Apa for Usls

7/29/2019 Apa for Usls

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APA(American PsychologicalAssociation)

is the most commonlyused format formanuscripts in the SocialSciences.



APA style is the style of writing used by journals

published by the American Psychological Association(APA). The style is documented in the APA Publication Manual (5th ed., 2001). The APA Manual began as anarticle published in Psychological Bulletin in 1929, the

product of a 1928 conference of anthropologists andpsychologists who gathered "to discuss the form ofjournal manuscripts and to write instructions for theirpreparation" (APA, 2001, p. xix). The APA firstpublished the guidelines as a separate documentcalled the Publication Manual in 1952. Today themanual is in its fifth edition, and APA style is widelyrecognized as a standard for scientific writing inpsychology and education, used by over a thousand

research journals.



Plagiarism is a serious offense in any academicsetting. As few as three or four words in a row takendirectly from a source can be considered plagiarism.

To avoid, we need to properly document any thoughtor idea (individual ideas, summaries, paraphrases)that did not come from us and direct quotations.

Of course, what not to document are our own ideas,common knowledge and very general informationfound in a variety of sources.



APA regulates:

Stylistics

In-text citations

References

(a list of all sources

used in the paper)



the third person point of view rather thanusing the first person point of view or the passive

voice;

e.g., The study showed that…, NOT I found out that….

the active voice rather than passive voice;

e.g., The participants responded…, NOT The participants have been asked….

Use:

Point of view and voice in an APA paper



clear: be specific in descriptions and

explanations

concise: condense information when you

can

plain: use simple, descriptive

adjectives and minimize the figurativelanguage

Language in an APA paper is:



DO NOT USE… When you can use… Ethnic labels (e.g.,Hispanic, Latino,Chicano)

Geographical labels (e.g.,Mexican Americans if fromMexico, Cuban Americans if from Cuba)

“men” (referring to alladults) “men and women”

“homosexuals” “gay men and lesbians”

“depressives” “people with depression”

“schizophrenics” “people diagnosed with

schizophrenia” “AIDS sufferers orvictims”

“people with AIDS”



the literature review

--i.e. the summary of what the scientific literaturesays about the topic of your research –

includes title page, introduction, list of references

the experimental report--i.e. the description of your experimental research--includes title page, abstract, introduction, method,

results, discussion, references, appendices, tables

& figures



follow the general format

consult the instructor

consult Publication Manual

If your paper fits neither of the categoriesabove,



be typed, double-spaced

on standard-sized paper (8.5‖x11‖)

with 1‖ margins on all sides

in 12 pt. Times New Roman or a similar font

include a page header (short title & page

number) in the upper right-hand of every page

Your essay/academic paper should:



References

Main Body

Abstract

Title page

Your essay shouldinclude four majorsections:



Page header:(use Insert Page Header)

2-3 words of the title+5 spaces +page number

Running head for publication :(on the first line, flush-left, max 50characters long)

Running Head + colon +abbreviated title in ALL CAPS

Title:(in the upper half of the page,

centered)full title + name + affiliation(university, etc.)



Do not use a running headfor publication.

Information about astudent’s affiliation is more

detailed in a regular coursepaper.

Follow this order:

essay titlewriter’s name instructor’s name course titledate



Write a brief (not more than120 words) summary ofyour paper in an accurate,concise, and specific

manner.

Type the paragraph in blockformat—withoutindentation.

Page header

Abstract (centered, at thetop of the page)



The first text page is page number 3

Type the title of the paper centered, at the top ofthe page

Type the text double-spaced with all sectionsfollowing each other without a break

Identify the sources you use in the paper inparenthetical in-text citations

Format tables and figures



Center the title – References-- at the topof the page

Double-spacereference entries

Flush left the first lineof the entry and indent

subsequent lines

Order entriesalphabetically by the

author’s surnames



Invert authors’ names (last name first followedby initials).

Alphabetize reference list entries the last

name of the first author of each work.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word ofa title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or

a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do notcapitalize the first letter of the second word in ahyphenated compound word.



Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

Italicize titles of longer works such as books andjournals.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around

the titles of shorter works such as journalarticles or essays in edited collections.



Identify a type source: Is it a book? A journal article?

A webpage?

Find a sample of citing this type of source in the textbookor in the OWL APA Guide.

―Mirror‖ the sample.

Make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabeticalorder and the subsequent lines are indented (RecallReferences: basics).

APA is a complex system of citation, which isdifficult to keep in mind. When compiling thereference list, the strategy below might be useful:



the author’s name and the date of publication

for quotations and close paraphrases, provide apage number as well

Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis:

In-text citations help readers locate the cited sourcein the References section of the paper.



Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic responsefrequently entails a ―delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusivephenomena‖ (p.11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a ―delayed,

uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinationsand other intrusive phenomena‖ (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase.Make sure to include the author’s name, the year of publication,

the page number, but keep the citation brief—do not repeat theinformation.



provide the author’s last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary ora paraphrase, e.g.

Though feminist studies focus solely on women's

experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating themasculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).

There are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:



include the author’s name in a signal phrase followed by the year of publication inparenthesis, e.g.

Recently, the history of warfare has beensignificantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987),

Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to includewomen’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.

formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont’d):



when including the quotation in asummary/paraphrase, also provide a pagenumber in parenthesis after the quotation, e.g.

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate

(1997), ―It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored‖ (p. 2).

formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont’d):



Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.

According to X. (2008), ―….‖ (p.3).

X. (2008) argues that ―……‖ (p.3).

Use the past tense or the present perfect tense ofverbs in signal phrases

Use such signal verbs as:acknowledge, contend, maintain,respond, report, argue, conclude, etc..



when the parenthetical citation includes two ormore works, order them in the same way theyappear in the reference list—the author’s name,

the year of publication—separated by asemi-colon; e.g.

(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)



when citing a work with two authors, use ―and‖ in between authors’ name in the signal phrase yet ―&‖ between their names in parenthesis, e.g.

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate(1997), ―It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored‖ (p. 2).

Some feminists researchers question that ―women's responses to the war have been ignored‖(Raitt &

Tate, 1997, p. 2).



when citing a work with three to five authors,identify all authors in the signal phraseor in parenthesis, e.g.

(Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)

In subsequent citations, only use the firstauthor's last name followed by "et al." in the

signal phrase or in parentheses, e.g.

(Harklau et al., 1993)



when citing a work with six and more authors,

identify the first author’s name followed

by ―et al.‖, e.g.

Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….

(Smith et al., 2006)



when citing a work of unknown author, use thethe source’s full title in the signal phrase and

cite the first word of the title followed by theyear of publication in parenthesis. Put titles of

articles and chapters in quotation marks;italicize titles of books and reports; e.g.

According to ―Indiana Joins Federal

Accountability System‖ (2008), …Or,(―Indiana‖, 2008)



when citing an organization, mention theorganization the first time when you cite thesource in the signal phrase or the parentheticalcitation; e.g.,

The data collected by the Food and Drug

Administration (2008) confirmed that…

If the organization has a well-knownabbreviation, include the abbreviation in

brackets the first time the source is cited andthen use only the abbreviation inlater citations; e.g.,

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

confirmed … FDA’s experts tested…



when citing authors with the same last names,use first initials with the last names, e.g.

(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)

when citing two or more works by the sameauthor published in the same year, uselower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of

publication to order the references, e.g.

Smith’s (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants…



when citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.,include the communicators name, the fact that itwas personal communication, and the date of thecommunication. Do not include personal

communication in the reference list, e.g.

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her studentshad difficulties with APA style (personalcommunication, November 3, 2002).

Or,

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4,2001).



when citing an electronic document, wheneverpossible, cite it in the author-date style.If electronic source lacks page numbers, locateand identify paragraph number/paragraphheading; e.g.

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter

section, para. 6).



Level 1 Headings Are Centered and Require StandardCapitalization

Level 2 Headings Are Centered and Italicized with Standard Capitalization

Level 3 Headings Are Italicized, Flush-Left with Standard Capitalization

Level 4 headings are indented: only first words and words after colons capitalized; end with a period. Textfollows immediately.

LEVEL 5 HEADINGS ARE CENTERED IN ALL CAPS

APA uses a system of five heading levels



for 1 type of headings, use level 1

for 2 types, use Level 1 and 3

for 3 types, use Levels 1, 3, and 4

for 4 types, use Levels, 1, 2, 3, and 4

for 5 types, use Levels 5, 1, 2, 3, and 4

The choice of a heading level depends on how manytypes of headings you are using your paper



Label a table with an Arabic numeral and provide atitle. The label and the title appear on separatelines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.

Cite a source in a note below the table; e.g.,

Country Regular users

France 9 ml

Table 1Internet users in Europe

Note. The data are adapted from ―The European Union

and Russia‖(2007). Retrieved October 5, 2008 from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu



Label a figure with an Arabic numeral and provide atitle. The label and the title appear on the same linebelow the figure, flush-left .

Cite the source below the label and the title; e.g.

Figure1. Internet users in Europe

Note: Eurostat Statistical books. (2007) The European Union and Russia: Statistical comparison . 2007 edition. Retrieved October 5,

2008 from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

You might provide an additional title centered abovethe figure.



There are several reference sources to get ananswer to your specific question about APA:

APA website: www.apastyle.org

Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, 6th ed.

OWL website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu

http://www.apastyle.org/

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

http://www.apastyle.org/

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