Appendices

Appendix AList of International Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers

Appendix BMajor Acronyms and Abbreviations

Appendix cMajor Chemical Formulae and Nomenclature

from this Assessment

A.1

Appendix A

List of internAtionAL Authors,Contributors, And reviewers

CoChAirs

Ayité-Lô Nohende Ajavon Université de Lomé TogoPaul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAJohn A. Pyle University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKA.R. Ravishankara NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Authors And Contributors

CHAPTER 1OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODSs) AND RELATED CHEMICALS

Coordinating Lead Authors

Stephen A. Montzka NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAStefan Reimann Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Germany

Lead Authors

Andreas Engel Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main GermanyKirstin Krüger IFM-GEOMAR / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University GermanySimon O’Doherty University of Bristol UKWilliam T. Sturges University of East Anglia UK

Coauthors

Donald R. Blake University of California, Irvine USAMarcel Dorf University of Heidelberg GermanyPaul J. Fraser CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research AustraliaLucien Froidevaux Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology USAKenneth Jucks NASA Headquarters USAKarin Kreher National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandMichael J. Kurylo Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center / USA University of Maryland Baltimore CountyAbdelwahid Mellouki Institut de Combustion Aérothermique Réactivité et France Environnement (ICARE), CNRSJohn Miller CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAOle John Nielsen University of Copenhagen DenmarkVladimir L. Orkin National Institute of Standards and Technology USARonald G. Prinn Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Global Change Science USARobert Rhew University of California, Berkeley USAMichelle L. Santee Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology USAAndreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) NorwayDaniel P. Verdonik Hughes Associates, Inc. USA

A.2

Appendix A

Contributors

Elliot Atlas University of Miami USAPeter F. Bernath University of York UKThomas Blumenstock Karlsruhe Institute of Technology GermanyJames H. Butler NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAAndré Butz Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON) The NetherlandsBrian J. Connor BC Consulting Limited New ZealandPierre Duchatelet University of Liège BelgiumGeoffrey S. Dutton CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAFrançois Hendrick Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BelgiumPaul B. Krummel Centre for Australian Weather & Climate Research / Australia CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric ResearchLambert Kuijpers Technical University, Eindhoven Center for Sustainability The NetherlandsEmmanuel Mahieu University of Liège BelgiumAlistair J. Manning Met Office UKJens Mühle Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego USAKlaus Pfeilsticker University of Heidelberg GermanyBirgit Quack IFM-GEOMAR / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University GermanyMartin N. Ross The Aerospace Corporation USARoss J. Salawitch University of Maryland USASue Schauffler National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAIsobel J. Simpson University of California, Irvine USADarin W. Toohey University of Colorado USAMartin K. Vollmer Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) SwitzerlandTimothy J. Wallington Ford Motor Company USAHsiang J. (Ray) Wang Georgia Institute of Technology USARay F. Weiss Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego USAMasaaki Yamabe National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; TEAP JapanYoko Yokouchi National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanShari A. Yvon-Lewis Texas A&M University USA

CHAPTER 2STRATOSPHERIC OZONE AND SUFACE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

Coordinating Lead Authors

Anne Douglass NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAVitali Fioletov Environment Canada Canada

Lead Authors

Sophie Godin-Beekmann Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France ( LATMOS)/UPMC, CNRSRolf Müller Forschungszentrum Jülich GermanyRichard S. Stolarski NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAAnn R. Webb University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and UK Environmental Sciences

Coauthors

Antti Arola Finnish Meteorological Institute FinlandJames B. Burkholder NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAJohn P. Burrows University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics Germany/UKMartyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKRaul Cordero Universidad de Santiago de Chile ChileChristine David Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/UPMC, CNRS

A.3

Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers

Peter N. den Outer National Institute for Public Health and the Environment The NetherlandsSusana B. Diaz INGEBI / CADIC / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas ArgentinaLawrence E. Flynn NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service USAMichaela I. Hegglin University of Toronto CanadaJay R. Herman University of Maryland-JCET / Goddard Space Flight Center USAPetra Huck National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandSerm Janjai Silpakorn University ThailandImre M. Jánosi Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest HungaryJanusz W. Krzyścin Polish Academy of Sciences PolandYi Liu Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics ChinaJennifer Logan Harvard University USAKatja Matthes Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ) / Freie Universität Berlin GermanyRichard L. McKenzie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandNzioka John Muthama University of Nairobi KenyaIrina Petropavlovskikh CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAMichael Pitts NASA Langley Research Center USAS. Ramachandran Physical Research Laboratory IndiaMarkus Rex Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam GermanyRoss J. Salawitch University of Maryland USABjörn-Martin Sinnhuber University of Bremen GermanyJohannes Staehelin Swiss Federal Institute of Technology – Zurich SwitzerlandSusan Strahan NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAKleareti Tourpali Aristotle University of Thessoloniki GreeceJéssica Valverde-Canossa Universidad Nacional Costa RicaCorinne Vigouroux Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Belgium

Contributors

Gregory E. Bodeker Bodeker Scientific New ZealandTimothy Canty University of Maryland USAHugo De Backer Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium BelgiumPhilippe Demoulin University of Liège BelgiumUwe Feister Deutscher Wetterdienst GermanyStacey M. Frith Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USAJens-Uwe Grooß Forschungszentrum Jülich GermanyFrank Hase Karlsruhe Institute of Technology GermanyJon Klyft Chalmers University of Technology SwedenTakashi Koide Japan Meteorological Agency JapanMichael J. Kurylo Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center / USA University of Maryland Baltimore CountyDiego Loyola Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Methodik der FernerkundungChris A. McLinden Environment Canada CanadaInna A. Megretskaia Harvard University USAPrijitha J. Nair Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/UPMC, CNRSMathias Palm University of Bremen GermanyDimitrios Papanastasiou CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USALamont R. Poole Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USAMatthias Schneider Karlsruhe Institute of Technology GermanyRobyn Schofield Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam GermanyHarry Slaper National Institute for Public Health and the Environment The NetherlandsWolfgang Steinbrecht Deutscher Wetterdienst GermanySusann Tegtmeier IFM-GEOMAR / Leibniz-Institute for Marine Sciences at Kiel University GermanyYukio Terao National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan

A.4

Appendix A

Simone Tilmes National Center for Atmospheric Research USADmitry I. Vyushin University of Toronto CanadaMark Weber University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics GermanyEun-Su Yang University of Alabama in Huntsville USA

CHAPTER 3FUTURE OZONE AND ITS IMPACT ON SURFACE UV

Coordinating Lead Authors

Slimane Bekki Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL, CNRSGregory E. Bodeker Bodeker Scientific New Zealand

Lead Authors

Alkiviadis F. Bais Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GreeceNeal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre UKVeronika Eyring Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreDavid W. Fahey NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USADouglas E. Kinnison National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAUlrike Langematz Freie Universität Berlin GermanyBernhard Mayer Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich GermanyRobert W. Portmann NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAEugene Rozanov World Radiation Center/Institute for Atmospheric and Switzerland Climate Science-Zürich (ETHZ)

Coauthors

Peter Braesicke University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKAndrew J. Charlton-Perez University of Reading UKNatalia E. Chubarova Moscow State University RussiaIrene Cionni Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreSusana B. Diaz INGEBI / CADIC / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas ArgentinaNathan P. Gillett Environment Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CanadaMarco A. Giorgetta Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie – Hamburg GermanyNinong Komala National Institute of Aeronautics and Space IndonesiaFranck Lefèvre Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL, CNRSCharles McLandress University of Toronto CanadaJudith Perlwitz CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Physical Sciences Division USAThomas Peter Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceKiyotaka Shibata Meteorological Research Institute Japan

Contributors

Hideharu Akiyoshi National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanJohn Austin University Corporation for Atmospheric Research / USA NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryMartyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKMartin Dameris Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreSandip Dhomse University of Leeds UKStacey M. Frith Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USARolando R. Garcia National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USA

A.5

Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers

Hella Garny Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre GermanyAndrew Gettelman National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USASteven C. Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre UKPatrick Jöckel Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz; now at DLR-IPA GermanyAndreas I. Jonsson University of Toronto CanadaAndreas Kazantzidis University of Patras GreeceAnne Kubin Freie Universität Berlin GermanyJean-François Lamarque National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAEva Mancini Università degli Studi di L’Aquila, Dipartimento di Fisica ItalyMarion Marchand Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL, CNRSMartine Michou GAME-CNRM/Météo-France, CNRS FranceOlaf Morgenstern National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandLuke D. Oman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USASteven Pawson NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAGiovanni Pitari Università degli Studi di L’Aquila, Dipartimento di Fisica ItalyDavid Plummer Environment Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CanadaJohn A. Pyle University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKDavid Saint-Martin GAME-CNRM/Météo-France, CNRS FranceJohn F. Scinocca Environment Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CanadaTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaDan Smale National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandRichard S. Stolarski NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAHubert Teyssèdre GAME-CNRM/Météo-France, CNRS FranceSimone Tilmes National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA Climate and Global Dynamics Division

CHAPTER 4STRATOSPHERIC CHANGES AND CLIMATE

Coordinating Lead Authors

Piers M. Forster University of Reading UKDavid W.J. Thompson Colorado State University USA

Lead Authors

Mark P. Baldwin Northwest Research Associates USAMartyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKMartin Dameris Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreJoanna D. Haigh Imperial College London UKDavid J. Karoly University of Melbourne AustraliaPaul J. Kushner University of Toronto, Department of Physics CanadaWilliam J. Randel National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAKaren H. Rosenlof NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USADian J. Seidel NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USASusan Solomon NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Coauthors

Gufran Beig Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology IndiaPeter Braesicke University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKNeal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre UKNathan P. Gillett Environment Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CanadaKevin M. Grise Colorado State University USA

A.6

Appendix A

Daniel R. Marsh National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USACharles McLandress University of Toronto CanadaT. Narayan Rao National Atmospheric Research Laboratory IndiaSeok-Woo Son McGill University CanadaGeorgiy L. Stenchikov King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Saudi ArabiaShigeo Yoden Kyoto University Japan

Contributors

Eugene C. Cordero San Jose State University USAMelissa P. Free NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USAAndreas I. Jonsson University of Toronto CanadaJennifer Logan Harvard University USADavid Stevenson University of Edinburgh UK

CHAPTER 5A FOCUS ON INFORMATION AND OPTIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS

Coordinating Lead Authors

John S. Daniel NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAGuus J.M. Velders Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) The Netherlands

Lead Authors

Olaf Morgenstern National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandDarin W. Toohey University of Colorado USATimothy J. Wallington Ford Motor Company USADonald J. Wuebbles University of Illinois USA

Coauthors

Hideharu Akiyoshi National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanAlkiviadis F. Bais Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GreeceEric L. Fleming Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USACharles H. Jackman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USALambert Kuijpers Technical University, Eindhoven Center for Sustainability The NetherlandsMack McFarland DuPont Chemicals and Fluoroproducts USAStephen A. Montzka NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAMartin N. Ross The Aerospace Corporation USASimone Tilmes National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA Climate and Global Dynamics DivisionMatthew B. Tully Australian Bureau of Meteorology Australia

Contributors

Stephen O. Andersen Co-Chair, Montreal Protocol Technology and USA Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP)Ulrike Langematz Freie Universität Berlin GermanyPauline M. Midgley University of Bern Switzerland

TWENTY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE OZONE LAYER: 2010 UPDATE

Coordinating Lead Authors

David W. Fahey NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAMichaela I. Hegglin University of Toronto Canada

A.7

Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers

ChApter editoriAL Contributors

CHAPTER 1: OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODSs) AND RELATED CHEMICALS

Nada Derek CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia

CHAPTER 3: FUTURE OZONE AND ITS IMPACT ON SURFACE UV

Stefanie Kremser Bodeker Scientific New Zealand

TWENTY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE OZONE LAYER: 2010 UPDATE

Jennifer Fox NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

sCientifiC review And Adisory Group

Malcolm K.W. Ko NASA Langley Research Center USATheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaSusan Solomon NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

reviewers

Patricio Aceituno Universidad de Chile ChileAyité-Lô Nohende Ajavon Université de Lomé TogoHideharu Akiyoshi National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanDaniel L. Albritton NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division (retired) USATaofiki Aminou Université Nationale du Bénin Departement de Chimie/FAST BeninStephen O. Andersen Co-Chair, Montreal Protocol Technology and USA Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP)Julie M. Arblaster Australian Bureau of Meteorology / Australia/USA National Center for Atmospheric ResearchGhassem Asrar World Climate Research Programme / World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandPieter J. Aucamp Ptersa South AfricaJohn Austin University Corporation for Atmospheric Research / USA NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryAlkiviadis F. Bais Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GreeceMark P. Baldwin Northwest Research Associates USADimitris Balis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GreeceSlimane Bekki Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL, CNRSPeter F. Bernath University of York UKGregory E. Bodeker Bodeker Scientific New ZealandRumen D. Bojkov University of Dresden GermanyJanet F. Bornman University of Waikato New ZealandGeir O. Braathen World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandPeter Braesicke University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKChristoph Brühl Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz GermanyClaus Brüning European Commission Belgium

A.8

Appendix A

Dominik Brunner Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) SwitzerlandJohn P. Burrows University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics Germany/UKPablo O. Canziani Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina / CONICET ArgentinaBruno Carli Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Applied Physics ItalyLucy Carpenter University of York UKKen Carslaw University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment UKMarie-Lise Chanin Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL/UVSQ, CNRSMartyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKNatalia E. Chubarova Moscow State University RussiaIrene Cionni Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreHans Claude Deutscher Wetterdienst GermanyCathy Clerbaux Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL, CNRS-INSUGerrie Coetzee South African Weather Service South AfricaWilliam J. Collins Met Office Hadley Centre UKDerek M. Cunnold Georgia Institute of Technology USAMartin Dameris Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreJohn S. Daniel NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAMartine De Mazière Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BelgiumDick Derwent rdscientific UKPanuganti Devara Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology IndiaRoseanne Diab Academy of Science of South Africa South AfricaSusana B. Diaz INGEBI / CADIC / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas ArgentinaAnne R. Douglass NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAEllsworth G. Dutton NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAKalju Eerme Tartu Observatory EstoniaJames William Elkins NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAAndreas Engel Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main GermanyChristine A. Ennis CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAVeronika Eyring Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreDavid W. Fahey NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAVitali E. Fioletov Environment Canada CanadaIan Folkins Dalhousie University CanadaPiers M. Forster University of Leeds UKJames Franklin CLF-Chem Consulting BelgiumJohn C. Fyfe Environment Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis CanadaAnnie Gabriel Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts AustraliaRolando R. Garcia National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAMarvin A. Geller Stony Brook University USAAndrew Gettelman National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAManuel Gil Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial SpainSophie Godin-Beekmann Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/UPMC, CNRSMarco González United Nations Environment Programme, Ozone Secretariat KenyaHans-F Graf University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKLesley Gray Reading University, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UK

A.9

Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers

Ebrahim Hajizadeh Department of Environment IranNeil R.P. Harris University of Cambridge, European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UKDennis L. Hartmann University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric Sciences USABirgit Hassler CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAMichaela I. Hegglin University of Toronto CanadaErnest Hilsenrath University of Maryland Baltimore County USADavid J. Hofmann NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USAPaul Horwitz United Nations Environment Programme, Ozone Secretariat USARobert D. Hudson University of Maryland, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science USAMohammad Ilyas Albiruni Environment and Science Development Centre (EnviSC) MalaysiaTakashi Imamura National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanIvar S.A. Isaksen University of Oslo NorwayKenneth Jucks NASA Headquarters USADavid J. Karoly University of Melbourne AustraliaPhilippe Keckhut Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL/UVSQ, CNRSDouglas E. Kinnison National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAMalcolm K.W. Ko NASA Langley Research Center USAKunihiko Kodera Nagoya University / Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Japan Meteorological AgencyTakashi Koide Japan Meteorological Agency JapanNinong Komala National Institute of Aeronautics and Space IndonesiaYutaka Kondo University of Tokyo JapanKarin Kreher National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandMark Kroon Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) The NetherlandsKirstin Krüger IFM-GEOMAR / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University GermanyLambert Kuijpers Technical University, Eindhoven Center for Sustainability The NetherlandsMichael J. Kurylo Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center / USA University of Maryland Baltimore CountyPaul J. Kushner University of Toronto, Department of Physics CanadaEsko Kyrö Finnish Meteorological Institute FinlandShyam Lal Physical Research Laboratory IndiaTom Land U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USAIgor Larin Russian Academy of Sciences RussiaKatharine Law Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/UPMC/UVSQ, CNRSJos Lelieveld Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz GermanySasha Madronich National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAGloria L. Manney Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology / USA New Mexico Institute of Mining and TechnologyAlistair J. Manning Met Office UKElisa Manzini Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie – Hamburg GermanyJohn C. McConnell York University, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering CanadaC. Thomas McElroy Environment Canada CanadaMack McFarland DuPont Chemicals and Fluoroproducts USANorman McFarlane SPARC International Project Office CanadaDanny McKenna Oak Ridge National Laboratory USARichard L. McKenzie National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New ZealandCharles McLandress University of Toronto Canada

A.10

Appendix A

Mario J. Molina University of California, San Diego and Mario Molina Center USA/Mexico for Strategic Studies in Energy and the EnvironmentStephen A. Montzka NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USARolf Müller Forschungszentrum Jülich GermanyCathrine Lund Myhre Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) NorwayHideaki Nakane National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanEric R. Nash Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USACindy Newberg U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USAMike Newchurch University of Alabama in Huntsville USAPaul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAOle John Nielsen University of Copenhagen DenmarkAlan O’Neill National Centre for Earth Observation / University of Reading UKSamuel J. Oltmans NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USALuke D. Oman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAEdward A. Parson University of Michigan USANigel D. Paul Lancaster University UKStuart A. Penkett University of East Anglia, Norwich UKJudith Perlwitz CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Physical Sciences Division USAThomas Peter Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceGiovanni Pitari Università degli Studi di L’Aquila, Dipartimento di Fisica ItalyR. Alan Plumb Massachusetts Institute of Technology USADavid Plummer Environment Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CanadaJean-Pierre Pommereau Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), CNRS FranceMichael Ponater Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreLamont R. Poole Science Systems and Applications, Inc. USARobert W. Portmann NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAMichael J. Prather University of California, Irvine / Earth System Science Department USARonald G. Prinn Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Global Change Science USAJohn A. Pyle University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKV. Ramaswamy NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USAWilliam J. Randel National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USAA.R. Ravishankara NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAClaire E. Reeves University of East Anglia / National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences UKStefan Reimann Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) SwitzerlandMarkus Rex Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam GermanyMartin Riese Research Centre Jülich, Institute for Chemistry and Germany Dynamics of the GeosphereVincenzo Rizi Università degli Studi di L’Aquila ItalyAlan Robock Rutgers University USAHoward K. Roscoe British Antarctic Survey UKVladimir Ryabinin World Climate Research Programme/World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandRoss J. Salawitch University of Maryland USAMichelle L. Santee Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology USAK. Madhava Sarma Consultant IndiaRobert Sausen Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreAdam A. Scaife Met Office Hadley Centre UK

A.11

Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers

Ulrich Schmidt Goethe University, Institute for Atmosphere and Environment GermanyUlrich Schumann Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreDian J. Seidel NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USAMegumi Seki United Nations Environment Programme, Ozone Secretariat KenyaJonathan Shanklin British Antarctic Survey UKWafik M. Sharobiem Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Scientific Research Department EgyptTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaKeith P. Shine University of Reading, Department of Meteorology UKMasato Shiotani Kyoto University, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere JapanMichael Sigmond University of Toronto CanadaPeter Simmonds University of Bristol, School of Chemistry UKAnne Smith National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USASusan Solomon NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAJohannes Staehelin Swiss Federal Institute of Technology – Zurich SwitzerlandWolfgang Steinbrecht Deutscher Wetterdienst GermanyGeorgiy L. Stenchikov King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Saudi ArabiaRichard S. Stolarski NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAFrode Stordal University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences NorwayFred Stroh Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Chemistry and Germany Dynamics of the GeosphereWilliam T. Sturges University of East Anglia UKKenshi Takahashi Kyoto University JapanDavid W. Tarasick Environment Canada, Air Quality Research Division CanadaSaid Ali Thaoubane Université des Comores ComoresDavid W.J. Thompson Colorado State University USASimone Tilmes National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA Climate and Global Dynamics DivisionMatthew B. Tully Australian Bureau of Meteorology AustraliaRonald Van der A Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) The NetherlandsKarel Vanicek Czech Hydrometeorological Institute Czech RepublicGuus J.M. Velders Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) The NetherlandsMarc von Hobe Forschungszentrum Jülich GermanyDarryn W. Waugh Johns Hopkins University USAElizabeth C. Weatherhead CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Global Systems Division USAAnn R. Webb University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and UK Environmental SciencesMark Weber University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics GermanyRay F. Weiss Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA University of California, San DiegoDonald J. Wuebbles University of Illinois USAShigeo Yoden Kyoto University JapanYoko Yokouchi National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanDurwood Zaelke Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development USARodolphe Zander University of Liège BelgiumChristos S. Zerefos International Ozone Commission; Academy of Athens GreeceLingxi Zhou Chinese Meteorological Administration, China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

A.12

Appendix A

ozone peer-review MeetinG

Les Diablerets, Switzerland28 June – 2 July 2010

Patricio Aceituno Universidad de Chile ChileAyité-Lô Nohende Ajavon Université de Lomé TogoStephen O. Andersen Co-Chair, Montreal Protocol Technology and USA Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) Pieter J. Aucamp Ptersa South AfricaAlkiviadis F. Bais Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GreeceSlimane Bekki Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/IPSL, CNRSPeter F. Bernath University of York UKGregory E. Bodeker Bodeker Scientific New ZealandJanet F. Bornman University of Waikato New ZealandGeir O. Braathen World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandPeter Braesicke University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKJohn P. Burrows University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics Germany/UKLucy Carpenter University of York UKMartyn P. Chipperfield University of Leeds UKMartin Dameris Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreJohn S. Daniel NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USASusana B. Diaz INGEBI / CADIC / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas ArgentinaAnne R. Douglass NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAAndreas Engel Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main GermanyChristine A. Ennis CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAVeronika Eyring Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany Institut für Physik der AtmosphäreDavid W. Fahey NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAVitali E. Fioletov Environment Canada CanadaPiers M. Forster University of Leeds UKMarvin A. Geller Stony Brook University USASophie Godin-Beekmann Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales France (LATMOS)/UPMC, CNRSMarco González United Nations Environment Programme, Ozone Secretariat KenyaNeil R.P. Harris University of Cambridge, European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UK

by Jean-Pierre Pommereau, June 2010

A.13

Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers

Michaela I. Hegglin University of Toronto CanadaKenneth Jucks NASA Headquarters USADavid J. Karoly University of Melbourne AustraliaMalcolm K.W. Ko NASA Langley Research Center USATakashi Koide Japan Meteorological Agency JapanKirstin Krüger IFM-GEOMAR / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University GermanyLambert Kuijpers Technical University, Eindhoven Center for Sustainability The NetherlandsMichael J. Kurylo Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center / USA University of Maryland Baltimore CountyPaul J. Kushner University of Toronto, Department of Physics CanadaIgor Larin Russian Academy of Sciences RussiaElisa Manzini Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie – Hamburg GermanyMack McFarland DuPont Chemicals and Fluoroproducts USAStephen A. Montzka NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division USARolf Müller Forschungszentrum Jülich GermanyHideaki Nakane National Institute for Environmental Studies JapanPaul A. Newman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAAlan O’Neill National Centre for Earth Observation / University of Reading UKJudith Perlwitz CIRES-University of Colorado / NOAA ESRL Physical Sciences Division USAThomas Peter Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Switzerland Atmospheric and Climate ScienceJean-Pierre Pommereau Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), CNRS FranceRobert W. Portmann NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAMichael J. Prather University of California, Irvine / Earth System Science Department USAJohn A. Pyle University of Cambridge, National Centre for Atmospheric Science UKV. Ramaswamy NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USAA.R. Ravishankara NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAClaire E. Reeves University of East Anglia / National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences UKStefan Reimann Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) SwitzerlandRoss J. Salawitch University of Maryland USADian J. Seidel NOAA Air Resources Laboratory USAWafik M. Sharobiem Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Scientific Research Department EgyptTheodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto CanadaPeter Simmonds University of Bristol, School of Chemistry UKAnne Smith National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division USASusan Solomon NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAGeorgiy L. Stenchikov King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Saudi ArabiaRichard S. Stolarski NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USAWilliam T. Sturges University of East Anglia UKSaid Ali Thaoubane Université des Comores ComoresDavid W.J. Thompson Colorado State University USAMatthew B. Tully Australian Bureau of Meteorology AustraliaGuus J.M. Velders Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) The NetherlandsDarryn W. Waugh Johns Hopkins University USAAnn R. Webb University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and UK Environmental SciencesRay F. Weiss Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego USADonald J. Wuebbles University of Illinois USALingxi Zhou Chinese Meteorological Administration, China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

A.14

Sponsoring Organizations LiaisonsGeir O. Braathen World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandMarco González United Nations Environment Programme Kenya

A.R. Ravishankara National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration USAKenneth Jucks National Aeronautics and Space Administration USA

Claus Brüning European Commission Belgium

Assessment Coordinator and Technical EditorChristine A. Ennis CIRES/NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Publication/Graphics Design and LayoutDebra Dailey-Fisher (Publication, Design, Layout, & Graphics Lead) NOAA ESRL CSD USA

Dennis Dickerson (Graphics & Layout Design, “Twenty Questions”) Respond Grafiks USAAlbert D. Romero (Consulting and Support) NOAA Boulder Facilities Operations Division USA

Editorial AssistanceDebra Dailey-Fisher NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Jessica N. Lucas NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory USA

Reference Research and EditingBarbara Keppler NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAJessica N. Lucas NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory USADebra R. Wilson NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Kristen McCormack Boulder High School USAMary Gutierrez NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Debra Dailey-Fisher NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAWilliam L. Fisher Fisher Enterprises USA

Christine A. Ennis CIRES/NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Conference Coordination and DocumentationChristine A. Ennis CIRES/NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Geir O. Braathen World Meteorological Organization SwitzerlandDebra Dailey-Fisher NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

John A. Pyle University of Cambridge UKNorman McFarlane SPARC International Project Office Canada

Theodore G. Shepherd University of Toronto Canada

Conference SupportJeanne S. Waters NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Kathy A. Thompson CSC USADebra Dailey-Fisher NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAJennifer Fox CIRES/NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAChantal Renaudot World Meteorological Organization Switzerland

Rose M. Kendall CSC USARuth Batten UNEP Ozone Secretariat Kenya

Ann Gachingiri UNEP Ozone Secretariat KenyaPeter Braesicke University of Cambridge UK

Tina Jost University of Cambridge UKVictoria De Luca SPARC International Project Office UK

David Dokken IPCC Working Group II Technical Support Unit USAKyle Terran University Corporation for Atmospheric Research USA

Eric Kissel IPCC Working Group II Technical Support Unit USA

Computing and Networking SupportRichard J. Tisinai and Jennifer Fox CIRES/NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Document DistributionJeanne S. Waters NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USA

Debra Dailey-Fisher NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division USAChantal Renaudot World Meteorological Organization Switzerland

Ruth Batten UNEP Ozone Secretariat Kenya

B.1

Appendix b

MAjor ACronyMs And AbbreviAtionsA1 baseline (or most likely) halocarbon scenario of the 2006 Ozone Assessment A1B scenario of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)A5 Article 5 countries of the Montreal ProtocolAAE Absorption Angstrom ExponentAASE Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (NASA)Ab baseline halocarbon scenario of the 2002 Ozone AssessmentACE-FTS Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform SpectrometerAERONET AErosol RObotic NETworkAGAGE Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases ExperimentAGWP Absolute Global Warming PotentialAMA average mean age AMSU Advanced Microwave Sounding UnitAMTRAC Atmospheric Model with TRansport and Chemistry (Table 3-1)AO Arctic OscillationAOGCM atmosphere-ocean general circulation modelAOT aerosol optical thicknessAR4 IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportARCTAS Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and SatellitesARCPAC Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic ClimateATLAS Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and ScienceATMOS Atmospheric Trace Molecule SpectroscopyAVE Aura Validation Experiment

B1 a lower-emissions scenario of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)B2 scenario of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)BC black carbonBCE Before the Common EraBDC Brewer-Dobson circulationBL boundary layerBP British PetroleumBUV Backscatter (or Backscattered) Ultraviolet (spectrometer)

C Celsius (unit of temperature)CADIC Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas (Argentina)CALIOP Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal PolarizationCALIPSO Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite ObservationCAM Community Atmosphere Model (Table 3-1)CATO Candidoz Assimilated Three-dimensional OzoneCCM chemistry-climate modelCCMVal Chemistry-Climate Model (CCM) Validation ActivityCCSP Climate Change Science Program (United States)CCSR-NIES Center for Climate-Systems Research – National Institute for Environmental Studies CCM (Table

3-1)CDM Clean Development MechanismCE Common Era

B.2

Appendix B

CFC chlorofluorocarbonCHAMP Challenging Minisatellite PayloadCIE Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (France)CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (United States)cm centimeters (unit of length)CMAM Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (Table 3-1)CMF cloud modification factorCMIP Coupled Model Intercomparison ProjectCNRM Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (France)CNRM-ACM CNRM ARPEGE-Climate model (Table 3-1)CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)CONICET Consejo de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (Argentina)CO2-eq carbon dioxide equivalentsCOS carbonyl sulfide (also OCS)CPT cold point tropopauseCR-AVE Costa Rica-Aura Validation ExperimentCSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia)CTM chemistry and transport modelCUE critical-use exemptionCUSUM Cumulative Sum of Residuals

DFA difluoroacetic acidDIAL differential absorption lidarDJF December-January-FebruaryDLR Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (Germany)DMS dimethyl sulfideDNA deoxyribonucleic acidDOAS Differential Optical Absorption SpectroscopyDU Dobson unit

E39CA a coupled chemistry-climate model of DLR (Table 3-1)EC European CommissionECl equivalent chlorineECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (United Kingdom)EEAP Environmental Effects Assessment PanelEECl equivalent effective chlorineEESC equivalent effective stratospheric chlorineEMAC ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry model of FUB (Table 3-1)ENSO El Niño-Southern OscillationEnvisat Environmental SatelliteEP Eliassen-PalmEPA Environmental Protection Agency (United States)ER-2 Earth Resources-2 (aircraft)ERA ECMWF Re-AnalysisERA-40 ECMWF 40-year reanalysisERAI ECMWF Interim Re-AnalysisERS European Remote Sensing SatelliteESC equivalent stratospheric chlorineESRL Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA)EU European UnionEUPLEX European Polar Stratospheric Cloud and Lee Wave Experiment

B.3

Acronyms

fGHG sensitivity simulation with fixed greenhouse gas levels (see Chapter 3 and Table 3-2)fODS sensitivity simulation with fixed ozone-depleting substance levels (see Chapter 3 and Table 3-2)FT free troposphereFTIR Fourier transform infraredFUB Freie Universität Berlin (Germany)

GCM general circulation modelGEOS Goddard Earth Observing SystemGEOSCCM Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (Table 3-1)GFDL Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (NOAA)Gg Gigagrams (109 grams) (unit of mass)GHG greenhouse gasGHG-x a greenhouse gas sensitivity simulation (see Chapter 3 and Table 3-2)GISS Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA)GJ gigajoule (109 joules) (unit of energy)GMD Global Monitoring Division (NOAA/ESRL)GOME Global Ozone Monitoring ExperimentGREET Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (model)GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA)Gt gigatonnesGtCO2-eq gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalentsGWP Global Warming Potential

HadAT Hadley Centre radiosonde temperature productHALOE Halogen Occultation ExperimentHAMMONIA HAMburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized AtmosphereHC hydrocarbonHCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbonHFC hydrofluorocarbonHFE hydrofluorinated ether or hydrofluoroetherHFO hydrofluoro-olefinhPa hectoPascal (102 Pascal) (unit of pressure)

IGRA Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (NOAA)INGEBI Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (Argentina)IPA Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (DLR) (Germany)IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPSL Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (France)IR infraredIUK Iterative Universal KrigingIUP Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen (Germany)IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

J joule (unit of energy)JCET Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (United States)JJA June-July-AugustJMA Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan)JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA)JRA25 Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project

B.4

Appendix B

K Kelvin (unit of temperature)kcal kilocalories (103 calories) (unit of energy)kg kilogram (103 grams) (unit of mass)km kilometer (103 meters) (unit of length)Kt kilotons (103 tons) (unit of mass)

LLGHG long-lived greenhouse gasesLMDZrepro general circulation model of the Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology (IPSL) (Table 3-1)LMS lowermost stratosphereLS lower stratosphereLZRH level of zero clear-sky radiative heating

m meter (unit of length)MAC mobile air conditioningMAM March-April-MayMATCH Model for Atmospheric Transport and ChemistryMBL marine boundary layerMetOp Meteorological Operational satelliteMFA monofluoroacetic acidMFRSR Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometermg milligram (10-3 grams) (unit of mass)MILAGRO Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research ObservationsMIPAS Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding MIT Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMLD mixed layer depthMJ megajoule (106 joules) (unit of energy)MLR multiple linear regressionMLS Microwave Limb Soundermm millimeters (10-3 meters) (unit of length)μm micrometer; micron (10-6 meters) (unit of length)MMBtu million British thermal units (1MMBtu = 1.055 gigajoules)MOD merged ozone data setMODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometermol mole (unit, amount of substance)molec moleculeMOZAIC Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service AircraftMOZART Model for Ozone and Related Chemical TracersMRI Meteorological Research Institute chemistry-climate model (Japan) (Table 3-1)MSG Meteosat Second GenerationMSU Microwave Sounding UnitMtCFC-11-eq megatonnes of CFC-11 equivalentsMt megatonnemW milliWatt (10-3 Watts)

NAM Northern Annular ModeNAO North Atlantic OscillationNASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)NAT nitric acid trihydrateNCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research (United States)NCEP National Centers for Environmental Prediction (United States)ng nanogram (10-9 grams) (unit of mass)

B.5

Acronyms

NH Northern HemisphereNIES National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan)NIWA National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (New Zealand)nm nanometers (10-9 meters) (unit of length)NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States)NPLS nonparametric least-squares fit

1-D one-dimensionalOCS carbonyl sulfide (also COS)ODP Ozone Depletion PotentialODS ozone-depleting substanceOMI Ozone Monitoring InstrumentOSIRIS Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System

PBL planetary boundary layerPEM Pacific Exploratory MissionPFC perfluorocarbonPg petagram (1015 grams) (unit of mass)PG product gas PGI product gas injectionPhotoComp photolysis intercomparisonPOAM Polar Ozone and Aerosol MeasurementPOCP Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentialppb part per billionppbv part per billion by volumeppm part per millionppmv part per million by volumeppt part per trillionpptv part per trillion by volumePSC polar stratospheric cloudPSS photochemical steady statePTFE polytetrafluoroethylenePWLT piecewise linear trend

QBO quasi-biennial oscillationQPS quarantine and pre-shipment

RAF radiation amplification factorRAOB RAwinsonde OBservationRAOBCORE Radiosonde Observation Correction using ReanalysesRATPAC Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing ClimateRCP Representative Concentration PathwayRECON a near-surface temperature reconstructionREF-B2 reference “future” simulation of SPARC CCMVal-2 (see Table 3-2)RF radiative forcingRICH Radiosonde Innovation Composite HomogenizationRO radio occultationRSS Remote Sensing Systems Inc.

B.6

Appendix B

s secondSAD surface area densitySAGE Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas ExperimentSAM Southern Annular ModeSAM II Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement IISAOZ Système d’Analyse par Observation ZénithaleSAP Scientific Assessment PanelSBUV/SBUV2 Solar Backscatter (or Backscattered) Ultraviolet (spectrometer)SCIAMACHY Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric ChartographySCISAT a Canadian satellite also known as Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)SE southeastSG source gasSGI source gas injectionSH Southern HemisphereSIC sea ice concentrationSLIMCAT Single-Layer Isentropic Model of Chemistry and TransportSOCOL modeling tool for studies of Solar-Climate-Ozone Links (Table 3-1)SOGE System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in EuropeSOLVE SAGEIII (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III) Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment

(NASA)SON September-October-NovemberSPARC Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (WCRP)sr steradian (unit of solid angle)SRES Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC)SRM solid rocket motorSSA stratospheric sulfate aerosolSSA single scattering albedo SST sea surface temperatureSSU Stratospheric Sounding UnitSSW sudden stratospheric warmingSTAR System for Transfer of Atmospheric RadiationSTE stratosphere-troposphere exchangeSTS supercooled ternary solution SZA solar zenith angle

2-D two-dimensional3-D three-dimensionalTC4 Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling missionTCO tropospheric column ozoneTEAP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (UNEP)TFA trifluoroacetic acidTg teragrams (1012 grams) (unit of mass; equivalent to megatonne)THESEO Third European Stratospheric Experiment on OzoneT-M tropical-midlatitudeTOMCAT Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry and TransportTOMS Total Ozone Mapping SpectrometerTSAM time series additive modelTST troposphere-to-stratosphere transportTTL tropical tropopause layerTUV Tropospheric Ultraviolet-Visible model

B.7

Acronyms

UAH University of Alabama–HuntsvilleUARS Upper Atmosphere Research SatelliteUBA Umweltbundesamt (Germany Federal Environment Agency)UCI University of California, IrvineUDMH unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazineUEA University of East Anglia (United Kingdom)UIUC University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUK United KingdomUKCA U.K. Chemistry and Aerosols chemistry-climate model (Table 3-1)ULAQ University of L’Aquila chemistry-climate model (Italy) (Table 3-1)UMSLIMCAT Unified Model Single-Layer Isentropic Model of Chemistry and Transport CCM (Table 3-1)UNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie (France)US, USA United States of AmericaUSDA United States Department of AgricultureUT upper troposphereUTLS upper troposphere/lower stratosphereUV ultravioletUV-A ultraviolet-A (315–400 nm)UV-B ultraviolet-B (280–315 nm)UVSQ Université Versailles Saint-Quentin (France)

VSL very short-livedVSLS very short-lived substance

W Watt (unit of energy)WACCM Whole-Atmosphere Community Climate Model (Table 3-1)WCRP World Climate Research ProgrammeWFDOAS Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption SpectroscopyWMO World Meteorological Organization

C.1

Appendix C

MAjor CheMiCAL forMuLAe And noMenCLAturefroM this AssessMent

hALoGen-ContAininG speCies

Cl atomic chlorine Br atomic bromineCly total inorganic chlorine Bry total inorganic bromineCCly organic chlorine CBry organic bromineCl2 molecular chlorine Br2 molecular bromineClO chlorine monoxide BrO bromine monoxideCl2O dichlorine monoxide Br2O dibromine monoxideClOx chlorine radicals ([ClO] + 2×[ClOOCl]) BrOx bromine radicalsOClO chlorine dioxideClOO chloroperoxy radicalCl2O2, ClOOCl dichlorine peroxide (ClO dimer)ClONO2, ClNO3 chlorine nitrate BrONO2, BrNO3 bromine nitrateHCl hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) HBr hydrogen bromideHOCl hypochlorous acid HOBr hypobromous acid

F atomic fluorine I atomic iodineF2 molecular fluorine I2 molecular iodineFy total inorganic fluorine Iy total inorganic iodineHF hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) IO iodine monoxide IOx iodine radicals OIO iodine dioxide HOI hypoiodous acid SF6 sulfur hexafluorideSO2F2 sulfuryl fluorideNF3 nitrogen trifluoridePBr3 phosphorus tribromide

C.2

Appendix C

HALOCARBONS

ChlorofluoroCarbons (CfCs) hydroChlorofluoroCarbons (hCfCs)CFC-11 CCl3F HCFC-21 CHCl2FCFC-12 CCl2F2 HCFC-22 CHClF2CFC-13 CClF3 HCFC-31 CH2ClFCFC-113 CCl2FCClF2 HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3CFC-113a CCl3CF3 HCFC-123a CHClFCF2ClCFC-114 CClF2CClF2 HCFC-123b CHF2CCl2FCFC-114a CCl2FCF3 HCFC-124 CHClFCF3CFC-115 CClF2CF3 HCFC-124a CHF2CClF2 HCFC-133a CH2ClCF3halons HCFC-141b CH3CCl2Fhalon-1202 CBr2F2 HCFC-142b CH3CClF2halon-1211 CBrClF2 HCFC-225ca CHCl2CF2CF3halon-1301 CBrF3 HCFC-225cb CHClFCF2CClF2halon-2402 CBrF2CBrF2 HCFC-234fb CF3CH2CCl2Fhalon-2311 CHBrClCF3 HCFC-243cc CH3CF2CCl2F (Halothane)

hydrofluoroCarbons (hfCs)HFC-23 CHF3 HFC-245cb CH3CF2CF3HFC-32 CH2F2 HFC-245ca CH2FCF2CHF2HFC-41 CH3F HFC-245ea CHF2CHFCHF2HFC-125 CHF2CF3 HFC-245eb CH2FCHFCF3HFC-134 CHF2CHF2 HFC-245fa CHF2CH2CF3HFC-134a CH2FCF3 HFC-263fb CH3CH2CF3HFC-143 CH2FCHF2 HFC-272ca CH3CF2CH3HFC-143a CH3CF3 HFC-281ea CH3CHFCH3HFC-152 CH2FCH2F HFC-365mfc CH3CF2CH2CF3HFC-152a CH3CHF2 HFC-356mcf CH2FCH2CF2CF3HFC-161 CH3CH2F HFC-356mff CF3CH2CH2CF3HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 HFC-338pcc CHF2CF2CF2CHF2HFC-236cb CH2FCF2CF3 HFC-43-10mee CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3HFC-236ea CHF2CHFCF3 HFC-458mfcf CF3CH2CF2CH2CF3HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3 HFC-55-10mcff CF3CF2CH2CH2CF2CF3

ChloroCarbons bromoCarbonsCH3Cl methyl chloride, chloromethane CH3Br methyl bromide, bromomethaneCH2Cl2 methylene chloride, dichloromethane CH2Br2 methylene bromide, dibromomethaneCHCl3 chloroform, trichloromethane CHBr3 bromoform, tribromomethaneCCl4 carbon tetrachloride CH3CH2Br, C2H5Br ethyl bromide, bromoethaneCHClCCl2 trichloroethylene, trichloroethene CH2BrCH2Br 1,2 dibromoethaneCCl2CCl2 tetrachloroethene, perchloroethene CH3CH2CH2Br, n-propyl bromide, n-PB, CH3CH2Cl, C2H5Cl ethyl chloride, chloroethane n-C3H7Br 1-bromopropaneCH2ClCH2Cl 1,2 dichloroethane COBr2 carbonyl bromideCH3CCl3 methyl chloroform CH3CHClCH3 isopropylchloride, 2-chloropropane CH3CH2CH2Cl n-propyl chloride, 1-chloropropane COCl2, Cl2C(O) phosgene, carbonyl chloride

C.3

Chemical Formulae

IodoCarbons fluoroCarbonsCH3I methyl iodide, iodomethane CF4 (PFC-14) perfluoromethane, CH2I2 diiodomethane carbon tetrafluorideCH3CH2I, C2H5I ethyl iodide, iodoethane C2F6, CF3CF3 (PFC-116) perfluoroethaneCH3CHICH3 isopropyl iodide, 2-iodopropane C3F8, CF3CF2CF3 (PFC-218) perfluoropropaneCH3CH2CH2I, n-propyl iodide, 1-iodopropane c-C3F6 (PFC-C216) perfluorocyclopropane n-C3H7I C4F10 (PFC-31-10) perfluorobutane c-C4F8 (PFC-C318) perfluorocyclobutaneothers C5F12 (PFC-41-12) perfluoropentaneCHBr2Cl dibromochloromethane C6F14 (PFC-51-14) perfluorohexaneCH2BrCl bromochloromethane C7H16 (PFC-61-16) perflouoroheptaneCHBrCl2 bromodichloromethane C10F18 perfluorodecalinCH2BrI bromoiodomethane COF2 carbonyl fluorideCHBrF2 bromodifluoromethane CH2FC(O)OH monofluoroacetic acid (MFA)CH2ClI chloroiodomethane CHF2C(O)OH difluoroacetic acid (DFA)CF3I trifluoroiodomethane CF3C(O)OH trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)CF3CF2CF2I 1-iodo-heptafluoropropane COClF chlorofluorocarbonyl SF5CF3 trifluoromethylsulfurpentafluoride

other CheMiCAL speCies

O atomic oxygen H atomic hydrogenO(3P) atomic oxygen (ground state) H2 molecular hydrogenO(1D) atomic oxygen (first excited state) OH hydroxyl radicalO2 molecular oxygen HO2 hydroperoxyl radicalO3 ozone H2O waterOx odd oxygen (O, O(1D), O3) or HOx odd hydrogen (H, OH, HO2, H2O2) oxidant (O3 + NO2)

N atomic nitrogen HNO2, HONO nitrous acidN2 molecular nitrogen HOONO pernitrous acidN2O nitrous oxide HNO3 nitric acidNO nitric oxide NH3 ammoniaNO2 nitrogen dioxide NH4NO3 ammonium nitrateNO3 nitrogen trioxide, nitrate radical N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide NOx nitrogen oxides (NO + NO2)NOy total reactive nitrogen (usually includes NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, ClONO2, HNO4, HNO3)

S atomic sulfur H2S hydrogen sulfideSO2 sulfur dioxide CS2 carbon disulfideH2SO4 sulfuric acid COS, OCS carbonyl sulfideCH3SCH3 DMS, dimethyl sulfide

C carbon atom CO2 carbon dioxideCO carbon monoxide

CH4 methane CH3OH methyl alcohol, methanolCH3CH3 ethane CH3CH2CH3 propane