Aplikasi Berpikir Sistem 1

Pemodelan Sistem (TKI 128)Teknik IndustriUNIJOYO

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APLIKASI BERPIKIR SISTEM

Oleh

M. Imron Mustajib, S.T., M.T.


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Referensi1. Daellenbach, H. G., (1994), “Systems and Decision Making”,

John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-England.

2. Hitomi, K., (1996), “Manufacturing System Engineering, Taylor & Francis, London

3. Simatupang, T.M., (1995), “Pemodelan Sistem”, Nindita: Klaten.

4. Simatupang, T.M., (1995), “Teori Sistem: Suatu Perspektif Teknik Industri”, Penerbit Andi Offset Yogyakarta.

5. Tunas, B. (2007), “Memahami dan Memecahkan Masalah dengan Pendekatan Sistem”, PT Nimas Multima.


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Konsep Sistem• Pendefinisian sistem:• Sudut pandang sistem (di luar )

– Misal: sistem tata surya (matahari & 9 planet). – Terlihat tetap; berada di luar; Viewed as independent of

observer.• Sudut pandang sistem (di dalam)

– Tergantung pada orang yang memandang sesuatu sebagai sistem

– Setiap orang bisa mendefinsikan sistem dengan cara yang berbeda.

– Keberadaannya tidak dapat dilihat secara independen oleh pengamat

– Tidak berada di luar;


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Definisi Sistem

• Sistem sebagai konseptualisasi manusiaHanya manusia (as observer) yang dapat memandang sesuatu sebagai sebuah sistem.

• Contoh: Sistem ekologi;Konsetualisasi mental atas sesuatu.


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Subyektivitas Pendefinisian Sistem

• Sudut pandang pengamat (faktor personal)

• Pengaruh pengetahuan sebelumnya.• Pendefinisian sistem adalah subyektif:

– Tidak dapat diberi label “benar” atau “valid” & “salah” atau “invalid”

– Valid untuk orang yang membuat/mendefisikan.– Tergantung pada tujuan pengembangannya


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Definisi Formal• Sistem adalah rakitan komponen-komponen yang tergornasisasi.

• Setiap komponen berkontribusi terhadap perilaku sistem dan dipengaruhi sistem.

• Kumpulan komponen-komponen dalam sistem 1-3 sifat.

• Groups of components within the system may by (properties) yang memungkinkan membentuk subsistem.

• Sistem mempunyai sisi luar, yaitu: lingkungan.

• Sistem diidentifikasi oleh seseorang yang mempunyai interes/kepentingan


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Elemen-Elemen Penting Sistem1. Komponen2. Hubungan (relationship)3. Perilaku (atau aktifitas atau process transformasi)4. Lingkungan (environment)5. Input dari lingkungan; Output kepada lingkungan.6. Special interest of the observer

(Deskripsi sistem misalnya, sistem lalu lintas;kendaraan bermotor; sawmill)


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Konsep Sistem• Sistem sebagai “Black Box” atau “White Box”• Hirarki sistems:

– Wider system interest;– Narrow system of interest

• Perilaku sistem [status sistem; perilaku sistem; sifat-sifat baru yang muncul (emergent properties)]

• Tipologi sistem (discrete-continuous;deterministic-stochastic; closed-open)

• Sistem pengendalian


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Control System• Control is exercised by imposing something on the

system in form of inputs–A set of decisions or decision rules, or simply an initial state for the system.

• Three conditions are needed for exercising control over system behaviour–A target, objective, or goal for the system–A system capable of reaching the target or goal–Some means for influencing the system behaviour -the control inputs


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Types of controls• Open loop controls

– Often in the form of a recipe or a set of rules to follow (e.g. starting the engine)

• Closed loop controls (Feedback controls)– Information about the system behaviour is fed back to the

controller for evaluation.– This may lead the controller to adjust the control signals (e.g.

Control the temperature of the shower water)• Feedback controls and Self Regulation

– Feedback controls: The rules supplied from external systems– Self Regulation: The rules are internal (See Fig. 3-4)


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Sistem dalam Kontek Pengambilan Keputusan

• Sistem is kumpulan komponen-komponen yang terorganisasi dan berhubungan untuk melakukan sesuatu yang tidak dapat dilakukan sendiri pleh satu komponen saja.

• Kita gunakan model sistem sebagai cara yang tepat untuk melihat sesuatu dalam rangka tujuan pengambilan keputusan (memecahkan masalah)


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System in a decision making context (cont.)

• A System is described by:• Observer: Who is interested in the system? Observer• Purpose: Why define the system? Improve, output of interest• Environment: outside the system. Define the system boundary• Hierarchy: components and/or sub-systems are organised• Inputs: Affect the system but are not affected by it. Can be

controllable or uncontrollable. Decision variables/parameters• Outputs: Are affected by the system. These are of interest to

the observer. Include measure of success• Components: Both affect and are affected by the system.• Relationship/transformation process: Between system

inputs, outputs and components –relevant aspects.


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Aplikasi Berpikir Sistem (1)

• Berpikir tentang fenomena secara hirarki yang tergorganisasi keseluruhan.

• Identifikasi beberapa prinsip umum yang memungkinkan sistem dapat didefisnisikan dan tentukan batas-batasnya.

• Penentuan input dan input yang melintasi batas sistem (system boundary).


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Aplikasi Berpikir Sistem (2)

• Identifikasi mekanisme pengendalian dengan cara apa sistem mempertahankan identitasnya dan hubungannya.

• Identifikasi tujuan sistem (purpose or goals), dan komponen-komponennya, atau sub-sistem


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A CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

• Natural systems –physical and living systems• Designed physical systems –tools, machines• Designed abstract systems –artefacts which are

not physical (software systems, number system, library classification systems, information systems, etc.)

• Human activity systems –organised human activity, individual or social, achieving some purposes (education, politics, etc.)


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A Systems View of Manufacturing

• Manufacturing can be viewed either as a transformation process or as a system.

• As a Transformation Process: A narrow definition of manufacturing is that it a process of transformation where raw material are converted into products.

• As a System: Manufacturing is not limited to materials transformation performed in a factory. Rather, it is a complex system comprising of several elements.


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Flow of Materials, Information and Cost

Figure ۲.۳: Flow of Material, Information and Costs (Hitomi, ۱۹۹۶)

Info

rmat

ion

Flow

of

RAW MATERIALS PROCESS

Materials Flow of

CONTROL

PLANNING

PRODUCTS

Flow of cost


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• This involves an internal environment and an external environment.

• The inputs are from the external environment and involve several variables.

• The outputs are to the external environment and also involve several variables.


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Figure ۲.۲: Systems View of Manufacturing (Murthy, ۱۹۹۵a)

OUTPUTS PRODUCTS/SERVICES

FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES

HUMAN CONSEQUENCES

OPERATIONS

TECHNOLOGY

MANAGEMENT

LABOR’S EFFORTS

TRANSFORMATION PROCESS

INPUTS - FINANCIAL - HUMAN - MATERIAL - INFORMATION - TECHNOLOGY

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT


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Definisi manufacturing

• CIRP 　 (International Conference on Production Engineering), 1983:

“A　Series of interrelated activities and operations involving the design, materials selection, planning, manufacturing production, quality assurance, management and marketing of products of the manufacturing industries”.


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Definisi Manufaktur dan Produksi

• Kata manufacturing diartikan lebih luas

• Manufacturing adalah proses konversi suatu desain menjadi produk akhir

• Production adalah aktivitas fisik untuk mengubah suatu bentuk material menjadi bentuk lain yang lebih bernilai


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Siklus ManufakturPerancangan

ProdukPemasaran PerancanganProcess

PengendalianPersediaan

PerencanaanProduksi

PerancanganMetoda Kerja,Waktu Standar,dan PerbaikanProduktivitas

Penyimpanan ProsesPembuatan Penerimaan

Konsu

men

Pem

aso

k

PengendalianKualitas

PengendalianProduksi

PengendalianProses

PengendalianPeralatan

Pengiriman


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Sistem produksi, sistem manufaktur, sistem perusahaan

SISTEM PERUSAHAAN

Sistem Personalia Sistem KeuanganSistem Manajemen

SISTEM MANUFAKTUR

Desainproduk dan

proses

Penjaminan Kualitas

Studi Pasar

SISTEM PRODUKSIPerencanaan

produksiPengendalian

produksi

Aktivitas Produksi


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Sistem Manufaktur• Sistem manufaktur adalah sistem yang melakukan proses

transformasi/konversi keinginan (needs) konsumen menjadi produk jadi yang berkualitas tinggi

• Keinginan konsumen diketahui dari studi pasar, yang kemudian keinginan ini diterjemahkan menjadi desain produk, dan kemudian menjadi desain proses

• Komitmen terhadap kualitas

• Kualitas produk harus dimiliki oleh setiap level dalam perusahaan pada setiap tahap proses produksi

• Dalam proses transformasi ini terjadi pertambahan nilai


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• Can be viewed from three different Aspects:1. Technical: Dealing with engineering, science and

technology issues.

2. Commercial: Dealing with financial, marketing, legal issues

3. Management: Dealing with planning, operations and other related issues such as information. And also organisational issues dealing with human related issues.


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MANUFACTURING: DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

• It can also be viewed from three different perspectives: – Firm level, – Industry level and– Regional or global level.


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Firm Level

• Manufacturing at the firm level involves several variables which can be broadly grouped into the following three categories:– Technical– Commercial– Management


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Technical

• The technical side has been discussed before and involves various issues related to the science, engineering and technology aspects of manufacturing.


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Commercial

• The commercial side deals with issues such as costs, sales, revenue and profits. Each of these involves many variables.

• For example, the costs can be investment costs, unit manufacturing costs, cost of rework and so on. The basic bottom line for a firm is that it must make reasonable profit for its investment.


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Management• Deal with managing the various activities at

strategic and operational levels taking into account the many different legal and socio-political aspects and various constraints.

• Another very important issue relates to the organizational side that deals with the human related issues – organisational structure, communication and flow of information, skill base of the workforce and so on.


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National Level• In the national level, a manufacturing firm

is influenced by factors such as market competition and government policies.

• Obviously, the market competition is not only determined by manufactured goods within the nation but also affected by imported manufactured goods.


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National Level• Some of the government policies that affect the

manufacturing enterprise are indicated below.• Industry or Technology development policies,• Taxation policies, • Environmental policies.• Trade policies – export and import subsidies,

protection• Financial investment


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Regional and Global Levels

• Manufacturing at the regional and global levels deals with the following factors :

• Fierce competition• Open market - free trade• Trade organisation - regional partnerships


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A THREE LEVEL MODEL OF MANUFACTURING

• Manufacturing is a complex system involving several elements. It can be viewed as a three level system (Level 1 - 3)

• Note that Level 1 is nested within Level 2, in turn, is nested within Level 3. We briefly discuss the elements at each of these levels.


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Figure ۲.۹: Three Level Model of Manufacturing (Murthy, ۱۹۹۵b)

Strategic Level Level ۳ Research and Development Partnerships Finance

Operations Level Level ۲

Accounting Legal Planning

Process Level Level ۱

Inputs Processes Outputs SUPPLIERS

CUSTOMERS

Human Resource

Environmental Marketing

New Technologies New Markets Socio/Political


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Level 1

• This level corresponds to the shop floor level and has three key elements - Inputs, Process and Outputs.


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Level 2

• This level includes Level 1 as well as six new elements. The focus of this level is management of business at the operations level and the six new elements with a range of operational issues.


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Level 3

• This level includes the Levels 1 and 2 and six new elements. Here, the management focus is long term and strategic.

• This is important, as survival of businesses in the fiercely competitive global market requires long term strategies. The six new elements deal with a range of long term issues.


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Integrated System


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Assignment - 0• Define the company as a system• Establish system objectives (performance

criteria)• Identify wider systems (the environment)• Create formal subsystems (including a

humanistic, psychosocial subsystem)• Integrate the subsystems with the whole

system (if not the subsystems themselves, whatever interrelates them with other subsystems)

Aplikasi Berpikir Sistem 1

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