APPENDIX 1 -...

116

APPENDIX 1

Table A1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropy

S.No. Author(s) Year

Particulars

Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters

Varied

1 Mckee 1946 Amyl chlorides Sodium xylene sulfonate-

2 Booth and Everson 1948

Amyl alcohol, Benzoic acid,

Bromoform, Butyl alcohol,

Chloroform

Sodium xylene sulfonate 25°C

3 Booth and Everson 1949Acetophenone, Aniline,

Benzaldeyde, BenzeneSodium benzene sulfonate -

4 Booth and Everson 1950

Hexane, Carbon tetra chloride,

Cotton seed oil, o-cresol,

Cyclohexanol

Na-o-xylene sulfonate,

Na-m-benzene disulphate, Na-p-

bromobenzene sulfonate

25°C and 60°C

5 Licht and Wiener 1950 Benzoic acid

Na-p-cymene sulfonate,

Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate,

Na-m-benzene disulfonate

40°C

6 Poochikian and Cradock 1979 Cytotoxic agent ‘chatreusin’Na-mono, di and tri hydroxyl

benzoates-

7 Saleh et al 1980 Diazepam Sodium Salicylate -

8 Badwan et al 1982 Benzodiazepines Sodium salicylate 25°C

9. Hansen and Rosenholm 1986 Pentanol Sodium propionate 298 K

10 Pandit and Sharma 1987 Phenyl benzoate

Potassium salts of butyl monoglycol

sulphate,

p-Cumyl phenol

117

Table A1.1 (Continued)


Particulars


Varied

11 Mahapatra et al 1988

2,6-Xylenol/p-cresol,

o-Chlorophenol/phenol,

2,4-Dichlorophenol/

p-chlorophenol

p-Toluene sulfonic acid

-

12 Darwish 1989 Etoposide

Sodium benzoate,

Sodium o-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium

2,5-dihydroxybenzoate

-

13 Geetha et al 1991 o- and p-Chloronitrobenzenes Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate

14 Rasool et al 1991

Diazepam, Griseofulvin,

Progesterone,

17 Beta-estradiol, Testosterone

Nicotinamide -

15 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol, Phenol/o-

chlorophenol

Sodium toluate, Sodium toluene

sulfonate, Sodium cymene sulfonate-

16 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992

p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,

isopropanol/ fm-butanol,

wc-butanol/rert-butanol

Sodium toluate,

Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodium

cymene sulfonate

-

17 Pathak and Gaikar 1993 o- and p-Chlorobenzenoic acidsSodium-p-toulene sulfonate, Sodium-

butyl monoglycol sulfonate

303, 313 and

323 K

118


S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars


Varied

18 Gaikar and Sharma 1993

p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,Phenol/o-chlorophenol,p-Chlorophenol/2,4-Dichlorophenol,o-Cresol/6-Cl-o-cresol,p-/o-lsopropylphenolst,2,4-Dichlorophenol/2,4,6-Trichlorophenol,Phenollacetophenone

Potassium benzoate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium xylene sulfonate,

-

19Raynaud-lacroze andTarvare

1993 2-NaptholSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiumbutyl monoglycol sulfate

25ºC and 60ºC

20 Ammar and Khalil 1995 OxaminiquineSodium salts of hydroxyl, Aminodervitavies of benzoic acid

21 Jadhav et al 1995 m- and p-AminoacetophenonesSodium butyl monoglycol sulphate,Sodium cumenesulfonate, Sodiumxylenesulfonate,

25ºC and 50ºC

22 Calonie et al 1996 o- and p-Chlorobenzoic acid Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate 25 °C and 45°C23 Friberg et al 1996 Phenethyl alcohol Sodium xylene sulfonate -

24 Tavare and Jadhav 19966-Aminopenicillanic acid,Phenoxyacetic acid

50 mass %Sodium butyl monoglycolsulfate,40 mass % Sodium cumenesulfonate,40 mass % sodium xylenesulfonate

25°C

119



Particulars


Varied

25 Suzuki and Sunada 1998 NifidipineNicotinamide,

Urea-

26 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 n-Butyl acetate

Citroic acid,

Sodium benzoate,

Sodium salicylate, Urea

303,313,323

and 333 K

27 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 Ethyl benzoateCitric acid, Sodium benzoate, Sodium

salicylate, Urea

303,313,323

and 333 K

28 Gaikar and Phatak 1999o-/p-Chlorobenzoic acids,

o-/p-Nitroanilines

Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate -

29 Tavare and Jadhav 19996-Aminopenicillanic acid,

Phenoxyacetic acid

Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate-

30 Dhara and Chatterji 1999Poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)

hydrogels

Hydroxybenzenes,

Hydroxybenzoates,

Benzenesulfonates

24ºC and 26ºC

31 Silva et al 1999 Polar dye (Methyl yellow)

Nicotinamide,

Sodium p-toluene sulfonate,

Tetrapropyl and tetrabutyl ammonium

bromides

298 K

32 Gonzalez et al 2000

Ethoxylated fatty alcohol

containing between five and

six oxyethylenic units (C12E6)

Sodium p-toluene sulfonate -

120




Varied

33Dharmendira Kumar andNagendra Gandhi

2000 Amyl acetateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea

303, 313, 323and 333 K

34Dharmendira Kumar andNagendra Gandhi

2000 Methyl salicylateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea

303, 313, 323and 333 K

35 Hino and Ford 2001 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Nicotinamide 50 to 70 ºC

36 Simmora et al 2001 RapamycinBenzyl alcohol,Benzyl benzoate,Benzoic acid

-

37 Horvath et al 2001 Lecithin Sodium xylene sulfonate -38 Guo et al 2002 CTAB/n- C5H11OH/H2O Penicillin potassium -

39 Raman and Gaikar 2002 PiperineSodium alkyl benzene sulfonates,Sodium butyl monoglycol

-

40 Roy and Moulik 2002

Water/Triton X-100+BuOH (1:1w/w)/isooctane,water/AOT/isooctane,Cetylpyridiniumchloride and TX-100 and methyl cellulose.

Sodium salicylate,Proline, Resorcinol, Pyrogallol, Urea

30 ºC

41 Dandekar and Gaikar 2003 CurcuminoidsSodium cumene sulfonate,Sodium n-butyl benzene sulfonate

-

42 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel n-Poly nicotinamide -43 Raman and Gaikar 2003 Boswellic acids Alkylbenzene sulfonate -

121



Particulars


Varied

44 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel

N,N-Diethylnicotinamide, N-

Picolylnicotinamide,

N-allylnicotinamide, Sodium

salicylate

-

45Gnanendran and Amin

2004 Natural gas p-Toluene sulfonic acid

-10 ºC at 1500

psig,

46 Guo et al 2004 CTAB/n-C5H11OH/H2O Cephanone -

47 Mishra and Gaikar 2004 Diosgenin Sodium Cumene Sulfonate 293 K

48 Agarwal et al 2004 Nimesulide

Sodium ascorbate,

Sodium salicylate,

Sodium benzoate-

49 Koparkar and Gaikar 2004 o- and p-Hydroxy acetophenones

Sodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium p-

xylene sulfonate, Sodium p-toluene

sulfonate

-

50Meyyappan and Nagendra

Gandhi2004 Benzyl acetate

Citric acid,

Sodium benzoate,

Sodium salicylate, Urea

303, 313, 323

and 333 K

51 Agrawal et al 2004 Nimesulide

Nicotinamide,

Sodium ascorbate,

Piperazine

25±2 °C

52 Huh et al 2004 Paclitaxel N,N-Diethylnicotinamide -

122




Varied

53 Varade et al 2004

Poly (ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)– poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer L62

Sodium benzene sulfonate, Sodiumtoluene sulfonate, Sodium xylenesulfonate

30°C

54Meyyappan and NagendraGandhi

2005 Benzyl benzoateTri-sodium citrate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea

303, 313, 323and 333 K

55 Maheshwari 2005 Cefixime Urea, Sodium acetate, Sodium citrate -

56 Mishra and Gaikar 2006Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone)

Sodium-n-butyl benzene sulfonate,Sodium cumene sulfonate

40°C and 50°C

57 Evstigneev et al 2006 Vitamin B2Caffeine,Nicotinamide

-

58 Mishra and Gaikar 2006 AndrographolideSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium p-toluene sulfonate, Sodium salicylate

-

59 Maheshwari 2006 Paracetamol Urea -

60 Maheshwari et al 2006Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin,Tinidazole, and Metronidazole

Sodium benzoate, Niacinamide-

61 Zhu et al 2006The pseudoternary Span 80-Tween 85/isopar M/water

Acrylamide 40 ºC

62 Maheshwari 2006 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate -

63 Jain 2007 IndomethacinUrea, Nicotinamide, Resorcinol,Sodium benzoate,Sodium p-hydroxy benzoate

-

123




Varied64 Maheshwari et al 2007 Frusemide Ibuprofen sodium -

65 Dandekar et al 2008 Limonoid aglyconesSodium salicylate,Sodium cumene sulphonate

45 °C

66 Maheshwari and Shukla 2008 Hydrochlorothiazide Niacinamide -

67 Maheshwari et al 2008 Aceclofenac Ibuprofen sodium 28 ±1°C

68 Ramesh et al 2009 o-/p-XyleneSodium salicylate,Sodium benzoate,Nicotinamide

303, 313, 323and 333K

69 Mishra and Gaikar 2009 ForskolinSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium p-toluene sulfonate, Sodium salicylate

20 to 70°C

70 Jenamayjayan et al 2009 Phenol/o-chlorophenolUrea, Citric acid,Sodium salicylate, Nicotinamide

303, 313, 323and 333K

71 Negi and Gaikar 2009 o/p-NitrophenolsSodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate, Sodium cumenesulfonate

-

72 Maheshwari et al 2009 Naproxen Ibuprofen sodium -

73 Sable et al 2009 OlanzepineSodium benzoate,Sodium acetate,Sodium bicarbonate,

-

74 Maheshwari et al 2010a Atenolol Metformin hydrochloride Urea 28±1ºC -75 Sharma et al 2010 Tenfovir disoproxil fumerate Sodium benzoate 25 ±1°C

124




Varied

76 Shukla et al 2010 GlipizideSodium acetate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate

-

77 Smita and Mukesh 2010Pseudoephidrine Sulphate,Desloratidine,

Urea 28 ±1°C

78 Pareek et al 2010 CefprozilPotassium acetate, Potassium citrate,Sodium acetate,Sodium citrate, Urea

-

79 Maheshwari et al 2010b Ornidazole Urea -

80 Maheshwari and Moondra 2010 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate 27 ±1°C

81 Maheshwari et al 2010c Ketoprofen30% Urea,30% Sodium citrate

-

82 Jain et al 2010 Gatifloxacin N,N-Dimethyl urea 28 ±1°C

83 Kim et al, 2010

Griseofulvin, Clofibrate,Nifedipine, Glybenclamide,Dihydroanthracene,Progesterone, Felodipine,Anthracene, Fenofibrate,Itraconazole, Probucol,Coenzyme Q10, Paclitaxel.

N,N-Diethylnicotinamide,N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 37 ºC

84 Marimuthu et al 2011 BenzeneCitric acid, Urea, Nicotinamide,Sodium salicylate

303, 313, 323and 333 K

85 Jayakumar et al 2012 1,2-dichloroethaneCitric acid, Urea, Nicotinamide,Sodium salicylate

303, 313, 323and 333 K

125

APPENDIX 2

Table A2.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the

solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23

2 0.10 4.25 5.81 7.58 8.28

3 0.20 4.34 5.83 7.61 8.34

4 0.30 4.51 5.90 7.65 8.35

5 0.40* 7.01 8.26 9.87 11.65

6 0.50 10.41 12.26 14.87 21.65

7 0.60 12.54 16.36 20.12 32.57

8 0.70 15.23 22.54 31.54 57.86

9 0.80 18.34 29.01 45.02 71.51

10 0.90 21.78 33.51 58.36 84.63

11 1.00 23.64 37.21 64.52 92.17

12 1.20 25.18 45.98 77.23 120.84

13 1.40 28.47 54.64 91.36 135.27

14 1.60 32.14 66.21 117.24 165.82

15 1.80 35.85 73.25 123.56 177.23

16 2.00 38.45 78.15 137.85 190.26

17 2.25 41.01 83.81 142.26 210.35

18 2.50** 44.28 92.76 155.81 223.86

19 2.75 44.31 92.78 155.89 223.94

20 3.00 44.32 92.91 155.95 223.98*MHC;

**Cmax

126

0

50

100

150

200

250

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

C, mol /L

1

02 S

, m

ol

/L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K

Figure A2.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the

solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

127


solubility (S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 2.09 2.54 3.06 3.65

2 0.10 2.13 2.71 3.13 3.72

3 0.20 2.28 2.86 3.18 3.85

4 0.30 2.31 2.92 3.24 4.02

5 0.40 3.78 4.79 6.87 8.63

6 0.50 5.91 8.03 10.78 12.56

7 0.60* 7.28 10.67 13.74 17.62

8 0.70 8.62 13.51 18.56 23.89

9 0.80 9.54 14.78 23.61 29.58

10 0.90 12.36 16.83 27.47 34.04

11 1.00 13.24 19.67 30.72 37.71

12 1.20 14.76 21.09 33.49 43.75

13 1.40 16.07 25.71 35.36 49.09

14 1.60 17.43 27.62 36.98 52.86

15 1.80 18.18 28.14 38.83 56.31

16 2.00 19.59 29.05 40.28 59.07

17 2.25** 19.68 29.12 40.31 59.16

18 2.50 19.86 29.21 40.46 59.29

19 2.75 20.02 29.31 40.59 59.36

20 3.00 20.08 29.36 40.64 59.42*MHC;

**Cmax

128

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


solubility (S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

129


solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 3.02 3.21 3.36 3.45

2 0.10 3.28 3.30 3.62 3.78

3 0.20 3.55 3.82 3.92 4.11

4 0.30 3.81 4.02 4.49 4.62

5 0.40 4.20 4.48 4.70 5.08

6 0.50 4.52 4.51 5.02 5.44

7 0.60* 4.89 4.91 5.25 5.75

8 0.70 6.43 7.51 8.02 8.87

9 0.80 7.40 9.55 10.35 11.61

10 0.90 8.38 11.13 12.98 13.71

11 1.00 9.31 12.17 14.11 16.38

12 1.20 10.53 13.53 16.13 19.92

13 1.40 11.54 14.70 19.98 26.11

14 1.60 13.02 16.92 22.14 28.25

15 1.80 14.10 18.80 25.42 33.36

16 2.00 15.18 19.43 27.03 35.08

17 2.25 16.22 20.80 28.11 36.43

18 2.50**

17.23 22.05 29.27 38.84

19 2.75 17.30 22.15 29.30 38.96

20 3.00 17.44 22.37 29.42 39.10*MHC;

**Cmax

130

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol /L

10

3S

,m

ol

/L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

131

Table A2.4 Effect of sodium salicylate (C) on the solubility (S) of alizarin

in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44

2 0.10 1.34 1.39 1.46 1.56

3 0.20 1.37 1.48 1.55 1.68

4 0.30 1.41 1.52 1.68 1.71

5 0.40* 2.08 2.45 2.85 3.02

6 0.50 3.84 5.96 7.98 8.54

7 0.60 6.12 8.45 10.84 11.87

8 0.70 8.75 10.36 12.3 15.51

9 0.80 9.64 11.52 14.84 19.25

10 0.90 11.02 13.68 17.2 26.02

11 1.00 13.53 17.64 19.64 30.45

12 1.20 14.85 20.84 25.14 37.52

13 1.40 17.12 25.09 29.58 44.38

14 1.60 21.6 29.87 40.82 54.48

15 1.80 23.74 33.47 45.28 59.52

16 2.00 25.15 38.69 47.34 67.82

17 2.25 28.65 42.18 51.37 71.37

18 2.50** 30.95 43.05 59.51 77.58

19 2.75 30.99 43.21 59.55 77.65

20 3.00 31.25 43.29 59.64 77.78

132

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K

Figure A2.4 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the solubility

(S) of alizarin in water at different temperatures (T)

133

Table A2.5 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the

solubility (S) of benzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 3.21 4.04 5.13 6.08

2 0.10 3.26 4.07 5.34 6.27

3 0.20 3.27 4.32 5.41 6.29

4 0.30 3.35 4.58 5.49 6.31

5 0.40*

5.05 6.09 8.05 9.73

6 0.50 5.93 7.93 10.95 12.35

7 0.60 6.83 9.02 13.65 14.24

8 0.70 7.72 10.39 16.78 18.36

9 0.80 8.61 12.72 18.15 24.63

10 0.90 9.89 13.98 22.52 27.53

11 1.00 11.96 15.23 23.47 31.76

12 1.20 13.47 18.58 29.19 39.62

13 1.40 14.76 21.87 33.12 47.14

14 1.60 16.25 25.27 39.76 56.82

15 1.80 18.02 29.69 42.14 62.94

16 2.00 19.45 33.31 47.84 68.79

17 2.25 20.71 35.19 54.37 77.37

18 2.50**

21.28 37.76 57.72 82.76

19 2.75 21.33 37.82 57.78 82.81

20 3.00 21.57 37.86 57.91 82.84*MHC;

**Cmax

134

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

2 S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K

Figure A2.5 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the

solubility (S) of benzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

135


solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23

2 0.10 4.21 5.84 7.51 8.26

3 0.20 4.28 5.89 7.58 8.32

4 0.30 4.32 5.92 7.64 8.37

5 0.40 4.35 5.97 7.69 8.40

6 0.50*

6.85 7.84 8.98 10.43

7 0.60 7.51 8.36 13.65 17.74

8 0.70 8.26 15.58 20.84 26.31

9 0.80 9.45 18.79 29.54 34.83

10 0.90 11.36 19.68 32.61 42.56

11 1.00 13.72 23.25 37.93 53.80

12 1.20 17.64 28.12 51.26 62.76

13 1.40 18.98 33.87 54.05 80.92

14 1.60 20.62 38.21 58.82 89.10

15 1.80 22.38 42.28 65.67 94.85

16 2.00 23.25 47.81 71.28 105.58

17 2.25**

26.75 51.54 78.16 113.08

18 2.50 26.74 51.57 78.21 113.14

19 2.75 26.81 51.58 78.28 113.17

20 3.00 26.84 51.60 78.31 113.23*MHC;

**Cmax

136

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

C, mol /L

10

2 S

,m

ol

/L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

137


solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 3.02 3.21 3.36 3.45

2 0.10 3.39 3.40 3.40 3.48

3 0.20 3.82 3.86 3.69 3.96

4 0.30 4.25 4.47 4.62 4.88

5 0.40*

5.01 5.14 5.32 5.71

6 0.50 7.08 7.22 7.40 8.65

7 0.60 8.45 8.98 9.45 12.01

8 0.70 9.36 11.02 12.75 17.34

9 0.80 10.75 12.82 15.08 21.01

10 0.90 11.85 15.94 16.70 26.25

11 1.00 12.44 18.37 21.35 29.71

12 1.20 14.09 19.81 26.37 35.55

13 1.40 15.63 23.33 30.52 41.73

14 1.60 16.98 26.85 35.28 45.41

15 1.80 18.27 29.79 37.32 48.65

16 2.00 20.13 30.37 39.36 49.56

17 2.25 21.02 31.24 40.52 50.31

18 2.50**

21.82 33.83 42.47 51.23

19 2.75 21.94 33.89 42.62 51.35

20 3.00 22.10 33.92 42.79 51.53*MHC;

**Cmax

138

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol /L

10

3 S

, m

ol

/L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T= 323K

T = 333K


solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

139


solubility (S) of alizarin in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44

2 0.10 1.33 1.38 1.42 1.57

3 0.20 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.59

4 0.30 1.46 1.43 1.57 1.67

5 0.40 1.48 1.51 1.58 1.81

6 0.50*

1.7 2.21 2.98 3.39

7 0.60 2.34 3.47 3.58 6.34

8 0.70 2.57 4.21 4.26 7.86

9 0.80 3.21 4.81 5.71 9.3

10 0.90 4.03 5.53 6.46 10.82

11 1.00 5.42 6.89 8.92 13.31

12 1.20 6.83 8.24 12.35 19.29

13 1.40 7.51 10.33 14.51 22.18

14 1.60 8.84 14.72 19.25 25.86

15 1.80 9.65 16.84 22.94 31.24

16 2.00 11.73 17.2 25.8 35.27

17 2.25**

12.84 19.24 28.06 38.92

18 2.50 12.87 19.28 28.29 39.36

19 2.75 12.9 19.54 28.38 39.85

20 3.00 12.95 19.62 28.4 39.87*MHC;

**Cmax

140

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K

Figure A2.8 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on

the solubility (S) of alizarin in water at different

temperatures (T)

141

Table A2.9 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility

(S) of benzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 3.21 4.04 5.13 6.08

2 0.10 3.23 4.16 5.32 6.09

3 0.20 3.25 4.19 5.45 6.12

4 0.30 3.31 4.26 5.46 6.17

5 0.40 3.37 4.27 5.49 6.25

6 0.50 3.41 4.31 5.53 10.14

7 0.60*

4.49 6.47 8.24 12.14

8 0.70 5.07 8.12 11.59 16.78

9 0.80 5.91 9.46 14.07 20.34

10 0.90 6.41 11.23 17.24 25.94

11 1.00 6.93 12.6 20.39 30.05

12 1.20 7.25 13.24 23.05 34.72

13 1.40 8.34 15.46 26.15 40.29

14 1.60 9.02 17.49 29.78 44.45

15 1.80 9.76 18.14 32.04 48.95

16 2.00 10.33 19.43 33.26 50.45

17 2.25**

10.73 21.51 34.58 51.54

18 2.50 10.79 21.53 34.62 51.61

19 2.75 10.8 21.56 34.66 51.63

20 3.00 10.82 21.59 34.69 51.69*MHC;

**Cmax

142

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

2 S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K

Figure A2.9 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility

(S) of benzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

143


(S) of p-hdyroxybenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23

2 0.10 4.15 5.79 7.48 8.26

3 0.20 4.2 5.82 7.52 8.32

4 0.30 4.23 5.89 7.56 8.35

5 0.40 4.24 5.91 7.59 8.37

6 0.50*

5.38 6.87 8.35 10.06

7 0.60 6.45 8.34 14.47 14.76

8 0.70 7.78 9.67 14.6 20.34

9 0.80 8.94 13.71 17.6 24.83

10 0.90 9.54 15.12 22 29.82

11 1.00 10.65 17.65 25.4 32.31

12 1.20 11.3 19.56 30.76 41.67

13 1.40 12.76 23.84 33.34 49.84

14 1.60 13.32 26.8 39.59 57.18

15 1.80 14.42 28.38 42.25 62.49

16 2.00**

15.34 30.53 49.44 65.71

17 2.25 15.35 30.58 49.48 65.72

18 2.50 15.38 30.61 49.54 65.74

19 2.75 15.43 30.67 49.59 65.79

20 3.00 15.48 30.69 49.63 65.80*MHC;

**Cmax

144

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

2 S

, m

ol

/L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


(S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

145


(S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 000 2.09 2.54 3.06 3.65

2 0.10 2.05 2.63 3.14 3.74

3 0.20 2.14 2.72 3.23 3.78

4 0.30 2.19 2.8 3.36 3.81

5 0.40 2.25 2.86 3.56 3.87

6 0.50*

2.98 3.94 4.86 5.06

7 0.60 3.49 4.49 5.52 7.11

8 0.70 3.61 5.12 7.79 9.64

9 0.80 3.87 5.71 8.72 11.37

10 0.90 4.66 6.56 10.28 13.72

11 1.00 5.01 8.47 12.37 15.47

12 1.20 6.27 9.82 13.91 17.49

13 1.40 7.92 12.36 15.97 22.71

14 1.60 8.50 13.81 18.17 24.63

15 1.80 9.47 14.37 19.65 26.17

16 2.00**

10.41 16.17 21.23 29.04

17 2.25 10.49 16.21 21.36 29.11

18 2.50 10.53 16.35 21.47 29.2

19 2.75 10.64 16.58 21.59 29.38

20 3.00 10.70 16.83 21.83 29.47*MHC;

**Cmax

146

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3 S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


(S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

147


(S) of cinnamic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 3.02 3.27 3.36 3.45

2 0.10 3.11 3.31 3.45 3.51

3 0.20 3.33 3.41 3.60 3.81

4 0.30 3.51 3.58 3.90 4.20

5 0.40 3.81 4.08 4.48 4.61

6 0.50*

4.06 4.44 4.82 5.07

7 0.60 5.03 6.01 6.63 7.05

8 0.70 5.82 7.16 8.10 8.20

9 0.80 6.53 7.93 8.99 10.02

10 0.90 7.18 8.65 10.07 11.81

11 1.00 7.74 9.53 11.18 13.63

12 1.20 8.08 10.18 12.87 15.03

13 1.40 8.91 11.47 13.65 16.83

14 1.60 9.36 12.15 15.15 18.42

15 1.80 10.05 13.09 16.05 19.85

16 2.00**

10.62 13.91 17.40 21.02

17 2.25 10.67 13.94 17.51 21.35

18 2.50 10.71 14.06 17.62 21.49

19 2.75 10.82 14.08 17.70 21.71

20 3.00 10.89 14.09 17.81 21.79*MHC;

**Cmax

148

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3 S

, mo

l/ L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


(S) of cinnamic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

149


(S) of alizarin in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44

2 0.10 1.34 1.38 1.41 1.53

3 0.20 1.33 1.41 1.51 1.61

4 0.30 1.36 1.43 1.59 1.69

5 0.40 1.41 1.51 1.64 1.78

6 0.50*

1.72 2.03 2.35 2.61

7 0.60 1.89 2.31 2.94 3.47

8 0.70 2.17 2.54 3.18 4.02

9 0.80 2.47 2.83 3.54 4.23

10 0.90 2.63 3.14 3.97 4.95

11 1.00 3.01 3.47 4.41 5.36

12 1.20 3.53 4.16 5.27 6.4

13 1.40 4.08 4.72 6.01 7.16

14 1.60 4.52 5.51 6.49 7.6

15 1.80 4.81 5.73 6.92 8.22

16 2.00**

5.49 6.75 8.03 9.23

17 2.25 5.52 6.78 8.06 9.29

18 2.50 5.59 6.81 8.12 9.34

19 2.75 5.62 6.84 8.19 9.41

20 3.00 5.65 6.89 8.24 9.49*MHC;

**Cmax

150

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


(S) of alizarin in water at different temperatures (T)

151

Table A2.14 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of

benzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 3.21 4.04 5.13 6.08

2 0.10 3.2 4.09 5.16 6.1

3 0.20 3.23 4.11 5.15 6.09

4 0.30 3.27 4.14 5.23 6.15

5 0.40 3.29 4.18 5.28 6.19

6 0.50 3.32 4.2 5.32 6.24

7 0.60*

4.46 6.17 7.24 9.28

8 0.70 4.91 7.21 9.79 14.18

9 0.80 5.59 8.05 11.57 15.53

10 0.90 5.87 10.35 13.45 18.19

11 1.00 6.11 10.82 15.26 22.52

12 1.20 6.58 12.02 17.61 27.89

13 1.40 7.14 13.36 19.23 30.81

14 1.60 7.65 14.21 20.82 34.71

15 1.80 8.27 14.92 23.5 37.64

16 2.00 8.54 15.48 25.79 39.45

17 2.25**

9.27 16.43 28.67 42.42

18 2.50 9.28 16.48 28.69 42.48

19 2.75 9.31 16.47 28.7 42.47

20 3.00 9.34 16.5 28.75 42.52*MHC;

**Cmax

152

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

2 S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K

Figure A2.14 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of

benzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

153


p-hdyroxbenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23

2 0.10 4.16 5.8 7.45 8.24

3 0.20 4.15 5.84 7.48 8.21

4 0.30 4.18 5.85 7.52 8.28

5 0.40 4.19 5.89 7.58 8.37

6 0.50 4.25 5.92 7.62 8.56

7 0.60 4.29 5.95 7.68 8.61

8 0.70*

5.06 7.34 9.23 10.84

9 0.80 5.92 9.95 15.69 16.87

10 0.90 6.41 10.85 18.22 21.32

11 1.00 7.08 12.64 19.89 24.47

12 1.20 7.66 13.87 21.53 28.96

13 1.40 8.26 15.62 24.92 33.19

14 1.60 8.91 17.86 27.36 36.87

15 1.80 9.35 18.38 29.45 41.97

16 2.00**

9.92 20.46 32.38 47.25

17 2.25 9.95 20.53 32.45 47.45

18 2.50 9.96 20.59 32.48 47.52

19 2.75 10.02 20.6 32.51 47.61

20 3.00 10.08 20.62 32.5 47.69*MHC;

**Cmax

154

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

1

02S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


p-hdyroxbenzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

155


p-nitrobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 2.09 2.54 3.06 3.65

2 0.10 2.11 2.58 3.12 3.68

3 0.20 2.14 2.59 3.15 3.62

4 0.30 2.15 2.61 3.18 3.70

5 0.40 2.17 2.63 3.21 3.72

6 0.50 2.19 2.67 3.22 3.77

7 0.60*

3.12 4.04 5.27 6.28

8 0.70 3.67 4.48 6.58 8.29

9 0.80 3.92 5.02 7.54 9.43

10 0.90 4.65 5.86 8.47 10.57

11 1.00 5.12 6.5 9.46 12.57

12 1.20 5.97 7.56 11.89 15.33

13 1.40 6.53 8.25 12.97 17.89

14 1.60 6.95 9.77 14.08 19.75

15 1.80 7.34 10.41 15.68 21.03

16 2.00**

7.61 11.62 17.20 22.84

17 2.25 7.63 11.68 17.23 22.85

18 2.50 7.6 11.67 17.24 22.87

19 2.75 7.64 11.68 17.28 22.89

20 3.00 7.63 11.7 17.31 22.92*MHC;

**Cmax

156

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3 S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K

Figure A2.16 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of p-

nitrobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

157


cinnamic acid in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 3.02 3.27 3.36 3.45

2 0.10 3.04 3.29 3.39 3.48

3 0.20 3.08 3.32 3.45 3.49

4 0.30 3.08 3.37 3.46 3.53

5 0.40 3.14 3.41 3.51 3.58

6 0.50 3.17 3.46 3.54 3.57

7 0.60*

4.07 5.18 6.01 6.86

8 0.70 4.58 6.16 7.19 7.70

9 0.80 4.92 6.20 7.92 9.58

10 0.90 5.31 7.43 8.86 10.62

11 1.00 5.82 8.62 10.46 11.80

12 1.20 6.18 9.41 11.58 13.72

13 1.40 6.82 9.76 12.74 15.64

14 1.60 7.27 10.14 13.57 17.81

15 1.80 7.72 10.86 14.31 19.25

16 2.00**

8.61 11.93 15.83 20.53

17 2.25 8.65 11.96 15.85 20.57

18 2.50 8.74 11.99 15.89 20.61

19 2.75 8.73 12.12 15.92 20.62

20 3.00 8.79 12.15 15.90 20.60*MHC;

**Cmax

158

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3 S

, mo

l/ L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


cinnamic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

159


alizarin in water

S.NoC,

mol/L

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44

2 0.10 1.32 1.37 1.45 1.49

3 0.20 1.33 1.39 1.54 1.51

4 0.30 1.35 1.4 1.61 1.59

5 0.40 1.38 1.4 1.67 1.65

6 0.50 1.42 1.43 1.76 1.68

7 0.60 1.49 1.45 1.82 1.75

8 0.70 1.54 1.52 1.87 1.81

9 0.80*

1.9 2.18 2.68 2.98

10 0.90 2.23 2.56 3.28 3.57

11 1.00 2.44 3.07 3.53 4.24

12 1.20 2.84 3.6 4.24 4.92

13 1.40 3.25 3.95 5.17 6.05

14 1.60 3.96 4.71 6.05 6.93

15 1.80 4.37 5.42 6.64 7.48

16 2.00 4.43 5.58 7.12 8.28

17 2.25**

4.69 6.13 7.82 8.91

18 2.50 4.71 6.18 7.85 8.93

19 2.75 4.75 6.19 7.84 8.95

20 3.00 4.82 6.22 7.88 8.98*MHC;

**Cmax

160

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

10

3S

, m

ol/

L

T = 303K

T = 313K

T = 323K

T = 333K


alizarin in water at different temperatures (T)

161

APPENDIX 3

Table A3.1 Apelblat equation parameters A, B, and C for correlation of

solubility of organic solutes data in hydrotrope solutions

Hydrotropes at

2mol/LA B C RMSD × 10

3

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid

Water -121.59 3567.05 17.98 0.071

Sodium Salicylate -148.81 2622.72 23.67 0.995

Sodium Benzoate -149.86 3075.57 23.53 0.639

Nicotinamide -88.53 299.96 14.34 0.582

Urea -106.37 816.11 17.07 0.265

p-Nitrobenzoic acid

Water -52.86 424.60 7.22 0.0001


Sodium Benzoate -158.57 4692.20 23.72 0.0160

Nicotinamide -146.05 3724.38 21.93 0.0104

Urea -162.32 4241.85 24.42 0.0100

Cinnamic acid

Water -235.96 10004.01 33.80 0.0006


Sodium Benzoate -161.36 4858.36 24.07 0.0271

Nicotinamide -149.13 4729.94 21.88 0.0067

Urea -156.17 4529.54 23.19 0.0045

Alizarin

Water -202.73 8782.53 28.54 0.0003


Sodium Benzoate -146.33 3411.13 22.17 0.0037

Nicotinamide -182.25 6704.01 26.42 0.0033

Potassium p-toluene

sulfonate-190.37 3034.91 27.41 0.0305

162

APPENDIX 4

Table A4.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass

transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

-1

Enhancement factor for

mass transfer coefficient

mtc)

1 0.00 1.55 -

2 0.20 1.62 1.05

3 0.50* 5.55 3.58

4 0.80 8.45 5.45

5 1.60 13.85 8.94

6 2.65**

17.53 11.31

7 3.00 17.79 11.48*MHC;

**Cmax

Table A4.2 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass

transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s

-1



mtc)

1 0.00 1.55

2 0.20 1.63 1.05

3 0.50*

2.91 1.88

4 0.80 3.24 2.09

5 1.20 8.31 5.36

6 1.60 9.8 6.32

7 2.25**

12.86 8.29

8 3.00 12.91 8.33*MHC;

**Cmax

163

Table A4.3 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer

coefficient (kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

-1



mtc)

1 0.00 1.55 -

2 0.50*

2.18 1.4

3 0.80 3.96 2.55

4 1.40 5.87 3.78

5 2.00** 7.16 4.62

6 2.50 7.18 4.63

7 3.00 7.23 4.66

*MHC;

**Cmax

Table A4.4 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer coefficient

(kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

-1



mtc)

1 0.00 1.55 -

2 0.70*

2.02 1.3

3 1.00 3.03 1.95

4 1.60 3.94 2.54

5 2.00 4.45 2.87

6 2.50**

4.47 2.88

7 3.00 4.53 2.92

*MHC;

**Cmax

164


transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 0.96 -

2 0.30*

1.57 1.63

3 0.80 5.13 5.34

4 1.40 10.27 10.70

5 2.00 13.84 14.42

6 2.50**

14.59 15.20

7 3.00 14.83 15.45

*MHC;

**Cmax


transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 0.96 -

2 0.40*

1.91 1.99

3 0.80 4.49 4.68

4 1.40 8.03 8.36

5 2.00** 9.70 10.10

6 2.50 9.86 10.27

7 3.00 10.02 10.43

*MHC;

**Cmax

165


coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 0.96 -

2 0.50*

1.53 1.59

3 0.80 1.96 2.04

4 1.00 2.54 2.65

5 1.40 3.61 4.07

6 2.00**

5.21 5.43

7 3.00 5.42 5.65

*MHC;

**Cmax

Table A4.8 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer

coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 0.96 -

2 0.60*

1.48 1.54

3 1.00 2.46 2.56

4 1.40 3.18 3.31

5 1.80 3.59 3.74

6 2.00**

3.72 3.88

7 3.00 3.79 3.95

*MHC;

**Cmax

166


transfer coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 1.14 -

2 0.40*

1.86 1.63

3 1.00 5.09 4.46

4 1.60 7.90 6.93

5 2.00 9.21 8.08

6 2.50**

10.56 9.26

7 3.00 10.89 9.55

*MHC;

**Cmax


transfer coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 1.14 -

2 0.60*

1.87 1.64

3 1.00 3.01 2.64

4 1.60 5.02 4.40

5 1.80 5.68 4.98

6 2.00 6.18 5.42

7 2.50** 7.23 6.34

8 3.00 7.57 6.64

*MHC;

**Cmax

167


coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 1.14 -

2 0.50*

1.26 1.11

3 1.00 2.38 2.09

4 1.40 2.81 2.46

5 1.80 3.35 2.94

6 2.00**

3.41 2.99

7 3.00 3.62 3.17

*MHC;

**Cmax


coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 1.14 -

2 0.60*

1.67 1.46

3 0.80 2.09 1.83

4 1.20 2.72 2.39

5 1.60 3.27 2.86

6 2.00**

3.94 3.45

7 3.00 4.25 3.73

*MHC;

**Cmax

168

Table A4.13 Effect of potassium p – toluene sulfonate concentration (C)

on mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of alizarin


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 6.08 -

2 0.30*

14.39 2.37

3 0.60 27.01 4.44

4 1.00 71.32 11.73

5 2.00 282.12 46.40

6 2.50 356.96 58.71

7 3.00 369.63 60.76

*MHC;

**Cmax


transfer coefficient (kLa) of alizarin


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 6.08 -

2 0.20 6.93 1.14

3 0.40* 10.27 1.69

4 0.60 18.81 3.09

5 1.00 29.48 4.85

6 2.00** 67.40 11.09

7 2.50 69.70 11.46

*MHC;

**Cmax

169


transfer coefficient (kLa) of alizarin


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 6.08 -

2 0.30 6.90 1.04

3 0.40* 14.06 2.12

4 0.60 14.45 2.18

5 1.00 21.28 3.21

6 2.00 28.58 4.31

7 2.50** 35.80 5.40

*MHC;

**Cmax


coefficient (kLa) of alizarin


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 6.08 -

2 0.20 6.80 1.12

3 0.50*

10.64 1.75

4 0.80 14.21 2.34

5 1.00 15.94 2.62

6 2.00**

27.75 4.56

7 3.00 29.40 4.84

*MHC;

**Cmax

170


coefficient (kLa) of alizarin


-1



mtc)

1 0.00 6.08

2 0.40 6.58 1.08

3 0.80* 8.27 1.36

4 1.00 10.25 1.69

5 1.60 16.82 2.77

6 2.25**

19.53 3.21

7 3.00 21.94 3.61

*MHC;

**Cmax

171

APPENDIX 5

Table A5.1 Association constants (K2, Khs) for solute and sodium benzoate for association model of hydrotropy

Temperature, K

K2, Khs, L/mol

Benzoic acidp-Hydroxybenzoic

acid

p-Nitrobenzoic

acidCinnamic acid Alizarin

K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs

303 0.061 2.391 0.983 85.379 0.974 89.45 0.517 18.54 1.313 122.550

313 0.072 3.121 1.247 98.387 1.103 90.68 0.683 22.69 1.531 154.270

323 0.083 5.049 1.321 102.875 1.482 110.35 0.754 28.75 2.046 187.214

333 0.097 6.459 1.830 125.325 1.847 125.32 0.790 32.68 2.840 209.747

172

Table A5.2 Association constants (K2, Khs ) for solute and nicotinamide for association model of hydrotropy

Temperature, K

K2, Khs, L/mol


acidp-Nitrobenzoic acid Cinnamic acid Alizarin


303 0.039 2.058 0.857 23.879 0.082 2.892 0.012 1.257 1.290 8.372

313 0.047 2.139 0.897 54.267 0.082 3.850 0.024 1.864 1.386 10.743

323 0.049 2.601 0.948 65.858 0.095 5.479 0.026 2.042 1.494 14.328

333 0.0512 5.284 1.210 76.247 0.092 6.844 0.047 2.510 1.495 17.432

173

Table A5.3 Association constants (K2, Khs) for solute and urea for association model of hydrotropy

Temperature, K

K2, Khs, L/mol


acidp-Nitrobenzoic acid Cinnamic acid Alizarin


303 0.025 1.097 0.384 12.673 0.043 1.840 0.023 1.541 0.034 3.642

313 0.025 1.458 0.591 15.532 0.049 2.987 0.038 1.801 0.045 5.782

323 0.037 1.891 0.605 18.571 0.053 3.575 0.049 2.097 0.056 8.413

333 0.045 2.211 0.684 24.892 0.062 4.073 0.055 2.181 0.068 9.742

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