hibernacula than usual.

White nose syndrome has been confirmed in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut,

Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Maine, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina,

Kentucky, and Tennessee. Eastern pipistrelle, little brown, northern long-eared, small-footed and Indiana bats

have been affected. To date, White Nose Syndrome has not been confirmed in Missouri.

Currently the Mark Twain National Forest has extended it emergency cave closure order until 2016. Since the

proposed project would not affect caves or bat species that reside in the Chadwick MDP Project area, this

project would not contribute to the spread of this fungus into Missouri. Measures such as cave gates will be put

in place as needed.

Cumulative Effects

Endangered Species Act (ESA) cumulative effects are those effects of future activities on State or private land,

not involving Federal activities that are reasonably certain to occur within the action area of the Federal action

subject to consultation. Future Federal actions requiring separate consultation unrelated to the proposed action

are not considered in the cumulative effects section.

The Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV had 25 miles of designated trails in the 1960s. However, Chadwick has

been a riding area even before the 1960s. The activities proposed in this project are to maintain and improve

trails possibly decreasing the amount of sediment loss into streams and to repair damage caused by

unauthorized trails. Repairing and maintaining designated trails will keep most riders using these trails instead

of creating new routes, also decreasing sediment loss. Hazard trees will be removed from Cobb Ridge

Campground, day-use, dispersed areas (95 acres), and along designated trails, however there will still be roost

trees available for Indiana bats within unused portions and decommissioned roads and trails in the 6,440 acre

Chadwick Area.

There will be no cumulative effects to the gray or Indiana bat for the following reasons:

There is no documented use within Chadwick by gray or Indiana bats and habitat will still be available

in the project area.

Surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010 revealed no gray or Indiana bats present.

Caves surveys conducted in the winter 2010/2011 revealed no gray or Indiana bats present.

There are no known gray bat maternity colonies or hibernacula or Indiana bat hibernacula in the project

area, so there will be no direct or indirect effects on known cave habitats. Furthermore, the nearest

known Indiana bat hibernacula is not constantly used, and has a low population (50 bats in 2004/2005),

and is 21 air miles from the project area.


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2005 Forest Plan standards and guidelines will be followed to prevent effects to foraging and roosting

habitat.

Project work including maintenance, decommissioning, reconstruction, relocation, etc. will decrease the

amount of sediment potentially entering area streams, so there may be a slight beneficial impact to water

quality which would maintain the gray and Indiana bat prey base.

Prescribed burning will be completed within designated recreation areas (Cobb Ridge, day-use, and

dispersed recreation sites) totaling 95 acres, which would localize smoke but not affect the occupied

caves.

Herbicide will be used within designated recreation areas (Cobb Ridge, day-use, and dispersed

recreation sites) and along trails and roads where noxious weeds are more likely to occur. Given this,

design criteria, label directions, and the 2005 Forest Plan standards and guidelines “limiting the use of

pesticides within RMZs, WPZs, and within 100 feet of sinkholes, springs, wetlands, and cave openings

will further reduce impacts to gray and Indiana bats from the proposed action.

Therefore, the potential for adverse impacts to gray or Indiana bat by proposed activities in the Chadwick

MDP project is remote and considered discountable.

Incidental Take

Incidental take is not likely to occur since all effects are insignificant or discountable. The cumulative total of

incidental take for the Mark Twain National Forest will not be affected by this project.

Conclusion/Determination

Gray Bat

The nearest gray bat maternity colony is 11 air miles southwest of the Chadwick MDP analysis area. The last

known estimated population of gray bats using this cave was 3,000 in 2000. The nearest hibernacula is 20 air

miles southwest of the project area. Foraging habitat will be protected by standards and guidelines set in the

2005 Forest Plan, such as, protection of riparian stream zones, water protection zones, ponds, and springs.

Herbicide use will be used according to the label, Forest Service standards and guidelines and specified design

criteria to avoid impacts to prey and habitat. Smoke from the minimal acreage of prescribed burning will not

affect the caves which are 11 and 20 air miles away from the project area.

Since, the Chadwick MDP project area will continue to provide suitable foraging habitat and activities proposed

may improve water quality, the effects of implementing Alternative 3 would not generate cumulative effects.

Therefore the proposed Chadwick MDP Project, “May Effect, but is not likely to Adversely Affect” the gray

bat.

Indiana Bat

Based on State and site-specific surveys, Indiana bat use in the Chadwick MDP project area could be considered

minimal, if any. The Indiana bat hibernacula is 21 air miles southeast of the Chadwick MDP analysis area.

Recent occupations of this hibernacula are the winter of 2004/2005 and 1998/1999. The closest maternity

colony is located on the Salem Ranger District about 125 air miles northeast of Chadwick. Bat surveys

conducted in the last several years have not detected any Indiana bats present on the Ava/Cassville/Willow

Springs Ranger District.

Both mist net and anabat surveys conducted in and around the Chadwick MDP project area have not captured or

detected Indiana bats. Surveys completed on the Ava Unit include a 2004 mist net and acoustic survey at a

pond in the Garrison Ridge Project area, which is 4 air miles southeast of the Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV

area. Mist net and acoustic surveys were conducted in 2008 with a small bat blitz. Six ponds within ten air miles

of the project area were netted over three nights with no Indiana bats captured. In 2009 and 2010 five sites in


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the Chadwick MDP analysis area and East Bull Creek north of Chadwick were surveyed no Indiana bats were

captured or detected. Also in 2010, one pond approximately ten air miles southeast of the project area was

surveyed with no Indiana bats captured or detected. Therefore impacts to individual Indiana bats are not

expected to occur.

Smoke will not affect bats that could potentially roost in the project area because prescribed burns will be

completed after maternity season and no Indiana bats have been detected in the area. Smoke will not affect the

hibernacula because of the distance away and small acreage of the burns. Prescribed burns will reduce fuel

loads in Cobb Ridge Campground, and may create and remove snags (roost trees); however roost trees will still

be available in the project area.

Road management activities will improve water quality for aquatic insects for Indiana bats should they use the

Chadwick MDP area. However, maintaining the road would also remove unoccupied suitable roost trees.

Prescribed burning, road and trail management have the potential to remove suitable roost trees from the project

area. However, these activities and natural disturbance such as oak decline, wind/weather events, wild fires will

also create snags for suitable roost trees. The proposed project will not eliminate all potential roost trees within

the project area. Because of the unlikelihood that Indiana bats, use the project area, because of its position at

the extreme western edge of Indiana bat range, and the large number of potentially suitable roost trees available,

it is highly unlikely that removal of a limited number of potentially suitable roost trees would result in any

adverse effects to Indiana bat individuals or the population as a whole.

The project complies with the mandatory Reasonable and Prudent Measures and associated Terms and

Conditions described in the 2005 BO. There are no additional recommendations or mitigation measures

necessary to protect or further recover Indiana bat or their habitat in the project area. Since, the Chadwick MDP

project area would continue to provide suitable foraging habitat, maintain roost trees, and protect water quality,

the effects of implementing Alternative 3 would not generate cumulative effects. Alternative 3 will maintain

any currently unoccupied Indiana bat habitat. Therefore, the Chadwick MDP project “May effect, Not Likely

to Adversely Affect” the Indiana bat.

Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines

Appendix B- Biological Opinion Standards and Guidelines applicable to federal species, Mark Twain National

Forest pages 13-30.

Decommission user-defined trails that are causing resource damage.

Locate new trails at least 100 feet from a cave entrance unless the trail leads to an overlook or other interpretive

opportunity regarding the cave. When reconstructing or maintaining existing trails near caves, consider

relocating the trail away from the cave.

Do not allow camping within caves or within 100 feet of a cave entrance.

Do not use caves, sinkholes, and other karst features when locating new common variety disposal locations or

pits.

In cases when the RMZ boundary cannot be effectively determined using the characteristic described in

the Forest Plan, set the RMZ boundary at least 100 feet horizontal distance from the top of each bank.


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Within the RMZ the following activities are prohibited:

New motorized trails (except at designated crossings)

Servicing of equipment

Use of chemicals (unless needed to move towards desired condition).

Within the RMZ the following activities should be avoided whenever possible:

New recreational facilities and opportunities

Equipment operation

Stream channel crossings

Within the WPZ the following activities are prohibited:

Fertilization

Servicing of equipment


Within the WPZ the following activities should be avoided whenever possible:

New recreational facilities and opportunities

Construction of sanitation facilities

Equipment operation

Stream channel crossing


Designate an area of at least 20 acres completely surrounding an Indiana or gray bat cave entrance(s) –

including the area above known or suspected cave or mine passages, foraging corridor(s), ridge tops, and

side slopes around the cave for permanent old growth management. Within this area, only vegetation

management activities needed to reach the desired condition are allowed.

Designate an area of at least 10 acres completely surrounding a cave or abandon mine entrance(s) as

permanent old growth. The area should include the area above known or suspected cave passages where

possible. Vegetation management may occur only as part of natural community management to reach

desired conditions.

Prohibit all mechanical disturbances on springs, seeps, fens, sinkholes, and shrub swamps, regardless of

size.

Maintain trees with characteristics of suitable roost (i.e., dead or dying with exfoliating bark or large living trees

with flaking bark) whenever possible with regard for public safety and accomplishment of overall resource

goals and objectives.

Identify and remove hazard trees between November 1 and April 1 whenever possible.

The area around occupied Indiana and gray bat caves is a smoke-sensitive area. Develop prescribed

burn plans to avoid or minimize smoke influences at or near these caves. Give the Fish and Wildlife

Service an opportunity to review and comment on prescribed burn plans within these areas.

Where on site revegetation is not desirable, or not likely to quickly revegetate the site, use one or more of the

following methods:

Fertilize to encourage growth of desirable on-site vegetation.


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Apply local surrounding organic mulch(i.e. leaf litter and pine needles) or covering with sterile weed-

free straw to promote reestablishment of native vegetation;

Reseed or replant with native species appropriate to the site or sterile annuals (wheat, rye, etc.) and

fertilizing if necessary, or

Scarify to establish seed bed.

Firelines and water diversion structures must not drain directly into stream channels, sinkholes, or other

specialized habitats.

Hand-constructed firelines shall be located at least 50 feet from cave and abandoned mine entrances.

Mechanically constructed firelines for prescribed fires are prohibited in the following areas:

Above known cave passages

On slopes greater than 35%, except for short runs with low erosion potential (for example,

coming off of a road grade.

Within 100 feet of known cave and abandoned mine entrances;

Within 100 feet of sinkhole ponds, springs, seeps, fens, shrub swamps, rock bluffs, outcrops, cliffs,

and glades

Within the RMZ

Within known heritage resource sites

Mechanically constructed firelines for prescribed burns should avoid the WPZ whenever possible. When there

is no feasible alternative, lines crossing these areas should not disturb the ground (i.e., lift the blade) for 50 feet

on each side of the channel.

Use of pesticides must comply with the product label.

Use the least impacting application method needed for effective control of the target species.

Wash and rinse equipment used in the mixing and application of pesticides and fertilizers in the area

where runoff will not reach surface waters, wetlands, fens, sinks, or special other habitats.

When using pesticides within the RMZ, WPZ, and within 100 feet of sinkholes, springs, wetlands, and

cave openings adhere to the following:

Minimize the use of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, or hazardous materials;

Use only pesticides labeled for use in or near aquatic systems;

Use only hand application and single plant application of herbicides and pesticides, unless other

methods are approved by the forest supervisor based on environmental analysis that has shown

they are environmentally sound and the most biologically effective method practicable.

References

Aley, Tom. 2011. Personal Communication on Indiana bats hibernating in Tumbling Creek Cave.

Amelon, Sybill. 2004. Personal Communication on foraging distances of male Indiana bats.

Davidson, Theresa. 2005. Personal Communication on Indiana bats hibernating in Tumbling Creek Cave.


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Eberly, Jody. 2005. Indiana bat captures May 2005 – Preliminary information Mark Twain National Forest.

Supervisor’s Office.

Gardner, Gene. 2003. Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) in Southwest Missouri Request for Additional Information

and Verification of Existing Records.

Kurta et.al. 2004. Nocturnal activity of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Journal of Zoology

262(2)197-206.

Missouri Department of Conservation, Missouri Fish and Wildlife Information System, 2003.


Missouri Department of Conservation, Missouri, Natural Heritage Database. 2006.


USDA, Forest Service. 2005. Mark Twain National Forest Plan.

USDA, Forest Service. 2005. Biological Assessment for the Mark Twain National Forest 2005 Forest Plan.

USDA Forest Service. 2011. EIS -Non-Native Invasive Plant Control Project (Draft). For Appendices.

USDA, Forest Service. 2005. FIA data. http://ncrs2.fs.fed.us/4801/fiadb/rpa-tabler/webclass_rpa_tabler.asp

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Biological Opinion for the Mark Twain National

Forest 2005 Forest Plan. Columbia, Missouri. September 2005.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service Species List 01/07/2011.

Whitaker Jr., J.O and Virgil Brack, Jr. 2002. Distribution and summer ecology in Indiana. Pp. 48-55. The

Indiana bat. Biology and Management of an Endangered Species. Ed. Allen Kurta and Jim Kennedy. Austin,

Texas.




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Attachment A – Specifications for Herbicide Application

1. All equipment, boots, and clothing must be inspected and cleaned of all vegetation debris and soil before

moving from treatment site to ensure that propagules are not transported to other sites. Equipment

cleaning can be done at any commercial car wash facility or other facility with a high-powered water hose.

Inspection of the rigs should be done on-site by the project leader or contract administrator.

2. NNIP parts capable of starting new plants (seeds, rhizomes, etc.) will be disposed of properly. Plants may

be piled and burned on site or bagged and moved off site. Bagged plants will either be incinerated or

receive standard garbage disposal. For large woody bushes that would be difficult to move, treatments

should be scheduled prior to seed set.

3. Use of mowing as a NNIP control should be timed to avoid spreading seeds (i.e., before seed set).

4. When herbicide must be applied during the growing season, a selective herbicide should be used to reduce

effects to non-target vegetation. If a selective herbicide is not available, a selective method of herbicide

application will be used to minimize affects to non-target species.

5. Herbicide will be sprayed with a boom only when wind conditions are less than 10 miles/hour, or lower

wind speed if so directed by the manufacturer’s label.

6. Prevailing weather conditions will be considered and lower volatility formulations used under conditions

that might result in a high risk of volatilization.

7. Weather forecasts will be obtained prior to herbicide treatment. Treatment activities will be halted, if

necessary, to prevent runoff during heavy rain or high wind event.

8. The lowest spray boom and release height possible, consistent with operator safety, will be used.

9. Areas to receive herbicide treatment will be visited as needed to ensure protection of TES. If any TES are

located, then appropriate protective measures will be implemented according to Forest Plan standards and

guidelines, Programmatic BO terms and conditions, and/or Design Criteria.

10. Hand application of herbicides to stumps or cut surfaces (cut and stump treatment) or basal bark (basal

bark treatment on woody plants will be utilized wherever possible in areas known to contain rare or

sensitive wildlife.

11. In areas with soil disturbance or pre-emergent herbicide use, erosion controls will be implemented to

prevent soil loss or habitat degradation as needed.

From: Design Criteria Draft EIS-Integrated Non-native Invasive Species Plant Control 2011


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Attachment B

Table 1. Herbicide toxicity for mammals, birds, terrestrial invertebrates, aquatic organisms and soil

microorganisms.

.


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From: Draft EIS-Integrated Non-native Invasive Species Plant Control 2011


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Table 2. Pesticide Solubility, Sorption and Half-Life.



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Table 3. Herbicides approved for near water.


APPENDIX D Maps

D-1

Figure 1. Proposed activities for motorcycle and ATV trails areas, campground, and day-use and dispersed recreation areas in Alternative 2.

APPENDIX D Maps

D-2

Figure 2. Proposed activities for roads in Alternative 2.

APPENDIX D Maps

D-3

Figure 3. Proposed activities for motorcycle and ATV trails areas, campground, and day-use and dispersed recreation areas in Alternative 3.

APPENDIX D Maps

D-4

Figure 4. Proposed activities for roads in Alternative 3.

APPENDIX E Soils Erosion Potential

E-1

Figure 1. Erosion potential for Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV-Use Area (North).


E-2

Figure 2. Erosion potential for Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV-Use Area (Central).


E-3

Figure 3. Erosion potential for Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV-Use Area (East).


E-4

Figure 4. Erosion potential for Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV-Use Area (West).


E-5

Figure 5. Erosion potential for Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV-Use Area (Southeast).


E-6

Figure 6. Erosion potential for Chadwick Motorcycle and ATV-Use Area (Southwest).

APPENDIX F Heritage Mitigation

F-1

Heritage Resources Mitigation Common to All Action Alternatives

CR1: Site Avoidance during Project Implementation

Avoidance of cultural resources will be understood to require the retention of such properties in

place and their protection from effects resulting from the undertaking. Effects will be avoided by

implementing the following specific actions in the Chadwick MDP Project Area:

a) Establishing clearly defined site boundaries and buffer zones around

archaeological sites located in areas where activities such as those outlined

above (Definition of Effects and Area of Potential Effects) are proposed that

might result in an adverse effect to an archaeological site. Buffer zones will

be of sufficient size to ensure that the integrity of the characteristics and values

which contribute to, or may potentially contribute to, the properties'

significance will not be affected;

b) Routing relocated or newly constructed trail/road segments away from

archaeological sites;

c) Ensuring that trail maintenance activities are restricted to existing trail

treads/road prisms, particularly if said trails/roads pass through archeological

sites.

CR2: Site Protection during Prescribed Burns

1. Firelines

a) Those archaeological sites located along existing trails/roads that may be used

as firelines will be protected by hand-clearing those sections of the trail/road

that cross the sites. Although these trails/roads are generally cleared of

combustible debris using a small dozer, if necessary, those sections of roads

crossing archaeological sites will be cleared using leaf blowers and/or leaf

rakes. There will be neither removal of soil, nor disturbance below the ground

surface, during fireline preparation.

2. Burn Unit Interior

a) Combustible contributing elements at eligible or unevaluated sites in the burn

unit interiors will be protected from damage during the burns by removing

excessive fuels from the feature vicinity, and, where necessary, by burning out

an area around the feature prior to igniting the main burns. Burning out is

accomplished by constructing a set of two hand lines, approximately 30 to 50

ft. apart, around the feature and by then burning the area between the two lines

while the burn is carefully monitored. A fuel-free zone is thereby created

around the combustible elements. Any combustible features that might be

located in a burn unit will also be fully documented at a minimum with digital

photographs and/or field drawings prior to the burn.

b) Eligible or unevaluated sites containing above ground, non-combustible

cultural features, and exposed artifacts will be protected, where necessary, by

APPENDIX F Heritage Mitigation

F-2

removing, by hand, concentrations of fuels of sufficient density to

significantly alter the characteristics of those cultural resources.

c) No mitigation measures are proposed for any sites in the burn interior that

have been previously burned and/or that do not contain combustible elements

or other above ground features and exposed artifacts [as described in (a) and

(b) above], because it is not expected that the burns proposed for the

Chadwick MDP Project Area would be sufficiently intense to cause adverse

effects to these sites.

3. Post-Burn Monitoring

a) Post-burn monitoring may be conducted at selected sites to assess the actual

effects of the burns on the sites against the expected effects and to check for

indirect effects at the sites following the burn. SHPO consultation will be

carried out with respect to mitigation for any sites that suffer unexpected

damage during the burn, or that are suffering damage from indirect effects

following the burn.

CR3: Discovery of Cultural Resources during Project Implementation

Although the cultural resources surveys completed for this project were designed to locate, with

a reasonable degree of certainty, those archaeological sites and site components that might be

eligible for the National Register, such sites and site components may go undetected for a variety

of reasons. Should any previously unrecorded cultural resources be discovered during project

implementation, activities that may be affecting that resource will be halted immediately; the

resource will be evaluated by an archaeologist, and consultation will be initiated with the SHPO,

as well as with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, if required, to determine

appropriate actions for protecting the resource and for mitigating any adverse effects on the

resource. Project activities at that locale will not be resumed until the resource is adequately

protected and until agreed-upon mitigation measures are implemented with SHPO approval.

CR4: Other Mitigation Measures

If it is not feasible, or necessarily desirable to completely avoid an archaeological site that may

be harmed by a project activity (CR1), then the following steps will be taken: (1) In consultation

with the Missouri State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), the site(s) will be evaluated

against National Register of Historic Places significance criteria (36 CFR 60.4) to determine if

the site is eligible for, or appears to be eligible for, inclusion in the National Register of Historic

Places. This evaluation may require subsurface site testing. (2) In consultation with the Missouri

SHPO, and with the Advisory Council if required, mitigation measures will be developed which

will lessen, or minimize, the adverse effects on the site, so that a finding of No Adverse Effect

results. (3) The agreed-upon mitigation measures will be implemented prior to initiation of

project activities that have the potential to affect the site.

Appendix A References Cited by Affected Environment...

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