AP Statistics Semester One Review Part 2 Chapters 4-6 Semester One Review Part 2 Chapters 4-6.
AP Exam Review Semester 1 Information. Unit 1.1: Early Civilizations Chapters 2-4.
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Transcript of AP Exam Review Semester 1 Information. Unit 1.1: Early Civilizations Chapters 2-4.
Neolithic Age
Named for new stone tools
Transition to settled communities about 10,000 BCE
Evident in use of ceramics
City development meant class hierarchies
Appeared in Fertile Crescent
Domestication of plants and small animals (goats and sheep)
Sumer
First city was Sumer in Mesopotamia
First system of writing used for commerce
Dominated Mesopotamia for nearly a millennium
Religious leaders ruled in conjunction with kings
Temples called ziggurats reflect power
Divine power of kings
Epic of Gilgamesh and Code of Hammurabi
River Valley Civilizations: Egypt
“Gift of the Nile”
Economy based on cereal agriculture
Wrote on papyrus Rosetta stone containing 3 types of writing helps
decipher
Unification 3100 BCE
No independent city-states
Akhenaten
Monotheistic worship of Aten, built Akhetaten
River Valley Civilizations: Indus
Valley Two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Writing not decipherable
No monumental buildings No evidence of social stratification
First use of cotton, trade connections over broad area
Succeeded by Aryan civilization
China
Xia, Shang and Zhou early dynasties
Center on Huang He (Yellow River)
Class distinctions Hierarchical and patriarchal
Cities as religious centers Human and animal sacrifice
Oracle bones as early writing
Zhou developed “Mandate of Heaven”
Zhou ended into “Warring States Period”
Mesoamerica and South America
Early cities were religious shrines linked by shamans to world of spirits
Built on lakes, not river systems
Range of irrigation techniques
Andean civilization connected mountains to coast
Niger River Valley
Results of innovation and diffusion
Iron smelting as diffusion from Phoenicians
Bantu migrations carried iron knowledge thousands of miles south
Jenne-jeno
Indigenous city in Sub-Saharan Africa Cooperative, peaceful society without class
division
Imperialism
Extension of political rule by one people over another
Growth through conquest
Hegemony- promotion of benefits that make rule acceptable
Requires power to enforce rule
Early Empires
Mesopotamia
Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites, and Assyrians early invaders
Egypt
Conquered up and down Nile
Invaded in turn by Nubians, Assyrians, Persian an Alexander the Great
Persia
Empire begins under Cyrus I
Darius I extended into India and pushed Zoroastrianism Cyrus and Darius merciful towards defeated foes
Greek City-States
Greek polis centered on a single city
Built for defense and geography (agora, acropolis)
Athens
Political democracy under Solon (commoners in government)
Persian War temporarily united Athens and Sparta under Delian League Defeated in Peloponnesian War
Macedonian Empire
Began under Philip II, extended under his son Alexander Alexander extended into Indus Valley, troops mutinied
Hellenistic ecumene
Rome
Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome ended with annexation of Carthage
Granted some citizenship to conquered peoples
Patron-client relationship providing reciprocity
Struggle of the Orders between plebeians and patricians
Augustus turned Rome into an empire
Influenced by Greek culture
Military enforced by conquering peoples
Pax Romana protected trade
End of empire by barbarian invaders
Under Constantine, Constantinople second capital of empire
Later becomes Byzantine Empire
China
Qin unified empire after Warring States Period
Construction of Great Wall
Favored legalism
Han favored Confucianism
Confucius canonized earliest historical texts (Book of Songs, Book of Changes, Rites and Rituals)
Daoism (taught by Laozi) believe in natural order, embraced with Confucianism
Sui completed Grand Canal linking Yangzi and Yellow Rivers
Japan accepted cultural hegemony of China
Confucianism and Daoism
Confucianism
During Warring States period, from Confucius
Meant to create order
Maintenance of tradition for order
Filial piety (patriarchal), veneration of ancestors
Well-educated officials; Analects to train civil servants
Support under Han
Daoism
During Warring States period, from Laozi
Balance in nature (yin and yang)
Following “the way”
Politics and education unnecessary
India
Aryan settlers named for Indo-Aryan language family
Earliest sources of Vedas, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Puranas, and Mahabharata
First Indian empire after ATG led by Chandragupta Maurya
Asoka- Mauryan emperor who converted to Buddhism, closest to unifying entire Indian subcontinent
Resurgence of Hinduism under Gupta Empire with power of brahmins
Hinduism
Earliest lasting religion
Confined mostly to Indian subcontinent
Sacred texts provide insight
Rig Veda- speculation on creation, gods, no answers, sanctions caste system Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras
Brahamanas- rituals, myths, gods
Upanishads- mystical speculation, teaching of atman, stages of life
Bhagavad-Gita- dharma, warfare, life, death and rebirth
Puranas- focus on Hindu gods, dance of Shiva cycle of creation and destruction
Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama reached enlightenment, preached 4 Noble Truths
Sangha as order of monks
Sects of Buddhism
Mahayana and Theravada
8 sects in China Pure Land, Chan most important
Emperor Wu made Buddhism official religion of Tang Dynasty
4 sects in Japan Zen Buddhism
Coincided with Shinto
Judaism
Single, caring God made covenant with Abraham
TaNaKh sacred scriptures
Women fewer rights than men
Diaspora from holy land
Earliest under Babylonians, longest lasting under Romans Maintained distinctiveness and community
Division into Israel and Judea after Solomon
Divided into 4 groups Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Essenes under Roman rule
Christianity
Jesus’ teachings emerged out of Judaism
Angered Jewish and Roman leaders
Apostles spread religion through preaching and organization
Appeal to lower classes until conversion of Constantine
Theodosius made Christianity official religion
Division between east and west on central issue of authority of Roman pope
Direct confrontation when Crusaders attacked Constantinople
With stopping of Muslim invaders at Tours, made Christianity a “European” religion
Charlemagne crowned HRE by Pope
Islam
Begins with preaching of Muhammad after visions from Angel Gabriel
Teachings in the Quran: 5 Pillars of Islam
Issue of succession after Muhammad
First caliph was Abu Bakr
Shi’a wanted successors as relatives of Muhammad, Sunni wanted Umayyad clans 83% today are Sunni
Mongols end Abbasid caliphate
Islam spread to India, SE Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa
Crusades called to take back the Holy Land from Muslims, motivation beyond religion
Spread of Islam Conquered Arabia Peninsula, Persia, spread into Egypt, Balkans and into
North Africa, India, and Spain
More concern of conquering than spreading religion
Umayyad (Damascus) and Abbasid (Baghdad) end with Mongols
Respect for “People of the Book” but high taxes
Heightened trade, preserve ancient works, “Arabic numerals”, astrolabe, astronomy, urban centers, architecture, Sufism
Al-Andalus in Islamic Spain
Stopped advance at Battle of Tours 732
SE Asia
Delhi Sultanate
Spread by commercial contacts
Africa
Across Sahara trade routes, Indian Ocean
Ghana, Mali, East Africa
Cultural syncretism